Assessing the Professional Standing of IT Specialists in the Polish Financial Sector. A Report from a Qualitative Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study had two basic goals: (1) to identify challenges facing the financial sector over the next 3−5 years, due to changes in its environment; (2) to set out the directions for the development of the sector’s human resources. The research was focused on three thematic areas: recruitment criteria, working conditions, prospects for professional development. Five in-depth interviews with IT specialists working for banking cooperatives and for entities from the insurance market were conducted. The scenario of the interview consisted of three module in order to verify three hypotheses: 1. ‘hard’ rather than ‘soft’ competences are more important for a potential employer; 2. higher the organization’s development potential results in better assessment of working conditions by IT specialists; 3. better ratings of Polish economy was linked more positive personal predictions related to prospects of professional career. The article includes some recommendations on the design of a quantitative study of specialists in IT/cyber-security. Generally, the position of IT specialists on the Polish labour market seems to be well grounded in their skills and structural demand for their work in Poland’s financial sector.
Article Details
How to Cite
Mecina, J., Potocki, P. ., & Niedziela, M. . (2019). Assessing the Professional Standing of IT Specialists in the Polish Financial Sector. A Report from a Qualitative Study. Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology, 10(20), 41–70. Retrieved from https://econjournals.sgh.waw.pl/wfes/article/view/3135
Section
Articles
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. All authors agree for publishing their email adresses, affiliations and short bio statements with their articles during the submission process.
References
Alior Bank’s strategy for 2017−2020, Cyfrowy buntownik [Digital rebel] (March 2017) https://www.aliorbank.pl/am/jcr:98cf582f-527b-4e37-81a6-7f1a0fcb627d/ALR_Strategia%202017-2020_FINAL_POL.pdf [Access: June 19, 2019]
Barometr zawodów 2019. Raport podsumowujący badanie w Polsce [Barometer of professions 2019. A summary report from the study in Poland] (2018), Kraków: Wojewódzki Urząd Pracy [Regional Employment Office], https://barometrzawoow.pl/userfiles/Barometr/2019/raport_ogolnopolski_pl.pdf [Access: February 15, 2019]
Bukht, R., Heeks, R. (2017), ‘Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy’, Manchester Centre for Development Informatics Working Paper 68: 13, http://diodeweb.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/diwkppr68-diode.pdf [Access: 19.06.2018]
Castells, M. (2008), Społeczeństwo sieci [The Rise of the Network Society], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
Digital Banking Maturity 2018: Jak zostać cyfrowym liderem i dlaczego tak niewielu to się udaje [Digital Banking Maturity 2018: How to become a digital leader and why so few succeedat it] (2018) Deloitte Digital, p. 5 onwards, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/eloitte/pl/Documents/Reports/pl_DBM_2018_Prezentacja_na_sniadanie_24_04_2018.pdf [Access: November 5, 2018]
Druszcz, P. (2017), ‘Digitalizacja produktów bankowych jako cel strategiczny uczestników polskiego sektora bankowego’ [‘Digitisation of banking products as a strategic goal for entities in the Polish banking sector’], Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny [The Legal, Economic and Sociological Movement], Year LXXIX, Workbook 1, http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_14746_rpeis_2017_79_1_17/c/9187-8930.pdf [Access: October 11, 2018]
Dupre L. (2014), Network and Information Security in the Finance Sector. Regulatory landscape and Industry priorities, https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/network-and-information-security-in-the-finance-sector/at_download/fullReport [Access: June 6, 2019]
