Motherhood after the age of 35 in Poland
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Published:
Jun 11, 2014
Keywords:
late motherhood, motherhood postponement, fertility in Poland, sequence analysis
Main Article Content
Abstract
Postponing motherhood is a widespread phenomenon across developed countries, however only few studies look into very late motherhood in post-socialist countries using individual level data. In this study, I look at the context of the first childbirth in Poland in the midst of the political transformation of 1989. Employing sequence analysis I reconstructed life trajectories of women who experienced the transition to adulthood during the late 1980’s and the early 1990’s and have just completed their fertility histories. Individual data from the 2011 GGS-PL and the 2011 FAMWELL Survey were used. Comparing paths of mothers’ lives, I searched for differences in educational, professional and conjugal careers between women who gave birth before the age of 30 and after the age of 35. The results show how various life careers crisscross over the life course leading women to late motherhood.
Article Details
How to Cite
Rybińska, A. (2014). Motherhood after the age of 35 in Poland. Studia Demograficzne, (1(165), pp. 7–28. https://doi.org/10.33119/SD.2014.1.1
Section
Original research papers & review papers
References
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[34] Matysiak A., 2009, Employment First, Then Childbearing Women’s Strategy in Post-Socialist Poland, „Population Studies”, vol. 63, no. 3, 253–276.
[35] Matysiak A. (ed.), 2014, Nowe wzorce formowania i Rozwoju Rodziny w Polsce: Przyczyny oraz Wpływ na Zadowolenie z Życia [New Patterns of Family Formation in Poland: Determinants and Consequences for Subjective Well-Being], Scholar, Warsaw.
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[37] Matysiak A., Mynarska M., 2014, Urodzenia w Kohabitacji: Wybór czy Konieczność? [Births in Cohabitation: Choice or Necessity?, [in:], A. Matysiak, Nowe wzorce formowania i Rozwoju Rodziny w Polsce: Przyczyny oraz Wpływ na Zadowolenie z Życia [New Patterns of Family Formation in Poland: Determinants and Consequences for Subjective Well-Being] (p. 25–54), Scholar, Warsaw.
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[41] Mills M., Rindfuss R.R., McDonald P., te Velde E., 2011, Why Do People Postpone Parenthood? Reasons and Social Policy Incentives, „Human Reproduction Update”, vol. 17, no. 6, 848–860.
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[43] Mynarska M., 2011, Kiedy Mieć Dziecko? Jakościowe Badanie Procesu Odraczania Decyzji. O Rodzicielstwie [When to have a baby? Qualitative Analysis of Parenthood Postponement], „Psychologia Społeczna”, vol. 3, no. 18, 226–240.
[44] Mynarska M., Matysiak A., Rybińska A., Tocchioni V., Vignoli D., 2013, Diverse Paths into Childlessness over the Life Course, Working Paper no. 34, Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw.
[45] Mynarska M., Styrc M., 2014, Preferencje i Ograniczenia. Czynniki Determinujące Intencje Posiadania Dziecka [Attitudes and Constraints. Factors Determining Childbearing Intentions], [in:], A. Matysiak, Nowe wzorce formowania i Rozwoju Rodziny w Polsce: Przyczyny oraz Wpływ na Zadowolenie z Życia [New Patterns of Family Formation in Poland: Determinants and Consequences for Subjective Well-Being] (p. 55–77), Scholar, Warsaw.
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[48] Philipov D., Spéder Z., Billari F.C., 2006, Soon, Later, or Ever? The Impact of Anomie and Social Capital on Fertility Intentions in Bulgaria 2002 and Hungary 2001, „Population Studies”, vol. 60, no. 3, 289–308.
[49] Population Database Eurostat, 2012, online source, www.eurostat.eu (date accessed: 01.05.2013).
[50] Rindfuss R.R., Brauner-Otto S.R., 2008, Institutions and the Transition to Adulthood Implications for Fertility Tempo in Low-Fertility Settings, „Vienna Yearbook of Population Research”, 57–87.
[51] Rindfuss R.R., Bumpass L., St. John C., 1980, Education and Fertility Implications for the Roles Women Occupy, „American Sociological Review”, 431–47.
[52] Rybińska A., 2013, Application of Sequence Analysis in Demographic Research Case Study of Polish Late Mothers. Master Thesis, Warsaw Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw.
[53] Sobotka T., 2004, Is Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe Explained by the Postponement of Childbearing? „Population and Development Review”, vol. 30, no. 2, 195–220.
