Narzędzia pomiaru w ilościowych badaniach rozwodów
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Published:
Dec 14, 2007
Keywords:
Divorce, measures in quantitative studies on divorce, rozwód, rozwody
Main Article Content
Abstract
The article presents an overview of measures developed in quantitative studies on divorce. The overview is based mostly on articles published in 1980–2000 in American sociological journals.
The measures proposed can be divided into two main groups: measures directly related to divorce and measures indirectly related to the phenomenon under study. The first group includes the measures which identify causes of marriage dissolution by divorce, risk of marriage dissolution, and evaluate the post-divorce adjustment process. Measures of the second group refer to physical and psychological health, marriage satisfaction, marriage adjustment process, interpersonal relationships after divorce, level of conflict after divorce, alternative relationships to the current marriage.
In general, the remarkable development of measures used in quantitative studies on divorce, its causes and multidimensional effects is accompanied by the standardization of measures. Hovewer, due to many different measures applied in research on divorce it is sometimes difficult to compare their results directly. That difficulty might be reinforced by a lack of a precise description of measures used in the study which still is a case in some relevant publications on the subject.
Article Details
How to Cite
Rydzewski, P. (2007). Narzędzia pomiaru w ilościowych badaniach rozwodów. Studia Demograficzne, (2(152), 45–63. Retrieved from https://econjournals.sgh.waw.pl/SD/article/view/2608
Section
Original research papers & review papers
References
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[2] Ahrons C.R., 1994, The Good Divorce, HarperCollins Publishers, New York.
[3] Ahrons C.R., Wallisch L.S., 1987, The relationship between former spouses, [w:] D. Perlman, D. Duck (red.), Intimate Relationships: Development, Dynamics and Deterioration, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills.
[4] Albrecht S.L., P.R.Kunz, 1980, The decision to divorce: A social exchange perspective, „Journal of Divorce”, No. 4.
[5] Amato P.R., DeBoer D.D., 2001, The transmission of marital instability across generations: relationship skills or commitment to marriage?, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 63, No. 4.
[6] Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J., 1961, An inventory for measuring depression, „Archives of General Psychiatry”, No. 4.
[7] Berman W.H., Turk D.C., 1981, Adaptation to divorce: problems and coping strategies, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 43, No. 1.
[8] Bloom B.L., Caldwell R.A., 1981, Sex differences in adjustment during the process of marital separation, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 43, No. 3.
[9] Bloom B.L., Hodges W.F., 1981, The predicament of the newly separated, „Community Mental Health Journal”, No. 4.
[10] Booth A., Johnson D., Edwards J.N., 1983, Measuring marital instability, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 45, No. 2.
[11] Boss P., 1987, Family stress: perception and context, [w:] M. Sussman, S. Steinmetz (red.), Handbook of Marriage and the Family, Plenum, New York.
[12] Burgess E.W., Wallin P., 1953, Engagement and Marriage, Lippincott, Philadelphia.
[13] Burns A., 1984, Perceived causes of marriage breakdown and conditions of life, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 46, No. 3.
[14] Bursik K., 1991, Correlates of woman’s adjustment during the separation and divorce process, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, Vol. 14, No. 3/4.
[15] Cekiera Cz., 1994, Ryzyko uzależnień, TN KUL, Lublin.
[16] Conger R.D., Elder G.H., Lorenz F.O., Conger K.J., Simons R.L., Whitebeck L.B., Huck S., Melby J.M., 1990, Linking economic hardship to marital quality and stability, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 52, No. 3.
[17] Davies L., Avison W.R., McAlpine D.D., 1997, Significant life experiences and depression among single and married mothers, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 59, No. 2.
[18] Davis B., Aron A., 1988, Perceived causes of divorce and postdivorce adjustment among recently divorced midlife woman, „Journal of Divorce”, No. 1.
[19] Edwards J.N., Johnson D.R., Booth A., 1987, Coming apart: a prognostic instrument of marital break up, „Family Relations”, Vol. 36, No. 2.
[20] Feng D., Giarrusso R., Bengtson V.L., Frye N., 1999, International transmission of marital quality and marital instability, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 61, No. 2.
[21] Glenn N.D., 1998, The course of marital success and failure in five American 10-year marriage cohorts, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 60, No. 3.
[22] Goode W.J., 1956, After Divorce, Free Press, Glencoe.
[23] Goodman C., 1993, Divorce after long term marriages: former spouse relationships, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 1/2.
[24] Gottman J.M., Levenson R.W., 2002, A two-factor model for predicting when a couple will divorce: exploratory analyses using 14-year longitudinal data, „Family Process”, No. 1.