Dziennik Ustaw [Journal of Laws] 2011, No. 199, item 1175
Eurofound, EurWORK, Digital Economy, https://eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/industrial-relations-dictionary/digital-economy [Access: December 17, 2018]
Eurostat (2018a), ICT sector economic indicators: tables and figures, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explaine/images/0/0f/ICT_sector_economic_indicators_ICT2018-upate.xlsx [Access: October 11, 2018]
Eurostat (2018b), ICT specialists − statistics on hard-to-fill vacancies in enterprises. Data extracted in December 2018 (2019), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/40327.pdf [Access: June 3, 2019]
Eurostat (2020a), Total unemployment rate, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00203/default/table?lang=en [Access: November 2, 2020]
Gallagher, K.P., Kaiser, K.M., Simon, J.C., Beath, C.M., Goles, T. (2010), ‘The Requisite Variety of Skills for IT Professionals’, Communications of the ACM 53(6)
Gibbs, G. (2011), Analizowanie danych jakościowych [Analysing qualitative data], Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN
Górniak J., Kocór, M., Kwinta-Odrzywołek, J., Maźnica, Ł., Worek, B., Wróblewski, J. (2018), Branżowy bilans kapitału ludzkiego − sektor finansowy [Sectoral assessment of human capital − the financial sector], Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przemysłu [Polish Agency for the Development of Industry], https://www.parp.ov.pl/storage/publications/pf/branzowy%20bilans%20kapitalu%20ludzkiego%20w%20sektorze%20finansowym.pdf [Access: May 13, 2019]
Gribanova, S., Abeltina, A. (2019), ‘Work motivation and labour productivity growth among it professionals in contemporary Latvia, Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference’, Economic Science for Rural Developmen, No 52, Jelgava, LLU ESAF, 9−10 May 2019
GUS (2017a), Rocznik Statystyczny Pracy 2017 [Statistical Yearbook of Work 2017], Warszawa
GUS (2017b), Szkoły wyższe i ich finanse w 2016 roku [Higher-education institutions and their finances in 2016], Warszawa: GUS, https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5488/2/13/1/szkoly_wyzsze_i_ich_finanse_w_2016_r..pdf [Access: June 17, 2019]
GUS (2018), Rocznik Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2018 [Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2018], Warszawa: GUS
IT w instytucjach finansowych [IT in financial institutions], https://it.projektekf.pl/o-kongresie [Access: June 19, 2019]
IT@PL − rynek pracy IT w Polsce [IT@PL − the labour market for the IT sector in Poland] (May 2013) Antal International, Polska Agencja Informacji i Inwestycji Zagranicznych [Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency], https://www.paih.gov.pl/files/?id_plik=26055 [Access: October 18, 2018]
Joseph, D., Ang, S., Chang, R.H.L., Slaughter S.A. (2010), Practical Intelligence in IT: Assessing Soft Skills of IT Professionals, Communications of the ACM 53(2)
Joseph, D., Boh, W.F., Ang, S., Slaughter, S.A. (2012), ‘The career paths less (or more) traveled: a sequence analysis of it career histories, mobility patterns, and career success’, MIS Quarterly 36(2)
Klub Polska 2025+: Cyberbezpieczeństwo w erze gospodarki elektronicznej, robotyzacji, automatyzacji i internetu rzeczy. Tezy Prelegentów [CLUB POLAND 2025+: Cyber-security in the age of electronic economy, robotisation, automation and the internet of things. Speaker Theses] (November 28, 2018) ZBP, https://zbp.pl/public/repozytorium/wydarzenia/images/listopad_2018/kp2025/Tezy_Prelegentow_28_11_2018.pdf [Access: December 2, 2018]
Konecki, K. (2000), Teoria ugruntowana [Grounded theory], Warszawa: Wyd Naukowe PWN
Kostera, M., Postuła, A. (2011), ‘Holding up the Aegis: On the Construction of Social Roles by Polish IT-professionals and the Change in Agency’, Tamara Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry 9(1/2)
Kowal, J., Roztocki, N. (2015), ‘Job satisfaction of IT professionals in Poland: does business competence matter?’, Journal of Business Economics & Management, October 16(5)
Kvale, S. (2010), Prowadzenie wywiadów [Conducting interviews], Warszawa: Wyd Naukowe PWN
Miński, R. (2017), ‘Wywiad pogłębiony jako technika badawcza. Możliwości wykorzystania IDI w badaniach ewaluacyjnych’ [‘In-depth interview as a research technique. Possibilities for the use of IDI in evaluation studies’], Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej [Review of Qualitative Sociology], Vol. XIII, No. 3
Nedelkoska, L. Quintini, G. (2018), ‘Automation, skills use and training’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 202, Paris: OECD, http://pmb.cereq.fr/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4268 [Access: June 6, 2019]
Nowina-Konopka, M. (2006), ‘Istota i rozwój społeczeństwa informacyjnego’ [‘The essence and growth of the information society’], w: M. Witkowska, K. Cholawo-Sosnowska (red.), Społeczeństwo informacyjne: istota, rozwój, wyzwania [The information society: essence, growth, challenges], Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesionalne
Okopień, P. (2018), Wynagrodzenia w polskiej branży IT ciągle rosną [Salaries in Poland’s IT industry keep growing], iTWIZ.pl, https://itwiz.pl/wynagrodzenia-polskie-branzy-ciagle-rosna/ [Access: March 29, 2018]
Perspektywy rozwoju polskiej branży ICT do roku 2025 [Prospects for the development of Poland’s ICT industry until the year 2025] (2017), Warszawa: INVESTIN, https://ict.trade.gov.pl/pl/f/download/fobject_id:397578 [Access: June 19, 2019]
Pflügler, C., Becker, N., Wiesche, M., Krcmar, H. (2018), ‘Strategies for retaining key IT professionals’, MIS Quarterly Executive 17(4)
Publikacje i opracowania [Publications and papers] Komisja Nadzoru Finansowego [Financial Supervision Commission], https://www.knf.gov.pl/publikacje_i_opracowania [Access: June 20, 2019]
Pulwarski, J. (ed. of the Polish ed.) (2016), DigComp 2.0: Rama Kompetencji Cyfrowych dla Obywateli. Etap 1. aktualizacji: Pojęciowy Model Odniesienia [DigComp 2.0: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. Update Phase 1: The Conceptual Reference Model], http://digcomp.org.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/digcomp-2.0-cz.-1.pdf [Access: June 3, 2019]
Raport ZBP: Polska i Europa – wyzwania i ograniczenia 2018 [A ZBP report: Poland and Europe – challenges and limitations 2018], Wydanie V [Fifth edition] (Access: September 2018) ZBP, https://zbp.pl/public/repozytorium/wydarzenia/images/wrzesien_2018/krynica/Polska_i_Europa_2018.pdf [Access: October 30, 2018]
Satysfakcja zawodowa Polaków 2018 − podsumowanie badania [The job satisfaction of Polish people − summary of a study] (2018), Kraków: Sedlak&Sedlak, https://badaniahr.pl/files/pf/Satysfacja%20Zawodowa%20Polak%C3%B3w%202018%20Sedlak%20&%20Sedlak.pdf
Special Eurobarometer 460, Summary: Attitudes towards the impact of digitisation and automation on daily life (May 2017), European Commission, p. 5 onwards, http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/78998 [Access: 30.10.2018]
Strategia 2020 Banku Millennium. Prezentacja dla analityków i inwestorów [Millennium Bank’s 2020 strategy. A presentation for analysts and investors] October 30, 2017, Warszawa, https://bankmillennium.pl/documents/10184/123526/Millennium_Strategy_POL.pdf/ea060e2f-7d7b-47fd-9268-44543da25e6a?mv=3 [Access: June 19, 2019]
Szkwarek, W. ‘Specjaliści ds. bezpieczeństwa IT w bankach – duże zarobki i duże wymagania’ [Specialists in IT security employed by banks – huge salaries and huge expectations],https://www.bankier.pl/wiaomosc/Specjalisci-ds-bezpieczenstwa-IT-w-bankach-duze-zarobki-i-duze-wymagania-7515873.html [Access: November 26, 2018]
Szyjewski, Z. (2018), ‘Model systemu kwalifikacji informatycznych PTI’ [‘A model for a system of qualifications in computer science developed by The Polish Society for Computer Science PTI’], in: PTI, Kim jest współczesny informatyk? Debata środowiskowa [What is the profile of the contemporary IT professional? A debate in the IT community], Warszawa: PTI, http://pti.org.pl/content/download/7297/52758/file/Debata%20srodowiskowa_elektron.pdf [Access: October 11, 2018]
Tomer, G., Mishra, S. (2019), ‘Expectation from Technology and Career Satisfaction: A study among IT Professionals in India’, Australasian Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 23
‘»Top Cybersecurity Job Titles« CyberSeek’, https://www.cyberseek.org/heatmap.html [Access: June 24, 2019]
Wojtczuk-Turek, A. (2014), ‘Podaż i popyt na kwalifikacje i kompetencje w ujęciu sektorowym − w świetle badań jakościowych branży IT’ [‘Supply and demand for qualifications and competences from a sectoral perspective − in the light of qualitative research on the IT industry’], Edukacja Ekonomistów i Menedżerów: Problemy, Innowacje, Projekty [Education of Economists and Managers: Problems, Innovation, Projects] 32(2)
Barometr zawodów 2019. Raport podsumowujący badanie w Polsce [Barometer of professions 2019. A summary report from the study in Poland] (2018), Kraków: Wojewódzki Urząd Pracy [Regional Employment Office], https://barometrzawoow.pl/userfiles/Barometr/2019/raport_ogolnopolski_pl.pdf [Access: February 15, 2019]
Bukht, R., Heeks, R. (2017), ‘Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy’, Manchester Centre for Development Informatics Working Paper 68: 13, http://diodeweb.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/diwkppr68-diode.pdf [Access: 19.06.2018]
Castells, M. (2008), Społeczeństwo sieci [The Rise of the Network Society], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
Digital Banking Maturity 2018: Jak zostać cyfrowym liderem i dlaczego tak niewielu to się udaje [Digital Banking Maturity 2018: How to become a digital leader and why so few succeedat it] (2018) Deloitte Digital, p. 5 onwards, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/eloitte/pl/Documents/Reports/pl_DBM_2018_Prezentacja_na_sniadanie_24_04_2018.pdf [Access: November 5, 2018]
Druszcz, P. (2017), ‘Digitalizacja produktów bankowych jako cel strategiczny uczestników polskiego sektora bankowego’ [‘Digitisation of banking products as a strategic goal for entities in the Polish banking sector’], Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny [The Legal, Economic and Sociological Movement], Year LXXIX, Workbook 1, http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_14746_rpeis_2017_79_1_17/c/9187-8930.pdf [Access: October 11, 2018]
Dupre L. (2014), Network and Information Security in the Finance Sector. Regulatory landscape and Industry priorities, https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/network-and-information-security-in-the-finance-sector/at_download/fullReport [Access: June 6, 2019]
Dziennik Ustaw [Journal of Laws] 2011, No. 199, item 1175
Eurofound, EurWORK, Digital Economy, https://eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/industrial-relations-dictionary/digital-economy [Access: December 17, 2018]
Eurostat (2018a), ICT sector economic indicators: tables and figures, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explaine/images/0/0f/ICT_sector_economic_indicators_ICT2018-upate.xlsx [Access: October 11, 2018]
Eurostat (2018b), ICT specialists − statistics on hard-to-fill vacancies in enterprises. Data extracted in December 2018 (2019), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/40327.pdf [Access: June 3, 2019]
Eurostat (2020a), Total unemployment rate, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00203/default/table?lang=en [Access: November 2, 2020]
Gallagher, K.P., Kaiser, K.M., Simon, J.C., Beath, C.M., Goles, T. (2010), ‘The Requisite Variety of Skills for IT Professionals’, Communications of the ACM 53(6)