[54] Soloway N. M., Smith R.M., Pillai V.K., Vasilev D., Sarrible G., de Saboulin M., Maxwell N.L., Kim I.K., Watanabe Y., Etzler C., 1987, Antecedents of Late Birthtiming Decisions of Men and Women in Dual-Career Marriages, „Family Relations”, vol. 36, no. 3, 258–262.
[55] Testa M.R., 2007, Childbearing Preferences and Family Issues in Europe Evidence from the Eurobarometer 2006 Survey, „Vienna Yearbook of Population Research”, 357–379.
[56] Van Bavel J., 2010, Choice of Study Discipline and the Postponement of Motherhood in Europe The Impact of Expected Earnings, Gender Composition, and Family Attitudes, „Demography”, vol. 47, no. 2, 439–458.
[57] Van de Kaa D. J., 1987, Europe’s Second Demographic Transition, „Population Bulletin”, vol. 42, no. 1, 1–59.
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[59] Walker,A.J., Pratt C.C., Eddy L., 1995, Informal Caregiving to Aging Family Members A Critical Review, „Family Relations”, 402–411.
[60] Windridge K.C., Berryman J.C., 1999, Women’s Experiences of Giving Birth after 35, „Birth”, vol. 26, no. 1, 16–23.
[2] Adsera A., 2004, Changing Fertility Rates in Developed Countries. The Impact of Labor Market Institutions, „Journal of Population Economics”, vol. 17, no. 1, 17–43.
[3] Baizán P., Aassve A., Billari F.C., 2003, Cohabitation, Marriage, and First Birth The Interrelationship of Family Formation Events in Spain, „European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie”, vol. 19, no. 2, 147–69.
[4] Baizán P., Michielin F., Billari F.C., 2002, Political Economy and Life Course Patterns The Heterogeneity of Occupational, Family and Household Trajectories of Young Spaniards, „Demographic Research”, vol. 6, no. 8, 191–240.
[5] Balbo N., Billari F.C., Mills M., 2013, Fertility in Advanced Societies A Review of Research, „European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie”, vol. 29, no. 1, 1–38.
[6] Begall K., Mills M., 2013, The Influence of Educational Field, Occupation, and Occupational Sex Segregation on Fertility in the Netherlands, „European Sociological Review”, vol. 29, no. 4, 720–42.
[7] Benzies K., Tough S., Tofflemire K., Frick C., Faber A., Newburn-Cook Ch., 2006, Factors Influencing Women’s Decisions about Timing of Motherhood, „Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing”, vol. 35, no. 5, 625–33.
[8] Billari F.C., 2001, Sequence Analysis in Demographic Research, „Canadian Studies in Population”, vol. 28, no. 2, 439–458.
[9] Blossfeld H-P., Huinink J., 1991, Human Capital Investments or Norms of Role Transition? How Women’s Schooling and Career Affect the Process of Family Formation, „American Journal of Sociology”, 143–68.
[10] Boivin J., Rice F., Hay D., Harold G., Lewis A., van den Bree M., Thapar A., 2009, Associations between Maternal Older Age, Family Environment and Parent and Child Wellbeing in Families Using Assisted Reproductive Techniques to Conceive, „Social Science & Medicine”, vol. 68, no. 11, 1948–1955.
[11] Browning T., 2008, Reasons, Perceived Disadvantages, and Perceived Advantages of Delaying Childbearing until after the Age of 35: A Qualitative Study, Doctoral Dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago.
[12] Bukowski M., 2010, Zatrudnienie w Polsce. Praca w cyklu życia [Employment in Poland. Work in the lifecycle], Report, Institute of Structural Research, Warsaw.
[13] Carolan M., 2007, The Project Having a Baby over 35 Years, „Women and Birth”, vol. 20, no. 3, 121–26.
[14] Cigno A., 1991, Economics of the Family, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
[15] Coale A.J., Tye Ch-Y., 1961, The Significance of Age-Patterns of Fertility in High Fertility Populations, „The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly”, 631–646.
[16] Cooke A., Mills T.A., Lavender T., 2010, Informed and Uninformed Decision making—Women’s Reasoning, Experiences and Perceptions with Regard to Advanced Maternal Age and Delayed Childbearing A Meta-Synthesis, „International Journal of Nursing Studies”, vol. 47, no. 10, 1317–1329.
[17] Corijn M., Klijzing E., 2001, Transitions to Adulthood in Europe: Conclusions and Discussion, [in:] M. Corijn, E. Klijzing (eds.), Transitions to Adulthood in Europe (p. 313–340), Springer, Netherlands.
[18] Erlick Robinson G., Garner D.M., Gare D.J., Crawford B., 1987, Psychological Adaptation to Pregnancy in Childless Women More than 35 Years of Age, „American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology”, vol. 156, no. 2, 328–333.
[19] Ermisch J., 2003, An Economic Analysis of the Family, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
[20] Gustafsson S., 2003. Optimal Age at Motherhood. Theoretical and Empirical Considerations on Postponement of Maternity in Europe, [in:], K.F. Zimmermann, M. Vogler (eds.), Family, household and work, Springer, p. 345–367.
[21] Happel S.K., Hill J.K., Low S.A., 1984, An Economic Analysis of the Timing of Childbirth, „Population Studies”, vol. 38, no. 2, 299–311.
[22] Heuveline P., Timberlake J.M., 2004, The Role of Cohabitation in Family Formation The United States in Comparative Perspective, „ Journal of Marriage and Family”, vol. 66, no. 5, 1214–1230.
[23] Hoem J.M., 1986, The Impact of Education on Modern Family-Union Initiation, „European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie”, vol. 2 no. 2, 113–33.
[24] Kemkes-Grottenthaler A., 2003, Postponing or Rejecting Parenthood? Results of a Survey among Female Academic Professionals, „Journal of Biosocial Science 35”, vol. 2, 213–226.
[25] Kohler H-P., Billari F.C., Ortega J.A., 2002, The Emergence of Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe during the 1990s, „Population and Development Review”, vol. 28, no. 4, 641–680.
[26] Kohler H-P., Ortega J.A, 2002, Tempo-Adjusted Period Parity Progression Measures, Fertility Postponement and Completed Cohort Fertility, „Demographic Research”, vol. 6, no. 6, 91–144.
[27] Kotowska I.E. (ed.), 2009. Strukturalne I Kulturowe Uwarunkowania Aktywności Zawodowej Kobiet w Polsce [Structural and Cultural Contex of Female Market Participation in Poland], Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warsaw.
[28] Kotowska I.E., Jóźwiak J., 2011, Panelowe badanie przemian relacji między pokoleniami, w rodzinie oraz między kobietami i mężczyznami: generacje, rodziny i płeć kulturowa – GGS-PL [Panel Study on the change in relations between generations, in family and between men and women: Generations, Family and Cultural Gender – GGS-PL], „Studia Demograficzne”, vol. 159, no. 1, 99–106.
[29] Kravdal Ø., 1994, The Importance of Economic Activity, Economic Potential and Economic Resources for the Timing of First Births in Norway, „Population Studies”, vol. 48, no. 2, 249–267.
[30] Kravdal Ø., Rindfuss R.R., 2008, Changing Relationships between Education and Fertility A Study of Women and Men Born 1940 to 1964, „American Sociological Review”, vol. 73, no. 5, 854–873.
[31] Kreyenfeld M., 2010, Uncertainties in Female Employment Careers and the Postponement of Parenthood in Germany, „European Sociological Review”, vol. 26, no. 3, 351–366.
[32] Lesthaeghe R., 1995, The Second Demographic Transition in Western Countries An Interpretation. Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Countries, [in:] K.O. Mason, A-M. Jensen (eds.), Gender and Family in Industralized Countries (p.17–62), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[33] Liefbroer A. C., Dourleijn E., 2006, Unmarried Cohabitation and Union Stability Testing the Role of Diffusion Using Data from 16 European Countries, „Demography”, vol. 43, no. 2, 203–221.
[34] Matysiak A., 2009, Employment First, Then Childbearing Women’s Strategy in Post-Socialist Poland, „Population Studies”, vol. 63, no. 3, 253–276.
[35] Matysiak A. (ed.), 2014, Nowe wzorce formowania i Rozwoju Rodziny w Polsce: Przyczyny oraz Wpływ na Zadowolenie z Życia [New Patterns of Family Formation in Poland: Determinants and Consequences for Subjective Well-Being], Scholar, Warsaw.
[36] Matysiak A., Mynarska M., 2010, Women’s Determination to Combine Childbearing and Paid Employment How Can a Qualitative Approach Help Us Understand Quantitative Evidence? Working Paper no. 7, Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw.
[37] Matysiak A., Mynarska M., 2014, Urodzenia w Kohabitacji: Wybór czy Konieczność? [Births in Cohabitation: Choice or Necessity?, [in:], A. Matysiak, Nowe wzorce formowania i Rozwoju Rodziny w Polsce: Przyczyny oraz Wpływ na Zadowolenie z Życia [New Patterns of Family Formation in Poland: Determinants and Consequences for Subjective Well-Being] (p. 25–54), Scholar, Warsaw.
[38] Matysiak A., Vignoli D., 2009, Finding the ‘right Moment’ for the First Baby to Come A Comparison between Italy and Poland, Working Paper no. 11, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock.
[39] McDonald P., 2006, Low Fertility and the State The Efficacy of Policy, „Population and Development Review”, vol. 32, no. 3, 485–510.
[40] Miller A.R., 2011, The Effects of Motherhood Timing on Career Path, „Journal of Population Economics”, vol. 24, no. 3, 1071–1100.
[41] Mills M., Rindfuss R.R., McDonald P., te Velde E., 2011, Why Do People Postpone Parenthood? Reasons and Social Policy Incentives, „Human Reproduction Update”, vol. 17, no. 6, 848–860.
[42] Mulder C. H., 2006, Home-Ownership and Family Formation, „Journal of Housing and the Built Environment”, vol. 21, p. 3, 281–298.
[43] Mynarska M., 2011, Kiedy Mieć Dziecko? Jakościowe Badanie Procesu Odraczania Decyzji. O Rodzicielstwie [When to have a baby? Qualitative Analysis of Parenthood Postponement], „Psychologia Społeczna”, vol. 3, no. 18, 226–240.
[44] Mynarska M., Matysiak A., Rybińska A., Tocchioni V., Vignoli D., 2013, Diverse Paths into Childlessness over the Life Course, Working Paper no. 34, Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw.
[45] Mynarska M., Styrc M., 2014, Preferencje i Ograniczenia. Czynniki Determinujące Intencje Posiadania Dziecka [Attitudes and Constraints. Factors Determining Childbearing Intentions], [in:], A. Matysiak, Nowe wzorce formowania i Rozwoju Rodziny w Polsce: Przyczyny oraz Wpływ na Zadowolenie z Życia [New Patterns of Family Formation in Poland: Determinants and Consequences for Subjective Well-Being] (p. 55–77), Scholar, Warsaw.
[46] National Statistical Office, 2012, online source, www.stat.gov.pl/gus (date accessed: 01.05.13).
[47] National Vital Statistics System, 2012, online source, www.cdc.gov//data_access/vitalstats/VitalStats_Births.htm (date accessed: 01.05.2013).
[48] Philipov D., Spéder Z., Billari F.C., 2006, Soon, Later, or Ever? The Impact of Anomie and Social Capital on Fertility Intentions in Bulgaria 2002 and Hungary 2001, „Population Studies”, vol. 60, no. 3, 289–308.
[49] Population Database Eurostat, 2012, online source, www.eurostat.eu (date accessed: 01.05.2013).
[50] Rindfuss R.R., Brauner-Otto S.R., 2008, Institutions and the Transition to Adulthood Implications for Fertility Tempo in Low-Fertility Settings, „Vienna Yearbook of Population Research”, 57–87.
[51] Rindfuss R.R., Bumpass L., St. John C., 1980, Education and Fertility Implications for the Roles Women Occupy, „American Sociological Review”, 431–47.
[52] Rybińska A., 2013, Application of Sequence Analysis in Demographic Research Case Study of Polish Late Mothers. Master Thesis, Warsaw Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw.
[53] Sobotka T., 2004, Is Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe Explained by the Postponement of Childbearing? „Population and Development Review”, vol. 30, no. 2, 195–220.
[54] Soloway N. M., Smith R.M., Pillai V.K., Vasilev D., Sarrible G., de Saboulin M., Maxwell N.L., Kim I.K., Watanabe Y., Etzler C., 1987, Antecedents of Late Birthtiming Decisions of Men and Women in Dual-Career Marriages, „Family Relations”, vol. 36, no. 3, 258–262.
[55] Testa M.R., 2007, Childbearing Preferences and Family Issues in Europe Evidence from the Eurobarometer 2006 Survey, „Vienna Yearbook of Population Research”, 357–379.
[56] Van Bavel J., 2010, Choice of Study Discipline and the Postponement of Motherhood in Europe The Impact of Expected Earnings, Gender Composition, and Family Attitudes, „Demography”, vol. 47, no. 2, 439–458.
[57] Van de Kaa D. J., 1987, Europe’s Second Demographic Transition, „Population Bulletin”, vol. 42, no. 1, 1–59.
[58] Vienna Institute of Demography. European demographic data sheet, 2012, online source, www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/datasheet/download/European_Demographic_Data_Sheet_2012.pdf (date accessed: 01.05.2013).
[59] Walker,A.J., Pratt C.C., Eddy L., 1995, Informal Caregiving to Aging Family Members A Critical Review, „Family Relations”, 402–411.
[60] Windridge K.C., Berryman J.C., 1999, Women’s Experiences of Giving Birth after 35, „Birth”, vol. 26, no. 1, 16–23.