[25] Green R.G., 1983, The influence of divorce prediction variables on divorce adjustment: an expansion and test of Lewis and Spanier’s theory of marital quality and marital stability, „Journal of Divorce”, No. 1.
[26] Greenberg E.F., Nay W.R., 1982, The intergenerational transmission of marital instability reconsidered, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 44, No. 2.
[27] Guminski-Cleek M., Pearson T.A., 1985, Per ceived causes of divorce: an analysis of interrelationships, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 47, No. 1.
[28] Hemstrom O., 1996, Is marriage dissolution linked to differences in mortality risks for men and women?, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 58, No. 2.
[29] Hill R., 1949, Family under Stress, Harper & Row, New York.
[30] Hobart Ch., 1990, Relationships between the formerly married, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 2.
[31] Hopper J., 2001, The symbolic origins of conflict in divorce, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 63, No. 2.
[32] Johnston J.R., Campbell L.E.G., 1988, Impasses of Divorce, Free Press, New York.
[33] Joung I.M.A., Stronks K., van de Mheen H., van Poppel F.W.A., van der Meer J.B.W., Mackenbach
[34] J.P., 1997, The contribution of intermediary factors to marital status differences in self-reported health, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 59, No. 2.
[35] Katz R., 1998, Divorced mothers evaluate their lifestyle: personal attitudes and social perceptions, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 3/4.
[36] Kincaid S., Caldwell R.A., 1995, Marital separation: causes, coping, and consequences, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 3/4.
[37] Kitson G.C., 1982, Attachment to the spouse in divorce: a scale and its application, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 44, No. 2.
[38] Kitson G.C., Langlie J.K., 1984, Couples who file for divorce but change their minds, „American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, no. 3.
[39] Kitson G.C., Sussman M.B., 1982, Marital complaints, demographic characteristics, and symptoms of mental distress in divorce, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 44, No. 1.
[40] Kressel K., 1985, The Process of Divorce. How Professionals and Couples Negotiate Set tlements, Basic Books, New York.
[41] Kurdek L.A., 2002, Predicting the timing of separation and marital satisfaction: an eight-year prospective longitudinal study, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 64, No. 1.
[42] Levinger G., 1965, Marital cohesiveness and dissolution: an integrative review, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 27, No. 1.
[43] Levinger G., 1966, Sources of marital dissatisfaction among applicants for divorce, „American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, No. 5.
[44] Levinger G., 1976, A social psychological perspective on marital dissolution, „Journal of Social Issues”, No. 32.
[45] Lillard L.A., Waite L.J., 1995, ’Til death do us part: marital disruption and mortality, „American Journal of Sociology”, No. 6.
[46] Locke H.J., Wallace K.M., 1959, Short Marital-Adjustment and Prediction Tests: Their Reliability and Validity, „Marriage and Family Living”, Vol. 21.
[47] Madden-Derdich D.A., Leonard S.A., Christopher F.S., 1999, Boundary ambiguity and coparental conflict after divorce: an empirical test of family systems model of the divorce process, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 61, No. 3.
[48] Mayntz R., Holm K., Huebner P., 1985, Wprowadzenie do metod socjologii empirycznej, PWN, Warszawa.
[49] McCubbin H.I., Cauble A.E., Patterson J.M., 1982, Family Stress, Coping, and Social Support, CC Thomas, Springfield, IL.
[50] McCubbin H.I., Dahl B., Lester R.G., Benson D., Robertson M.L., 1976, Coping repertoires of families adopting to prolonged war-induced separations, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 38, No. 3.
[51] McCubbin H.I., Larsen A.J., Olson D.H., 1987, F-COPES: family crisis oriented personal evaluation scales, [w:] H.I. McCubbin, A.I. Thompson (red.), Family Assessment Inventories for Research and Practice, The University of Wisconsin, Madison.
[52] Moos R.H., Cronkite R.C., Finney J.W., 1990, Health and Daily Living Form Manual, Center for Health Care Evaluation, Stanford University, Palo Alto.
[53] Murphy M., Glaser K., Grundy E., 1997, Marital status and long-term illness in Great Britain, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 59, No. 2.
[54] Palisi B.J., 1984, Symptoms of readiness for divorce, „Journal of Family Issues”, Vol. 5, No. 1.
[55] Pettit E.J., Bloom B.L., 1984, Whose decision was it: the effects of initiator status on adjustment to marital separation, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 46, No. 3.
[56] Radloff L.S., 1977, The CES-D scale: a self report depression scale for research in the general population, „Applied Psychological Measurement”, No. 1.
[57] Raschke H., 1987, Divorce, [w:] M. Sussman, S. Steinmetz (red.), Handbook of Marriage and the Family, Plenum, New York.
[58] Richmond L.S., Christensen D.H., 2000, Coping strategies and postdivorce health outcomes, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 1/2.
[59] Rollins B.C., Feldman H., 1970, Marital satisfaction over the family life cycle, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 32, No. 1.
[60] Rosenberg M., 1965, Society and Adolescent Self Image, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
[61] Schumm W.R., Nichols C.W., Shectman K.L., Grigsby C.C., 1983, Characteristics of responses to the Kansas Marital Satisfaction scale by a sample of 84 married mothers, „Psychological Reports”, Vol. 53.
[62] Schumm W.R., Paff-Bergen L.A., Hatch R.C., Obiorah F.C., Copeland J.M., Meens L.D., Bugaighis M.A., 1986, Concurrent and discriminant validity of Kansas Marital Satisfaction scale, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, May.
[63] Shapiro A., Lambert J.D., 1999, Longitudinal effect of divorce on the quality of father – child relationships and on fathers’ psychological well – being, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 61, No. 2.
[64] Spanier G.B., 1976, Measuring dyadic adjustment: new scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 38, No. 1.
[65] Strauss M.A., 1979, Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the Conflict Tactic (CT) scales, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 41, No. 1.
[66] Thompson L., Spanier G.B., 1983, The end of marriage and acceptance of marital termination, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 45, No. 1.
[67] Thuen F., 2000, Psychiatric symptoms and perceived need for psychiatric care after divorce, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 1/2.
[68] Tschann J.M., Jonhston J.R., Wallerstein J.S., 1989, Resources, stressors and attachment as predictors for adult adjustment after divorce: a longitudinal study, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 51, No. 4.
[69] Udry J.R., 1981, Marital alternatives and marital disruption, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 43, No. 4.
[70] Umberson D., Williams Ch.L., 1993, Divorced fathers. Parental role strain and psychological distress, „Journal of Family Issues”, No. 3.
[71] Vaillant C.O., Vaillant G.E., 1993, Is the U-curve of marital satisfaction an illusion? A 40-year study of marriage, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 55, No. 3.
[72] Veit C.T., Ware J.E., 1983, The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations, „Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology”, No. 5.
[73] Wallin P., 1954, Marital happiness of parents and their children’s attitude to marriage, „American Sociological Review”, No. 1.
[74] Wang H., Amato P.R., 2000, Predictors of divorce adjustment: stressors, resources, and definitions, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 62, No. 3.
[75] Webster-Stratton C., 1989, The relationship of marital support, conflict, and divorce to parent perceptions, behaviors, and childhood conduct problems, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 51, No. 2.
[76] Zick C.D., Smith K.R., 1991, Marital transitions, poverty, and gender differences in mortality, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 53, No. 2.
[2] Ahrons C.R., 1994, The Good Divorce, HarperCollins Publishers, New York.
[3] Ahrons C.R., Wallisch L.S., 1987, The relationship between former spouses, [w:] D. Perlman, D. Duck (red.), Intimate Relationships: Development, Dynamics and Deterioration, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills.
[4] Albrecht S.L., P.R.Kunz, 1980, The decision to divorce: A social exchange perspective, „Journal of Divorce”, No. 4.
[5] Amato P.R., DeBoer D.D., 2001, The transmission of marital instability across generations: relationship skills or commitment to marriage?, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 63, No. 4.
[6] Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J., 1961, An inventory for measuring depression, „Archives of General Psychiatry”, No. 4.
[7] Berman W.H., Turk D.C., 1981, Adaptation to divorce: problems and coping strategies, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 43, No. 1.
[8] Bloom B.L., Caldwell R.A., 1981, Sex differences in adjustment during the process of marital separation, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 43, No. 3.
[9] Bloom B.L., Hodges W.F., 1981, The predicament of the newly separated, „Community Mental Health Journal”, No. 4.
[10] Booth A., Johnson D., Edwards J.N., 1983, Measuring marital instability, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 45, No. 2.
[11] Boss P., 1987, Family stress: perception and context, [w:] M. Sussman, S. Steinmetz (red.), Handbook of Marriage and the Family, Plenum, New York.
[12] Burgess E.W., Wallin P., 1953, Engagement and Marriage, Lippincott, Philadelphia.
[13] Burns A., 1984, Perceived causes of marriage breakdown and conditions of life, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 46, No. 3.
[14] Bursik K., 1991, Correlates of woman’s adjustment during the separation and divorce process, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, Vol. 14, No. 3/4.
[15] Cekiera Cz., 1994, Ryzyko uzależnień, TN KUL, Lublin.
[16] Conger R.D., Elder G.H., Lorenz F.O., Conger K.J., Simons R.L., Whitebeck L.B., Huck S., Melby J.M., 1990, Linking economic hardship to marital quality and stability, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 52, No. 3.
[17] Davies L., Avison W.R., McAlpine D.D., 1997, Significant life experiences and depression among single and married mothers, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 59, No. 2.
[18] Davis B., Aron A., 1988, Perceived causes of divorce and postdivorce adjustment among recently divorced midlife woman, „Journal of Divorce”, No. 1.
[19] Edwards J.N., Johnson D.R., Booth A., 1987, Coming apart: a prognostic instrument of marital break up, „Family Relations”, Vol. 36, No. 2.
[20] Feng D., Giarrusso R., Bengtson V.L., Frye N., 1999, International transmission of marital quality and marital instability, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 61, No. 2.
[21] Glenn N.D., 1998, The course of marital success and failure in five American 10-year marriage cohorts, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 60, No. 3.
[22] Goode W.J., 1956, After Divorce, Free Press, Glencoe.
[23] Goodman C., 1993, Divorce after long term marriages: former spouse relationships, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 1/2.
[24] Gottman J.M., Levenson R.W., 2002, A two-factor model for predicting when a couple will divorce: exploratory analyses using 14-year longitudinal data, „Family Process”, No. 1.
[25] Green R.G., 1983, The influence of divorce prediction variables on divorce adjustment: an expansion and test of Lewis and Spanier’s theory of marital quality and marital stability, „Journal of Divorce”, No. 1.
[26] Greenberg E.F., Nay W.R., 1982, The intergenerational transmission of marital instability reconsidered, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 44, No. 2.
[27] Guminski-Cleek M., Pearson T.A., 1985, Per ceived causes of divorce: an analysis of interrelationships, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 47, No. 1.
[28] Hemstrom O., 1996, Is marriage dissolution linked to differences in mortality risks for men and women?, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 58, No. 2.
[29] Hill R., 1949, Family under Stress, Harper & Row, New York.
[30] Hobart Ch., 1990, Relationships between the formerly married, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 2.
[31] Hopper J., 2001, The symbolic origins of conflict in divorce, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 63, No. 2.
[32] Johnston J.R., Campbell L.E.G., 1988, Impasses of Divorce, Free Press, New York.
[33] Joung I.M.A., Stronks K., van de Mheen H., van Poppel F.W.A., van der Meer J.B.W., Mackenbach
[34] J.P., 1997, The contribution of intermediary factors to marital status differences in self-reported health, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 59, No. 2.
[35] Katz R., 1998, Divorced mothers evaluate their lifestyle: personal attitudes and social perceptions, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 3/4.
[36] Kincaid S., Caldwell R.A., 1995, Marital separation: causes, coping, and consequences, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 3/4.
[37] Kitson G.C., 1982, Attachment to the spouse in divorce: a scale and its application, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 44, No. 2.
[38] Kitson G.C., Langlie J.K., 1984, Couples who file for divorce but change their minds, „American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, no. 3.
[39] Kitson G.C., Sussman M.B., 1982, Marital complaints, demographic characteristics, and symptoms of mental distress in divorce, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 44, No. 1.
[40] Kressel K., 1985, The Process of Divorce. How Professionals and Couples Negotiate Set tlements, Basic Books, New York.
[41] Kurdek L.A., 2002, Predicting the timing of separation and marital satisfaction: an eight-year prospective longitudinal study, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 64, No. 1.
[42] Levinger G., 1965, Marital cohesiveness and dissolution: an integrative review, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 27, No. 1.
[43] Levinger G., 1966, Sources of marital dissatisfaction among applicants for divorce, „American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, No. 5.
[44] Levinger G., 1976, A social psychological perspective on marital dissolution, „Journal of Social Issues”, No. 32.
[45] Lillard L.A., Waite L.J., 1995, ’Til death do us part: marital disruption and mortality, „American Journal of Sociology”, No. 6.
[46] Locke H.J., Wallace K.M., 1959, Short Marital-Adjustment and Prediction Tests: Their Reliability and Validity, „Marriage and Family Living”, Vol. 21.
[47] Madden-Derdich D.A., Leonard S.A., Christopher F.S., 1999, Boundary ambiguity and coparental conflict after divorce: an empirical test of family systems model of the divorce process, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 61, No. 3.
[48] Mayntz R., Holm K., Huebner P., 1985, Wprowadzenie do metod socjologii empirycznej, PWN, Warszawa.
[49] McCubbin H.I., Cauble A.E., Patterson J.M., 1982, Family Stress, Coping, and Social Support, CC Thomas, Springfield, IL.
[50] McCubbin H.I., Dahl B., Lester R.G., Benson D., Robertson M.L., 1976, Coping repertoires of families adopting to prolonged war-induced separations, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 38, No. 3.
[51] McCubbin H.I., Larsen A.J., Olson D.H., 1987, F-COPES: family crisis oriented personal evaluation scales, [w:] H.I. McCubbin, A.I. Thompson (red.), Family Assessment Inventories for Research and Practice, The University of Wisconsin, Madison.
[52] Moos R.H., Cronkite R.C., Finney J.W., 1990, Health and Daily Living Form Manual, Center for Health Care Evaluation, Stanford University, Palo Alto.
[53] Murphy M., Glaser K., Grundy E., 1997, Marital status and long-term illness in Great Britain, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 59, No. 2.
[54] Palisi B.J., 1984, Symptoms of readiness for divorce, „Journal of Family Issues”, Vol. 5, No. 1.
[55] Pettit E.J., Bloom B.L., 1984, Whose decision was it: the effects of initiator status on adjustment to marital separation, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 46, No. 3.
[56] Radloff L.S., 1977, The CES-D scale: a self report depression scale for research in the general population, „Applied Psychological Measurement”, No. 1.
[57] Raschke H., 1987, Divorce, [w:] M. Sussman, S. Steinmetz (red.), Handbook of Marriage and the Family, Plenum, New York.
[58] Richmond L.S., Christensen D.H., 2000, Coping strategies and postdivorce health outcomes, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 1/2.
[59] Rollins B.C., Feldman H., 1970, Marital satisfaction over the family life cycle, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 32, No. 1.
[60] Rosenberg M., 1965, Society and Adolescent Self Image, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
[61] Schumm W.R., Nichols C.W., Shectman K.L., Grigsby C.C., 1983, Characteristics of responses to the Kansas Marital Satisfaction scale by a sample of 84 married mothers, „Psychological Reports”, Vol. 53.
[62] Schumm W.R., Paff-Bergen L.A., Hatch R.C., Obiorah F.C., Copeland J.M., Meens L.D., Bugaighis M.A., 1986, Concurrent and discriminant validity of Kansas Marital Satisfaction scale, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, May.
[63] Shapiro A., Lambert J.D., 1999, Longitudinal effect of divorce on the quality of father – child relationships and on fathers’ psychological well – being, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 61, No. 2.
[64] Spanier G.B., 1976, Measuring dyadic adjustment: new scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 38, No. 1.
[65] Strauss M.A., 1979, Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the Conflict Tactic (CT) scales, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 41, No. 1.
[66] Thompson L., Spanier G.B., 1983, The end of marriage and acceptance of marital termination, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 45, No. 1.
[67] Thuen F., 2000, Psychiatric symptoms and perceived need for psychiatric care after divorce, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage”, No. 1/2.
[68] Tschann J.M., Jonhston J.R., Wallerstein J.S., 1989, Resources, stressors and attachment as predictors for adult adjustment after divorce: a longitudinal study, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 51, No. 4.
[69] Udry J.R., 1981, Marital alternatives and marital disruption, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 43, No. 4.
[70] Umberson D., Williams Ch.L., 1993, Divorced fathers. Parental role strain and psychological distress, „Journal of Family Issues”, No. 3.
[71] Vaillant C.O., Vaillant G.E., 1993, Is the U-curve of marital satisfaction an illusion? A 40-year study of marriage, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 55, No. 3.
[72] Veit C.T., Ware J.E., 1983, The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations, „Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology”, No. 5.
[73] Wallin P., 1954, Marital happiness of parents and their children’s attitude to marriage, „American Sociological Review”, No. 1.
[74] Wang H., Amato P.R., 2000, Predictors of divorce adjustment: stressors, resources, and definitions, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 62, No. 3.
[75] Webster-Stratton C., 1989, The relationship of marital support, conflict, and divorce to parent perceptions, behaviors, and childhood conduct problems, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 51, No. 2.
[76] Zick C.D., Smith K.R., 1991, Marital transitions, poverty, and gender differences in mortality, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, Vol. 53, No. 2.