New Generation of Bike-Sharing Systems in China: Lessons for European Cities
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Opublikowane:
lip 27, 2019
Słowa kluczowe:
sustainable transportation, urban transport, bicycles, public bikes, Ofo, Mobike, environmentally friendly transport, dockless bikes, passenger transport innovation
Main Article Content
Abstrakt
Rising mobility of societies and the urban sprawl cause the need to shape passengers’ behaviour accordingly. For urbanised areas, the biggest challenge is to overcome the problem of dominant private cars usage. Bike-sharing systems are considered to be a successful tool for the popularisation of alternative ways of travelling.
Recently Chinese companies have developed new solutions to bike-sharing systems that proved to be successful in China and could be implemented in Europe. However, their implementation will be associated with challenges for municipal authorities and companies conducting the business. The aim of the paper is to identify major advantages and challenges resulting from the implementation of the Chinese solutions in Europe or expansion of bike-sharing companies to Europe.
The scientific method used in the paper is the case study of the Chinese bike-sharing market with the special focus on market leaders Mobike and Ofo. Despite existing obstacles, it is possible to succeed in introducing the new generation of bike-sharing systems in Europe. As Chinese enterprises have already entered the European market, it is crucial to make policy makers aware of the obstructions.
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Article Details
Jak cytować
Bieliński, T., & Ważna, A. (2019). New Generation of Bike-Sharing Systems in China: Lessons for European Cities. Journal of Management and Financial Sciences, (33), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.33119/JMFS.2018.33.2
Dział
Articles
Bibliografia
Compact publications:
1. Brunner H., Hirz M., Hirshberg W., Fallast K., 2018. Evaluation of various means of transport for urban areas. Energy, Sustainability and Society. Springer Open.
2. Czech P., Turoń K., Sierpiński G., 2018b. Development of the Bike-Sharing System on the Example of Polish Cities. Springer International Publishing AG. In: E. Macioszek and G. Sierpiński
(Eds.), Recent Advances in Traffic Engineering for Transport Networks and Systems. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 21.
3. Czech P., Turoń K., Urbańczyk R., 2018a. Bike-Sharing as an Element of Integrated Urban Transport System, Springer International Publishing AG. In: G. Sierpiński (Ed.), Advanced Solutions of Transport Systems for Growing Mobility, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 631.
4. De Maio P., 2009. Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future. Journal of Public Transportation, Volume 12 (4).
5. Fishman E., 2015. Bikeshare: A Review of Recent Literature. Transport Reviews, Volume 36 (1), pp. 92–113, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2015.1033036
6. Gonzalez, G. (2017), Startup Business Plans: Do Academic Researchers and Expert Practi- tioners Still Disagree? Muma Business Review, Volume 1 (15), p. 189–196.
7. Hamari J., Sjöklint M., Ukkonen A., 2016. The sharing economy: Why People Participate in Collaborative Consumption. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,
Volume 67 (9), p. 2047–2048, https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23552
8. Holden E., 2007. Achieving Sustainable Mobility, Everyday and Leisure-time Travel in the EU. Ashgate.
9. Kopp A., Block R. I., Iimi A., 2013. Turning the right corner, Ensuring Development through a Low-Carbon Transport Sector. Washington: The World Bank.
10. Li, Z., Wang, W., Yang, C., Haoyang D., 2017. Bicycle mode share in China: a city-level analysis of long term trends. Transportation Volume 44 (4) pp. 773–788, https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11116-016-9676–8
11. Liang, M., Xin, Z., Gao, S. W., 2017. Identifying the Reasons Why Users in China Recommend Bike Apps. International Journal of Market Research, Volume 59 (6), pp. 767–786.
12. Midgley P., 2011. Bicycle-sharing schemes: enhancing sustainable mobility in urban areas. Global Transport Knowledge Partnership, International Road Federation, United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
13. Mobike, 2018. How Cycling Changes Cities – Insights on how bikesharing supports urban development. World Resources Institute, p. 19.
14. Rong, K., Hu, J., Ma, Y., Lim, M. K., Liu, Y., Lu, C., 2018. The sharing economy and its implications for sustainable value chains. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 130, pp. 188–189.
15. Ważna A., 2017. The role of economic value of time in shaping passenger transport behaviour. Research Journal of the University of Gdańsk. Transport Economic and Logistics, Volume 72, pp. 35–43.
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4. Caggiani L., Camporeale R., Ottomanelli M., 2017. A real time multi-objective cyclists route choice model for a bike-sharing mobile application. Models and Technologies for Intelligent
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5. Chih-Hsuan, W., 2017. Evolution of Dockless Bike/Bikesharing Designs and Thoughts on the Industry, Hackernoon, https://hackernoon.com/evolution-of-the-dockless-bike-bikesharingdesigns-and-thoughts-of-the-industry-32e41da1dfaa [accessed: 30.03.2018].
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11. Feng, E., 2017. Deposits lost in spate of Chinese bike-share failures. Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/5c1f5fcc-e47b-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da [accessed: 30.03.2017].
12. Hersey, F., 2018. Mobike updates credit score system, will charge RMB 100 per 30 minutes for low scorers. Technode, http://technode.com/2018/02/26/mobike-credit/ [accessed: 30.03.2018].
13. Hui, J., 2018. Chinese Cities Aim to Rein in Bike-Sharing Boom. World Resources Institute, http://www.wri.org/blog/2018/01/chinese-cities-aim-rein-bike-sharing-boom [accessed: 22.03.2018].
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16. Li, X., 2018. Share bicycles to create 221.3 billion yuan economic and social impact. China Economic Times, http://westdollar.com/sbdm/finance/news/1355,20180208832358110.html
[accessed: 29.03.2018].
17. Lin, Y., 2017. News Flash: Didi Rolls Out Deposit Free Bike-Sharing Service, Escalating The Already Fierce Competition. Kr-asia https://kr-asia.com/news-flash-didi-rolls-out-a-depositfree-
bike-sharing-service/ [accessed: 30.03.2018].
18. Ling P., Qingpeng C., Zhixuan F., Pingzhong T., Longbo H., 2018. Rebalancing Dockless Bike Sharing Systems eprint arXiv:1802.04592, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.04592.pdf [accessed:
30.03.2018].
19. Millward, S., 2018. Bike-share startup to charge bad riders more. Techinasia, https://www.techinasia.com/mobike-score-punishes-bad-riders [accessed: 28.03.2018].
20. Mobike, 2017. Bike-sharing and the City White Paper, https://mobike.com/global/public/Mobike%20-%20White%20Paper%202017_EN.pdf [accessed:28.08.2018].
21. Mobike Statistics and Facts, 2018. https://expandedramblings.com/index.php/mobike-statisticsfacts/[accessed: 20.03.2018].
22. Ofo, 2018. Join Ofo, https://www.ofo.com/us/en/careers/bdca964b-df29-47ce-896f-b7612f00b077[accessed: 30.03.2017].
23. Ofo Statistics and Facts, 2018, https://expandedramblings.com/index.php/ofo-statistics/[accessed: 20.03.2018].
24. Peng, Y., 2017. Chinese bike-sharing firm faces lawsuit over deposit refunds. Xinhua, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017–12/18/c_136835088.htm [accessed 28.03.2018].
25. Pidd, H., 2017. Manchester’s bike-share scheme isn’t working – because people don’t know how to share. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/16/
manchesters-bike-share-scheme-isnt-working-because-people-dont-know-how-to-share [accessed: 17.08.2018].
26. Richter, W., 2017. China’s bike-sharing frenzy is collapsing, Business Insider, http://www.businessinsider.com/china-bike-sharing-frenzy-collapsing-2017-11? IR=T [accessed: 30.03.2018].
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28. Tchebotarev, E., 2017. With Hundreds of Millions Of Dollars Burned, The Dockless Bike Sharing Market Is Imploding. Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/evgenytchebotarev/2017/12/16/with-hundreds-of-millions-of-dollars-burned-the-dockless-bike-sharing-market-is-imploding/#4aa8797f543b [accessed: 30.03.2018].
29. Veturilo website, 2018. https://www.veturilo.waw.pl/en/veturilo-how-it-works/ [accessed: 27.03.2018].
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31. Yang, S., 2017. A closer look into bike-sharing in China and its future. Techinasia, https://www.techinasia.com/talk/bike-sharing-china-future [accessed: 30.03.2017].
32. Yimian, W., 2018. Ofo Borrows $ 280M From Alibaba As Financial Troubles Escalate At Bike Sharing Firm. China Money Network, https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2018/03/07/
ofo-pledges-millions-bikes-take-280 m-mortgages-alibabas-affiliates [accessed: 30.03.2018].
33. Yoo, E., 2017. Mobike co-founder: “Profit is not the most important goal for us for now”, https://technode.com/2017/06/30/mobikes-founder-answers-six-big-questions-monetization-globalexpansion-merger/ [accessed: 30.03.2018].
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35. Yue W., 2017. What’s Really Driving China’s $ 1 Billion Bike-Sharing Boom?, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ywang/2017/06/20/worth-1‑billion-but-whats-really-driving-chinas-bike-sharingboom/#51d87f42427e [accessed: 30.03.2017].
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1. Brunner H., Hirz M., Hirshberg W., Fallast K., 2018. Evaluation of various means of transport for urban areas. Energy, Sustainability and Society. Springer Open.
2. Czech P., Turoń K., Sierpiński G., 2018b. Development of the Bike-Sharing System on the Example of Polish Cities. Springer International Publishing AG. In: E. Macioszek and G. Sierpiński
(Eds.), Recent Advances in Traffic Engineering for Transport Networks and Systems. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 21.
3. Czech P., Turoń K., Urbańczyk R., 2018a. Bike-Sharing as an Element of Integrated Urban Transport System, Springer International Publishing AG. In: G. Sierpiński (Ed.), Advanced Solutions of Transport Systems for Growing Mobility, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 631.
4. De Maio P., 2009. Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future. Journal of Public Transportation, Volume 12 (4).
5. Fishman E., 2015. Bikeshare: A Review of Recent Literature. Transport Reviews, Volume 36 (1), pp. 92–113, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2015.1033036
6. Gonzalez, G. (2017), Startup Business Plans: Do Academic Researchers and Expert Practi- tioners Still Disagree? Muma Business Review, Volume 1 (15), p. 189–196.
7. Hamari J., Sjöklint M., Ukkonen A., 2016. The sharing economy: Why People Participate in Collaborative Consumption. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,
Volume 67 (9), p. 2047–2048, https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23552
8. Holden E., 2007. Achieving Sustainable Mobility, Everyday and Leisure-time Travel in the EU. Ashgate.
9. Kopp A., Block R. I., Iimi A., 2013. Turning the right corner, Ensuring Development through a Low-Carbon Transport Sector. Washington: The World Bank.
10. Li, Z., Wang, W., Yang, C., Haoyang D., 2017. Bicycle mode share in China: a city-level analysis of long term trends. Transportation Volume 44 (4) pp. 773–788, https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11116-016-9676–8
11. Liang, M., Xin, Z., Gao, S. W., 2017. Identifying the Reasons Why Users in China Recommend Bike Apps. International Journal of Market Research, Volume 59 (6), pp. 767–786.
12. Midgley P., 2011. Bicycle-sharing schemes: enhancing sustainable mobility in urban areas. Global Transport Knowledge Partnership, International Road Federation, United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
13. Mobike, 2018. How Cycling Changes Cities – Insights on how bikesharing supports urban development. World Resources Institute, p. 19.
14. Rong, K., Hu, J., Ma, Y., Lim, M. K., Liu, Y., Lu, C., 2018. The sharing economy and its implications for sustainable value chains. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 130, pp. 188–189.
15. Ważna A., 2017. The role of economic value of time in shaping passenger transport behaviour. Research Journal of the University of Gdańsk. Transport Economic and Logistics, Volume 72, pp. 35–43.
Internet materials:
1. About Ofo, 2018, https://www.ofo.com/pl/en/about [accessed: 20.03.2018].
2. Bianji, H., 2018. Daily bike-sharing users in China peaked at 70 million: report. People’s Daily Online, http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/0208/c90000–9425354.html [accessed: 28.04.2017].
3. Borak, M. (2017), 6 of China’s bike rental companies have shuttered in the last 5 months, Technode, https://technode.com/2017/11/24/6‑of-chinas-bike-rental-companies-have-shuttered-in-thelast-5‑months/ [accessed: 30.03.2018].
4. Caggiani L., Camporeale R., Ottomanelli M., 2017. A real time multi-objective cyclists route choice model for a bike-sharing mobile application. Models and Technologies for Intelligent
Transportation Systems (MT-ITS), 5th IEEE International Conference, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8005593/ [accessed: 30.03.2018].
5. Chih-Hsuan, W., 2017. Evolution of Dockless Bike/Bikesharing Designs and Thoughts on the Industry, Hackernoon, https://hackernoon.com/evolution-of-the-dockless-bike-bikesharingdesigns-and-thoughts-of-the-industry-32e41da1dfaa [accessed: 30.03.2018].
6. Chong, Z., 2018. Bike sharing is going global but regulations could tie it down. Cnet, https://www.cnet.com/news/inside-chinas-stranglehold-on-bike-sharing/ [accessed: 22.03.2018].
7. Crunchbase, 2018, https://www.crunchbase.com [accessed: 30.03.2018].
8. DeMaio, P., Meddin, P., 2017. The Bike-sharing Blog, http://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/[accessed: 29.03.2018].
9. Dobush G., 2018. Shared bikes take over Berlin, Handelsblatt, Dobush G, (2018), https://global.handelsblatt.com/companies/german-bike-sharing-berlin-ofo-mobike-918266 [accessed:
17.08.2018].
10. Facebook profiles of Mobike and Ofo: https://www.facebook.com/Mobike/, https://www.facebook.com/ofobikesharing/ [accessed: 29.03.2018].
11. Feng, E., 2017. Deposits lost in spate of Chinese bike-share failures. Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/5c1f5fcc-e47b-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da [accessed: 30.03.2017].
12. Hersey, F., 2018. Mobike updates credit score system, will charge RMB 100 per 30 minutes for low scorers. Technode, http://technode.com/2018/02/26/mobike-credit/ [accessed: 30.03.2018].
13. Hui, J., 2018. Chinese Cities Aim to Rein in Bike-Sharing Boom. World Resources Institute, http://www.wri.org/blog/2018/01/chinese-cities-aim-rein-bike-sharing-boom [accessed: 22.03.2018].
14. Kultura rowerowa w polskich miastach, 2013. Mobile 2020, Baltic Environmental Forum Deutschland, http://www.mobile2020.eu/fileadmin/yellowpages/mobile2020_yellowpages_
PL.pdf [accessed: 22.03.2018].
15. Li, T., 2017. China’s bike-sharing giants could merge to stop the cash burning. South China Morning Post, http://www.scmp.com/tech/china-tech/article/2113100/chinas-bike-sharinggiants-could-merge-stop-cash-burning [accessed: 28.03.2018].
16. Li, X., 2018. Share bicycles to create 221.3 billion yuan economic and social impact. China Economic Times, http://westdollar.com/sbdm/finance/news/1355,20180208832358110.html
[accessed: 29.03.2018].
17. Lin, Y., 2017. News Flash: Didi Rolls Out Deposit Free Bike-Sharing Service, Escalating The Already Fierce Competition. Kr-asia https://kr-asia.com/news-flash-didi-rolls-out-a-depositfree-
bike-sharing-service/ [accessed: 30.03.2018].
18. Ling P., Qingpeng C., Zhixuan F., Pingzhong T., Longbo H., 2018. Rebalancing Dockless Bike Sharing Systems eprint arXiv:1802.04592, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.04592.pdf [accessed:
30.03.2018].
19. Millward, S., 2018. Bike-share startup to charge bad riders more. Techinasia, https://www.techinasia.com/mobike-score-punishes-bad-riders [accessed: 28.03.2018].
20. Mobike, 2017. Bike-sharing and the City White Paper, https://mobike.com/global/public/Mobike%20-%20White%20Paper%202017_EN.pdf [accessed:28.08.2018].
21. Mobike Statistics and Facts, 2018. https://expandedramblings.com/index.php/mobike-statisticsfacts/[accessed: 20.03.2018].
22. Ofo, 2018. Join Ofo, https://www.ofo.com/us/en/careers/bdca964b-df29-47ce-896f-b7612f00b077[accessed: 30.03.2017].
23. Ofo Statistics and Facts, 2018, https://expandedramblings.com/index.php/ofo-statistics/[accessed: 20.03.2018].
24. Peng, Y., 2017. Chinese bike-sharing firm faces lawsuit over deposit refunds. Xinhua, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017–12/18/c_136835088.htm [accessed 28.03.2018].
25. Pidd, H., 2017. Manchester’s bike-share scheme isn’t working – because people don’t know how to share. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/16/
manchesters-bike-share-scheme-isnt-working-because-people-dont-know-how-to-share [accessed: 17.08.2018].
26. Richter, W., 2017. China’s bike-sharing frenzy is collapsing, Business Insider, http://www.businessinsider.com/china-bike-sharing-frenzy-collapsing-2017-11? IR=T [accessed: 30.03.2018].
27. Studium koncepcyjne Systemu Roweru Metropolitalnego dla Obszaru Metropolitalnego Gdańsk – Gdynia – Sopot, 2016, EU-CONSULT, http://www.metropoliagdansk.pl/upload/files/Studium_koncepcyjne_SRMOMGGS%20wersja%204_0.pdf [accessed: 30.03.2018].
28. Tchebotarev, E., 2017. With Hundreds of Millions Of Dollars Burned, The Dockless Bike Sharing Market Is Imploding. Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/evgenytchebotarev/2017/12/16/with-hundreds-of-millions-of-dollars-burned-the-dockless-bike-sharing-market-is-imploding/#4aa8797f543b [accessed: 30.03.2018].
29. Veturilo website, 2018. https://www.veturilo.waw.pl/en/veturilo-how-it-works/ [accessed: 27.03.2018].
30. Xinhua, 2017. China Focus: Is the bubble bursting for China’s shared bike industry? http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017–11/23/c_136774518.htm [accessed: 30.03.2017].
31. Yang, S., 2017. A closer look into bike-sharing in China and its future. Techinasia, https://www.techinasia.com/talk/bike-sharing-china-future [accessed: 30.03.2017].
32. Yimian, W., 2018. Ofo Borrows $ 280M From Alibaba As Financial Troubles Escalate At Bike Sharing Firm. China Money Network, https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2018/03/07/
ofo-pledges-millions-bikes-take-280 m-mortgages-alibabas-affiliates [accessed: 30.03.2018].
33. Yoo, E., 2017. Mobike co-founder: “Profit is not the most important goal for us for now”, https://technode.com/2017/06/30/mobikes-founder-answers-six-big-questions-monetization-globalexpansion-merger/ [accessed: 30.03.2018].
34. Yu, S., 2017. Mobike announces “Magic Cube,” an AI made from its mountains of user data. Technode, http://technode.com/2017/04/13/mobike-magic-cube-ai/ [accessed: 30.03.2018].
35. Yue W., 2017. What’s Really Driving China’s $ 1 Billion Bike-Sharing Boom?, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ywang/2017/06/20/worth-1‑billion-but-whats-really-driving-chinas-bike-sharingboom/#51d87f42427e [accessed: 30.03.2017].
36. Yue, P., 2017a. Chinese Bike Sharing Firms Lose Revenue Stream as Beijing Bans Advertisements China Money Network, https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2017/09/18/beijing-banscommercial-advertisement-chinese-bike-sharing-cycles [accessed: 30.03.2018].
37. Yue, P., 2017b. Florin Investment Group Leads $ 14 Million Series a Round in Qibei Tech. China Money Network, https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2017/01/05/florin-investment-groupleads-14‑million-series-a-round-in-qibei-tech [accessed: 30.03.2018].