New, precarious adulthood: kidults in the ‘crowded nest’
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Published:
Mar 4, 2020
Keywords:
nesters, adulthood, young adults, kidults, transition to adulthood, generation
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the period of young adulthood, i.e., between ages 18–20 and 30–35, the coupling of the duties, goals, and ambitions connected with various life activities takes place, these being in education, participation in the labour market, self-supporting a household, starting a family, becoming a parent, and active participation in the social life. The social and cultural as well as economic changes that are occurring nowadays affect the course of family life as well as the stages of individual development. One of these stages refers to a young adult leaving the family home. However, it is more and more often the case that this moment gets deferred. Research conducted by sociologists and demographers in the recent years shows that the growing share of young people in industrialised countries choose to live with their parents in spite of their adult age. The increase in young adults staying in the family home in the recent years has led to the term ‘nesters’ being coined for them, while the effect of their bond with their guardians being stretched in time is now referred to as the ‘crowded nest’ or ‘cluttered nest’. This article offers an insight into one of the components of the process of reaching adulthood, namely leaving parental home. The qualitative study (carried out in 2012 and 2013) combines statistical analyses and personal interviews; its results are based on 42 interviews with women and men aged between 27 and 38 who live with their parents in Warsaw, Poland. This interview-based analysis focuses on demonstrating the process of nesting of young adults and the interviewed persons’ perception of this behaviour.
Article Details
How to Cite
Bieńko, M. . (2020). New, precarious adulthood: kidults in the ‘crowded nest’. Studia Demograficzne, (2(176), 43–69. https://doi.org/10.33119/SD.2019.2.3
Section
Original research papers & review papers
References
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[33] Konstam, V. (2013). Parenting your emerging adult launching kid from 18–29. New Jersey: New Horizon Press, Far Hills.
[34] Kotowska, I. E. (2012). Family change in Europe from a transition-to-adulthood perspective. In: T. Knijn (Ed.), Work, Family Policies and Transitions to Adulthood in Europe, Work and Welfare in Europe Series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
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[36] Warszawa: Institute of Statistics and Demography, Collegium of Economic Analysis, Warsaw School of Economics.
[37] Kotowska, I. E., Matysiak, A., Pailhé, A., Solaz, A., Styrc, M., & Vignoli, D. (2010). Second European quality of life survey: Family, life and work. Luxembourg: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
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[51] Settersten, R. A, Jr. (2011). Becoming adult: Meanings and markers for young Americans. In: M. C. Waters, P. J. Carr, M. J. Kefals, J. Holdaway (Eds.), Coming of Age in America: The Transition to Adulthood in the Twenty- First Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
[52] Standing, G. (2014). Prekariat, nowa niebezpieczna klasa. Warszawa: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN.
[53] Szafraniec, K. (2012). Czas na młodych. O konieczności wymiany pokoleniowej w Polsce. In: K. Frysztacki, P. Sztompka (Eds.), Polska początku XXI wieku: przemiany kulturowe i cywilizacyjne. Warszawa: Warszawska Drukarnia Naukowa PAN.
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[56] Van de Kaa, D. J. (2004). Is the second demographic transition a useful research concept: Questions and answers. In: G. Feichtinger (Ed.), Vienna Yearbook of Population Research. Vienna: Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
[57] Vitali, A. (2010). Regional differences in young Spaniards’ living arrangement decisions: A multilevel approach. Advances in Life Course Research, 15(2–3), 97–108.
[58] White, R., Wyn, J., & Robards, B. (2017). Youth & society. Australia & New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
[59] Zimbardo, Ph., & Coulombe, N. (2015). Gdzie ci mężczyźni? Warszawa: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN.
[2] Andres, L., & Wyn, J. (2010). The making of a generation: The children of the 1970 s in adulthood. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
[3] Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55 (5), 469–480.
[4] Arnett, J. (2004). Emerging adult-hood: The winding road from the late teens through the Twenties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[5] Beck, U. (2002). Społeczeństwo ryzyka. W drodze do innej nowoczesności. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
[6] Bieńko, M., Kwak, A., & Rosochacka-Gmitrzak, M. (2017). Wciąż jeszcze w rodzinnym gnieździe? Socjologiczne spojrzenie na młodych dorosłych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademii Pedagogiki Specjalnej.
[7] Billari, F. C. (2004). Becoming an adult in Europe: A macro (/micro) -demographic perspective’. Demographic Research, Special Collection, 3 (2), 13–44.
[8] Billari, F. C., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2010). Towards a new pattern of transition to adulthood. Advances in Life Course Research, 15(2–3), 59–75.
[9] Burns, J. (2019). Doing life with your adult children: Keep your mouth shut and the welcome mat out. Michigan: Zondervan.
