Wykształcenie par a (bez)dzietność w Polsce
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Published:
Dec 10, 2017
Keywords:
Fertility, Childlessness, Couples, Education, hurdle Poisson, Zero-Truncated Poisson, Bayesian demography
Main Article Content
Abstract
Education is one of the most important determinants of fertility. The vast majority of previous research on the effect of educational level on reproductive behavior concerns women, while a couple perspective on fertility, although seems natural, is often omitted. Couples’ fertility might be influenced by individual (absolute) characteristics of both partners as well as by their joint (relative) characteristics. The aim of this study is to analyse childlessness and fertility by couples’ educational profile which is a combination of both partners’ educational levels. Different levels of educational exogamy are considered. Based on the two waves of Polish Generations and Gender Survey (GGS-PL) couples who completed their reproduction as well as those who are still in their reproductive ages are analysed. Among homogamous profiles the level of education negatively influences couples fertility, which means that highly educated have the lowest number of children. However, the level of (definite) childlessness is one of the highest among those who are low educated. Family size of heterogamous unions are similar among older generations, but for younger couples hypogamy limits the number of children as compared to hypergamy. This finding suggest that young couples in which women are more educated than their partners encounter more difficulties in combing work and family than unions in which a man is more educated than a woman.
Article Details
How to Cite
Osiewalska, B. (2017). Wykształcenie par a (bez)dzietność w Polsce. Studia Demograficzne, (2(172), PP. 71–96. https://doi.org/10.33119/SD.2017.2.2
Section
Original research papers & review papers
References
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[19] Esteve A., García-Román J., Permanyer I., 2012, The Gender-Gap Reversal in Education and Its Effect on Union Formation: The End of Hypergamy?, „Population and Development Review”, 38(3), 535–546.
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[21] Frejka T., 2008, Overview Chapter 5: Determinants of family formation and childbearing during the societal transition in Central and Eastern Europe, „Demographic Research”, 19(7), 139–170.
[22] Giza-Poleszczuk A., 2002, Rodzina i system społeczny, [w:] M. Marody (red.), Wymiary życia społecznego (s. 272–301), Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR, Warszawa.
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[24] Goldscheider F.K., Bernhardt E., Lappegård T., 2015, The gender revolution: A framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior, „Population and Development Review”, 41(2), 207–239.
[25] Holzer-Żelażewska D., Tymicki K., 2009, Cohort and period fertility of Polish women 1945–2008, „Studia Demograficzne”, 155(1), 48–69.
[26] Jalovaara M., Miettinen A., 2013, Does his paycheck also matter? The socioeconomic resources of co-residential partners and entry into parenthood in Finland, „Demographic Research”, 28(31), 881–916.
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[28] Kotowska I.E., Jóźwiak J., Matysiak A., Baranowska A., 2008, Poland: Fertility decline as a response to profound societal and labour market changes, „Demographic Research”, 19(22), 795–854.
[29] Kotowska I.E., Łątkowski W., 2016, Badanie „Rodziny i Generacje” podstawą diagnozowania przemian demograficznych w Polsce [w:] I.E. Kotowska, A. Matysiak, M. Mynarska (red.), Od opuszczenia domu rodzinnego do przejścia na emeryturę. Życie Polaków w świetle danych z badania ankietowego „Generacje i Rodziny”, Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Warszawa.
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[31] Kravdal Ø., 1994, The importance of economic activity, economic potential and economic resources for the timing of first births in Norway, „Population studies”, 48(2), 249–267.
[32] Kravdal Ø., Rindfuss R.R., 2008, Changing Relationships between Education and Fertility: A Study of Women and Men Born 1940 to 1964, „American Sociological Review”, 73(5), 854–873.
[33] Kreyenfeld M., 2002, Time-squeeze, partner effect or self-selection? An investigation into the positive effect of women’s education on second birth risks in West Germany, „Demographic research”, 7(2), 15–48.
[34] Kreyenfeld M., 2004, Fertility decisions in the FRG and GDR: An analysis with data from the German Fertility and Family Survey, „Demographic Research”, 3(11), 275–318.
[35] Lesthaeghe R., van de Kaa D., 1986, Twee Demografische Transities? [w:] R. Lesthaeghe, D. van de Kaa (red.), Groei of Krimp? Book volume of ‘Mens en Maatschappij’ (s. 9–24), Van Loghum-Slaterus.
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[37] Marzec J., Osiewalski J., 2012, Dwuwymiarowy model typu ZIP-CP w łącznej analizie zmiennych licznikowych, „Folia Oeconomica Cracoviensia”, 53, 5–20.
[38] Matysiak A., 2011, Interdependencies between fertility and women’s labour supply, Springer Science & Business Media, vol. 17.