Gibbs, G. (2011), Analizowanie danych jakościowych [Analysing qualitative data], Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN
Górniak J., Kocór, M., Kwinta-Odrzywołek, J., Maźnica, Ł., Worek, B., Wróblewski, J. (2018), Branżowy bilans kapitału ludzkiego − sektor finansowy [Sectoral assessment of human capital − the financial sector], Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przemysłu [Polish Agency for the Development of Industry], https://www.parp.ov.pl/storage/publications/pf/branzowy%20bilans%20kapitalu%20ludzkiego%20w%20sektorze%20finansowym.pdf [Access: May 13, 2019]
Gribanova, S., Abeltina, A. (2019), ‘Work motivation and labour productivity growth among it professionals in contemporary Latvia, Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference’, Economic Science for Rural Developmen, No 52, Jelgava, LLU ESAF, 9−10 May 2019
GUS (2017a), Rocznik Statystyczny Pracy 2017 [Statistical Yearbook of Work 2017], Warszawa
GUS (2017b), Szkoły wyższe i ich finanse w 2016 roku [Higher-education institutions and their finances in 2016], Warszawa: GUS, https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5488/2/13/1/szkoly_wyzsze_i_ich_finanse_w_2016_r..pdf [Access: June 17, 2019]
GUS (2018), Rocznik Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2018 [Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2018], Warszawa: GUS
IT w instytucjach finansowych [IT in financial institutions], https://it.projektekf.pl/o-kongresie [Access: June 19, 2019]
IT@PL − rynek pracy IT w Polsce [IT@PL − the labour market for the IT sector in Poland] (May 2013) Antal International, Polska Agencja Informacji i Inwestycji Zagranicznych [Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency], https://www.paih.gov.pl/files/?id_plik=26055 [Access: October 18, 2018]
Joseph, D., Ang, S., Chang, R.H.L., Slaughter S.A. (2010), Practical Intelligence in IT: Assessing Soft Skills of IT Professionals, Communications of the ACM 53(2)
Joseph, D., Boh, W.F., Ang, S., Slaughter, S.A. (2012), ‘The career paths less (or more) traveled: a sequence analysis of it career histories, mobility patterns, and career success’, MIS Quarterly 36(2)
Klub Polska 2025+: Cyberbezpieczeństwo w erze gospodarki elektronicznej, robotyzacji, automatyzacji i internetu rzeczy. Tezy Prelegentów [CLUB POLAND 2025+: Cyber-security in the age of electronic economy, robotisation, automation and the internet of things. Speaker Theses] (November 28, 2018) ZBP, https://zbp.pl/public/repozytorium/wydarzenia/images/listopad_2018/kp2025/Tezy_Prelegentow_28_11_2018.pdf [Access: December 2, 2018]
Konecki, K. (2000), Teoria ugruntowana [Grounded theory], Warszawa: Wyd Naukowe PWN
Kostera, M., Postuła, A. (2011), ‘Holding up the Aegis: On the Construction of Social Roles by Polish IT-professionals and the Change in Agency’, Tamara Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry 9(1/2)
Kowal, J., Roztocki, N. (2015), ‘Job satisfaction of IT professionals in Poland: does business competence matter?’, Journal of Business Economics & Management, October 16(5)
Kvale, S. (2010), Prowadzenie wywiadów [Conducting interviews], Warszawa: Wyd Naukowe PWN
Miński, R. (2017), ‘Wywiad pogłębiony jako technika badawcza. Możliwości wykorzystania IDI w badaniach ewaluacyjnych’ [‘In-depth interview as a research technique. Possibilities for the use of IDI in evaluation studies’], Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej [Review of Qualitative Sociology], Vol. XIII, No. 3
Nedelkoska, L. Quintini, G. (2018), ‘Automation, skills use and training’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 202, Paris: OECD, http://pmb.cereq.fr/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4268 [Access: June 6, 2019]
Nowina-Konopka, M. (2006), ‘Istota i rozwój społeczeństwa informacyjnego’ [‘The essence and growth of the information society’], w: M. Witkowska, K. Cholawo-Sosnowska (red.), Społeczeństwo informacyjne: istota, rozwój, wyzwania [The information society: essence, growth, challenges], Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesionalne
Okopień, P. (2018), Wynagrodzenia w polskiej branży IT ciągle rosną [Salaries in Poland’s IT industry keep growing], iTWIZ.pl, https://itwiz.pl/wynagrodzenia-polskie-branzy-ciagle-rosna/ [Access: March 29, 2018]
Perspektywy rozwoju polskiej branży ICT do roku 2025 [Prospects for the development of Poland’s ICT industry until the year 2025] (2017), Warszawa: INVESTIN, https://ict.trade.gov.pl/pl/f/download/fobject_id:397578 [Access: June 19, 2019]
Pflügler, C., Becker, N., Wiesche, M., Krcmar, H. (2018), ‘Strategies for retaining key IT professionals’, MIS Quarterly Executive 17(4)
Publikacje i opracowania [Publications and papers] Komisja Nadzoru Finansowego [Financial Supervision Commission], https://www.knf.gov.pl/publikacje_i_opracowania [Access: June 20, 2019]
Pulwarski, J. (ed. of the Polish ed.) (2016), DigComp 2.0: Rama Kompetencji Cyfrowych dla Obywateli. Etap 1. aktualizacji: Pojęciowy Model Odniesienia [DigComp 2.0: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. Update Phase 1: The Conceptual Reference Model], http://digcomp.org.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/digcomp-2.0-cz.-1.pdf [Access: June 3, 2019]
Raport ZBP: Polska i Europa – wyzwania i ograniczenia 2018 [A ZBP report: Poland and Europe – challenges and limitations 2018], Wydanie V [Fifth edition] (Access: September 2018) ZBP, https://zbp.pl/public/repozytorium/wydarzenia/images/wrzesien_2018/krynica/Polska_i_Europa_2018.pdf [Access: October 30, 2018]
Satysfakcja zawodowa Polaków 2018 − podsumowanie badania [The job satisfaction of Polish people − summary of a study] (2018), Kraków: Sedlak&Sedlak, https://badaniahr.pl/files/pf/Satysfacja%20Zawodowa%20Polak%C3%B3w%202018%20Sedlak%20&%20Sedlak.pdf
Special Eurobarometer 460, Summary: Attitudes towards the impact of digitisation and automation on daily life (May 2017), European Commission, p. 5 onwards, http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/78998 [Access: 30.10.2018]
Strategia 2020 Banku Millennium. Prezentacja dla analityków i inwestorów [Millennium Bank’s 2020 strategy. A presentation for analysts and investors] October 30, 2017, Warszawa, https://bankmillennium.pl/documents/10184/123526/Millennium_Strategy_POL.pdf/ea060e2f-7d7b-47fd-9268-44543da25e6a?mv=3 [Access: June 19, 2019]
Szkwarek, W. ‘Specjaliści ds. bezpieczeństwa IT w bankach – duże zarobki i duże wymagania’ [Specialists in IT security employed by banks – huge salaries and huge expectations],https://www.bankier.pl/wiaomosc/Specjalisci-ds-bezpieczenstwa-IT-w-bankach-duze-zarobki-i-duze-wymagania-7515873.html [Access: November 26, 2018]
Szyjewski, Z. (2018), ‘Model systemu kwalifikacji informatycznych PTI’ [‘A model for a system of qualifications in computer science developed by The Polish Society for Computer Science PTI’], in: PTI, Kim jest współczesny informatyk? Debata środowiskowa [What is the profile of the contemporary IT professional? A debate in the IT community], Warszawa: PTI, http://pti.org.pl/content/download/7297/52758/file/Debata%20srodowiskowa_elektron.pdf [Access: October 11, 2018]
Tomer, G., Mishra, S. (2019), ‘Expectation from Technology and Career Satisfaction: A study among IT Professionals in India’, Australasian Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 23
‘»Top Cybersecurity Job Titles« CyberSeek’, https://www.cyberseek.org/heatmap.html [Access: June 24, 2019]
Wojtczuk-Turek, A. (2014), ‘Podaż i popyt na kwalifikacje i kompetencje w ujęciu sektorowym − w świetle badań jakościowych branży IT’ [‘Supply and demand for qualifications and competences from a sectoral perspective − in the light of qualitative research on the IT industry’], Edukacja Ekonomistów i Menedżerów: Problemy, Innowacje, Projekty [Education of Economists and Managers: Problems, Innovation, Projects] 32(2)