[10] CBOS (1998). Wychowanie dzieci w rodzinie i opieka nad nimi. Komunikat z badań BS/168/168/98. Warsaw: Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej.
[11] CBOS (2005). Zależność pełnoletnich dzieci od rodziców. Komunikat z badań BS/117/2005. Warszawa: Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej.
[12] CBOS (2017). Pełnoletnie dzieci mieszkające z rodzicami. Komunikat z badań Nr 98/2017. Warszawa: Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej.
[13] Du-Bois-Reymond, M., & Stauber, B. (2016). Biographical turning points in young peoples’ transitions to work across Europe. In: H. Helve, G. Holm (Eds.), Contemporary Youth Research: Local Expressions and Global Connections. New York: Routledge.
[14] Elder, G. H., Jr. (1977). Family history and the life course. Journal of Family History, 2 (4), 279–304.
[15] Elder, G. H., Jr. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57 (1), 4–15.
[16] Elzinga, C. H., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2007). De-standardization of family-life trajectories of young adults: A cross-national comparison using sequence analysis. European Journal of Population, 23 (3–4), 225–250.
[17] Erikson, E. (1997). Dzieciństwo i społeczeństwo. Poznań: Wydawnictwo REBIS.
[18] Eurofound (2012). NEETs – young people not in employment, education or training: Characteristics, costs and policy responses in Europe. Dublin–Brussels: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Retrieved from: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_files/pubdocs/2012/541/en/1/EF12541EN.pdf (accessed: 13.07.2019).
[19] Eurostat (2019). When are they ready to leave the nest. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20190514–1 (accessed: 20.07.2019).
[20] Farris, D. N. (2016). Introduction to boomerang children: Prevalence and potential questions. In: D. N. Farris, Boomerang Kids: The Demography of Previously Launched Adults. Switzerland: Springer.
[21] Forsyth, C. J., & Eddington, N. A. (1989). The American dream runout: The cluttered nest. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 19 (1), 131–144.
[22] Fry, R. (2016). For first time in modern era, living with parents edges out other living arrangements for 18- to 34‑year-olds. Share living with spouse or partner continues to fall ‘pew research centre’. Social & Demographic Trends, May 24. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/05/2016–05-24_living-arrangemnet--final.pdf (accessed: 26.07.2019).
[23] Galletta A., Cros W. E., 2018, Mastering the Semi-Structured Interview and Beyond: From Research Design to Analysis and Publication (Qualitative Studies in Psychology), New York–London: New York University Press. www.nyupress.org (accessed: 02.07.2019).
[24] Giele, J. Z., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (1998). Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
[25] Green, L. (2017). Understanding life course: Sociological and psychological perspectives. Cambridge: Polity.
[26] Grotowska-Leder, J., Rek-Woźniak, M., & Kudlińska, I. (2016). Polityka przebiegu życia – teoretyczne i metodologiczne ramy badań nad procesem osiągania dorosłości. Przegląd Socjologiczny, 2 (65), 83–104.
[27] GUS (2018). Polska w Unii Europejskiej. Wskaźnik gniazdownictwa w 2016 roku. Warsaw: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych. Retrieved from: https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/inne-opracowania/inne-opracowania-zbiorcze/polska-w-unii-europejskiej-2018,16,11.html# (accessed: 1.07.2019).
[28] Hartmann, D., & Swartz, T. T. (2006). The new adulthood? The transition to adulthood from the perspective of transitioning young adults, Network on transitions to adulthood. Research Network Working Paper. Retrieved from: http://transitions.s410.sureserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/MN-chapter-3–06.pdf (accessed: 8.07.2019).
[29] Hayward, K. J. (2013). “Life Stage Dissolution” in Anglo-American advertising and popular culture: “Kidults”, “Lil’Britneys” and “Middle Youths”. The Sociological Review, 61 (3), 525–548.
[30] Heelas, P., Lash, U., Scott S., & Morris, P. (Eds.) (1996). Detraditionalisation, Oxford: Blackwell.
[31] Holstein, J. A., & Gubrium, J. F. (2009). Praktyki interpretacyjne a działanie społeczne. In: N. K. Denzin, Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Metody badań jakościowych. vol. 1. Warszawa: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN.
[32] Iacovou, M., & Skew, A. (2010). Household structure in the European Union. ISER Working Papers 2010–10, Economic and Social Research Council, Institute for Social and EconomicResearch.
[33] Konstam, V. (2013). Parenting your emerging adult launching kid from 18–29. New Jersey: New Horizon Press, Far Hills.