[39] McDonald P., 2000, Gender equity, social institutions and the future of fertility, „Journal of Population Research”, 17, 1–16.
[40] McDonald P., 2006, Low fertility and the state: The efficacy of policy, „Population and Development Review”, 32(3), 485–510.
[41] Melkersson M., Rooth D.O., 2000, Modeling female fertility using inflated count data models, „Journal of Population Economics”, 13(2), 189–203.
[42] Miettinen A., Rotkirch A., Szalma I., Donno A., Tanturri M.L., 2015, Increasing childlessness in
[43] Europe: time trends and country differences, Families And Societies Working Paper 33, Stockholm University, Stockholm.
[44] Miettinen A., Szalma I., 2014, Childlessness intentions and Ideals in Europe, „Finnish Yearbook of Population Research”, 49, 31–55.
[45] Miranda A., 2010, A double-hurdle count model for completed fertility data from the developing world, Department of Quantitative Social Science Working Paper No. 1001, University of London, London.
[46] Mullahy J., 1986, Specification and testing of some modified count data models, „Journal of econometrics”, 33(3), 341–365.
[47] Mureşan C., Hoem J.M., 2010, The negative educational gradients in Romanian fertility, „Demographic Research”, 22(4), 95–114.
[48] Mynarska M., 2013, Bezdzietność–wybór, ograniczenia, czy splot okoliczności? Jakościowa analiza procesu pozostawania bezdzietną, [w:] Family Forum (s. 55–77), Uniwersytet Opolski, Opole.
[49] Mynarska M., Brzozowska Z., 2016, Później, czy wcale? Plany prokreacyjne osób bezdzietnych [w:] I.E. Kotowska, A. Matysiak, M. Mynarska (red.), Od opuszczenia domu rodzinnego do przejścia na emeryturę. Życie Polaków w świetle danych z badania ankietowego „Generacje i Rodziny”, Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Warszawa.
[50] Ní Bhrolcháin M., Beaujouan É., 2012, Fertility postponement is largely due to rising educational enrolment, „Population studies”, 66(3), 311–327.
[51] OECD Family database, 2017, Zasób internetowy, http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database.htm (data dostępu: 01.08.2017).
[52] Osiewalski J., 2001, Ekonometria bayesowska w zastosowaniach, Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej, Kraków.
[53] Osiewalska B., 2015, Couples’ socioeconomic resources and completed fertility in Poland, „Studia Demograficzne”, 1(167), 31–60.
[54] Osiewalska B., 2017, Childlessness and fertility by couples’ educational gender (in) equality in Austria, Bulgaria, and France, „Demographic Research”, 37(12), 325–362.
[55] Rybińska A., 2016, Jak młode pokolenia wchodzą w dorosłość [w:] I.E. Kotowska, A. Matysiak,
[56] M. Mynarska (red.), Od opuszczenia domu rodzinnego do przejścia na emeryturę. Życie Polaków w świetle danych z badania ankietowego „Generacje i Rodziny”, Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Warszawa.
[57] Santos Silva J., Covas F., 2000, A modified hurdle model for completed fertility, „Journal of Population Economics”, 13(2), 173–188.
[58] Sobotka T., 2017, Childlessness in Europe: Reconstructing long-term trends among women born in 1900–1972, [w:] M. Kreyenfeld, D. Konietzka (red.), Childlessness in Europe. Contexts, Causes, and Consequences, Springer.
[59] Soja E., 2005, Hipoteza Easterlina w świetle zachowań prokreacyjnych generacji urodzonych w latach 1942–1966 w Polsce, Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne, Warszawa.
[60] Stonawski M., 2009, The Formation of Human Capital in Central-East European Countries during the Period of Socio-economic Transition, „Studia i Prace Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie”, 6, 149–162.
[61] Szelewa D., 2014, Polityka wobec rodziny i rodzicielstwa w Polsce: w pułapce konserwatyzmu?, Warszawskie Debaty o Polityce Społecznej nr 13, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
[62] Szklarska M., 2017, Aktywność zawodowa par a kształtowanie się modelu rodziny w Polsce, Rozprawa doktorska, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie.
[63] Tymicki K., 2016, Odraczanie urodzenia pierwszego dziecka a realizacja zamierzeń rodzicielskich [w:] I.E. Kotowska, A. Matysiak, M. Mynarska (red.), Od opuszczenia domu rodzinnego do przejścia na emeryturę. Życie Polaków w świetle danych z badania ankietowego „Generacje i Rodziny”, Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Warszawa.
[64] Van Bavel J., 2012, The Reversal of Gender Inequality in Education, Union Formation and Fertility in Europe, „Vienna Yearbook of Population Research”, 10, 127–154.
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