[34] Kotowska, I. E. (2012). Family change in Europe from a transition-to-adulthood perspective. In: T. Knijn (Ed.), Work, Family Policies and Transitions to Adulthood in Europe, Work and Welfare in Europe Series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
[35] Kotowska, I. E., Matysiak, A., & Mynarska, M. (Eds.) (2016). The life of Poles: From leaving the parental home to retirement. Insights from the generations and gender survey (GGS-PL).
[36] Warszawa: Institute of Statistics and Demography, Collegium of Economic Analysis, Warsaw School of Economics.
[37] Kotowska, I. E., Matysiak, A., Pailhé, A., Solaz, A., Styrc, M., & Vignoli, D. (2010). Second European quality of life survey: Family, life and work. Luxembourg: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
[38] Lahelma, E., & Gordon, T. (2008). Resources and (in (ter)) dependence: Young people’s reflections on parents. Young, 16 (2), 209–226.
[39] Lash, S., & Urry, J. (1987). The end of organised capitalism. Cambridge: Polity.
[40] Liefbroer, A. C., & Toulemon, L. (2010). Demographic perspectives on the transition to adulthood: An introduction. Advances in Life Course Research, 15(2–3), 53–58.
[41] Livi Bacci M. (2001). Too Few Children and Too Much Family, Daedalus, 130(3), 139–155.
[42] Millward Brown (2014). Finansowy portret młodych. Raport zrealizowany na zlecenie Krajowego Rejestru Długów Biura Informacji Gospodarczej. Wrocław. Retrieved from: https://krd.pl/Centrum-prasowe/Raporty/2014/FINANSOWY-PORTRET-MLODYCH (accessed: 26.07.2019).
[43] Morch, S., & Anderson, H. (2006). Individualization and the changing youth life. In: C. Leccardi & E. Ruspini (Eds.), A New Youth? Young People, Generations and Family Life. London: Ashgate.
[44] Newman, K. S. (2012). The accordion family: Boomerang kids, anxious parents, and the private toll of global competition. Boston: Beacon Press.
[45] Piotrowski, J. (1970). Rodzina wielopokoleniowa w Polsce. Problemy Rodziny, 55 (5), 1–9.
[46] Robette, N. (2010). The diversity of pathways to adulthood in France: Evidence from a holistic approach. Advances in Life Course Research, 15(2–3), 89–99.
[47] Saraceno, C. (2008). Patterns of family living in the enlarged EU. In: J. Alber, J. T. Fahey, C. Saraceno (Eds.), Handbook of Quality of Life in the Enlarged Union. London–New York: Routledge.
[48] Saraceno, C., Olagnero, M., & Torrioni, P. (2005). First European quality of life survey: Families, work and social networks. Luxembourg: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
[49] Schnaiberg, A., & Goldenberg, S. (1989). From empty nest to crowded nest: The dynamics of incompletely-launched young adults. Social Problems, 36 (3), 251–269.
[50] Schwanitz, K. (2017). The transition to adulthood and pathways out of the parental home: A cross-national analysis. Advances in Life Course Research, 32, 21–34.
[51] Settersten, R. A, Jr. (2011). Becoming adult: Meanings and markers for young Americans. In: M. C. Waters, P. J. Carr, M. J. Kefals, J. Holdaway (Eds.), Coming of Age in America: The Transition to Adulthood in the Twenty- First Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
[52] Standing, G. (2014). Prekariat, nowa niebezpieczna klasa. Warszawa: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN.
[53] Szafraniec, K. (2012). Czas na młodych. O konieczności wymiany pokoleniowej w Polsce. In: K. Frysztacki, P. Sztompka (Eds.), Polska początku XXI wieku: przemiany kulturowe i cywilizacyjne. Warszawa: Warszawska Drukarnia Naukowa PAN.
[54] Szukalski, P. (2004). Rodziny i gospodarstwa domowe w Polsce i w krajach UE. In: P. Szukalski & W. Warszywoda-Kruszyńska (Eds.), Rodzina w zmieniającym się społeczeństwie polskim. Łódź: University of Lodz Publishing House.
[55] Talburt, S., & Lesko, N. (2012). An introduction to seven technologies of youth studies. In: N. Lesko, S. Talburt (Eds.), Keywords in Youth Studies. Tracing Affects, Movements, Knowledges. New York: Routledge.
[56] Van de Kaa, D. J. (2004). Is the second demographic transition a useful research concept: Questions and answers. In: G. Feichtinger (Ed.), Vienna Yearbook of Population Research. Vienna: Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
[57] Vitali, A. (2010). Regional differences in young Spaniards’ living arrangement decisions: A multilevel approach. Advances in Life Course Research, 15(2–3), 97–108.
[58] White, R., Wyn, J., & Robards, B. (2017). Youth & society. Australia & New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
[59] Zimbardo, Ph., & Coulombe, N. (2015). Gdzie ci mężczyźni? Warszawa: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN.