Dear Reader,
We present you with the 49th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences. We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
The aim of the first publication by Leszek Mosiejko and Michał Barnardelli was to analyze the rate of return of selected stock exchange indices, currency pairs, raw materials and food in the event window determined by the start date of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022.
Patrycja Juszczyk in her article focuses on the mechanisms of setting the intentional and emergent coopetition strategy on the example of cultural institutions (the coopetition strategy is considered here at the interorganizational level).
In the next paper Maksym Shylov makes a brief overview of the nature of weather derivatives, their applicability in various industries, available information on traded volumes, legal framework, taxation, pricing and basis risk, impact on financial resilience of investors.
Katarzyna Czernek-Marszałek, Patrycja Juszczyk, Dagmara Wójcik, and Patrycja Klimas focus in their paper on exploring the significance of uncertainty stemming from a large-scale emergency situation (i.e. the COVID-19 pandemic) for the course of interorganizational cooperation.
The research was conducted in Poland within a group of 30 interviewees (in total 5 virtual FGIs) representing four creative industries.
In last study the authors Mariola Ciszewska-Mlinarič, Khalil Elleuch and Piotr Wójcik explore the external (technological turbulence and market dynamism) and internal (knowledge management culture and inbound open innovation) antecedents of BMI and its effect on firm performance on a sample of high-tech companies from Poland (n=160).
We hope that this issue of JMFS of SGH Collegium of Management and Finance will be interesting reading for academics and practitioners of economic life.
We wish you pleasant reading.
Joanna Wielgórska-Leszczyńska
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 48th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences.
The authors of the first article Łukasz Marecki and Agnieszka Wójcik-Czerniawska in their study investigate the relationship between bank size and the institution‘s stability. In their opinion, government regulators and anyone else‘s ability to keep an eye on the entire financial system is jeopardized when large portions of it are left largely unregulated.
The purpose of the next article by Sławomir Winch is to demonstrate what functions responsible management serves in the eyes of representatives of Polish enterprises. Quantitative research based on a standardized questionnaire was conducted based on representative samples of Polish enterprises in March 2022.
The aim of the article by Mikołaj Pancewicz is to explore the poorly researched phenomenon of the use of projects as a talent development tool within talent management programmes. The author conducted a literature scoping review to examine the state of knowledge on the use of projects and project management in talent management programmes.
The next paper by Boyan Ivantchev and Madlen Ivantcheva discusses the psychological phenomenon known as the ‘Fear of Missing Out’ (FOMO) by elucidating its psychological
basis and definition and why and how its effects are amplified under the influence of social media and social trading media.
In the last paper Łukasz Sroka tries to use a hierarchical algorithm to reduce the number of companies in stock exchange portfolios, together with the identification of the most and least profitable groups of the companies. To prepare the research, it was decided to use a hierarchical clustering method to segment mWIG40 index entities.
We hope that the content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it. We wish you a pleasant reading.
Joanna Wielgórska-Leszczyńska,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present to you the 47th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences. This issue covers important and current matters related to the financial market, reporting of listed companies, issues of visual merchandising, the impact of environmental uncertainty on tax avoidance and the capital structure of listed companies in Indonesia, or making investment decisions whether to sell or buy shares using the method of discounted cash flow valuation calculations.
We hope that its content will make a significant contribution to the development of eco nomic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues raised in it.
The main aim of the first paper by Barbara Kawa is to examine if Polish listed entities continue national patterns in statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income prepared under IFRS. The achievement of the given target required the use of deductive and inductive methods relating to the structure and content of this part of financial statement both on the regulatory and empirical level.
The aim of the next paper by Bogdan Pachołek, Sylwia Sady, and Weronika Woźniak was to assess the satisfaction of business customers with cooperation with a company in the metallurgical industry, a world leader among solutions in the metal heat treatment sector.
Valencia Tanjung, Yosef Budi Susanto, and Agustinus Rusdianto Berto in their paper aim to find out various visual merchandising factors that affect purchase intention at XYZ retail stores and focus on visual merchandising, store environment, and customer inspiration fac tors that affect customer behaviour.
The next paper by Donelia Felia and Elfina Astrella Sambuaga aims to examine the effect of environmental uncertainty on tax avoidance and the moderating effects of corporate governance. The study uses secondary data derived from the financial statements and annual reports of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period of 2017–2019, using the S&P Capital IQ database.
The purpose of the next paper by Wennie and Vina C. Nugroho is to determine the effect of uncertainty on the capital structure of public listed companies in Indonesia. This study used asset volatility as a method of measuring uncertainty. The researchers use unbalanced panel data from 2009 to 2019 in order to assess and analyse the effect of uncertainty on the company‘s capital structure.
We hope that this issue of JMFS Collegium of Management and Finance will be interesting reading for academics and practitioners of economic life.
We wish you pleasant reading.
Joanna Wielgórska-Leszczyńska,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 46th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences.This issue covers important and topical matters relating to inflation, the global crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, the shadow economy, transportation issues and Swiss franc loans. We hope that its content will make a significant contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues raised in it.
In the first paper Grzegorz Jałtuszyk presents a thesis that the debt growth of the worldwide government sector in the years 2020–2021, which was caused by the urge to finance the aid schemes curbing the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, was too excessive to keep the world inflation under control.
In the next paper, Andrzej Buszko examines the role of the shadow economy in the context of market equilibrium. The Walras theorem was used in order to highlight the role of the shadow economy in market equilibrium violation.
Jan Komorowski addresses his paper to the issue of ethics in business. Economic conflicts, wars, and the pandemic crisis treated as a challenge for an economic recovery highlight the ethical side of choices. The aim of this article is to show the impact of ethics on economic relations and the approaches to this issue in economics and in the modern economy.
Damian Dubisz, Rafał Rokicki, and Adam Koliński in their paper aattempted to determine the interdependencies between individual parameters of urban logistic networks. As a result of their literature review, a research gap was identified indicating the lack of a precise reference to the dependencies between selected road infrastructure elements.
The main objective of the next article by Beata Zagożdżon is a synthetic analysis of the position of railways in the passenger transport market in Poland, in terms of the new challenges of the European climate policy. The subject and purpose of the research imply an analysis of the literature on the subject, statistical data, evaluation reports, as well as legal acts.8 Preface
The aim of the paper by Adam Hoszman and Elżbieta Marciszewska is to analyse state aid provided to airlines during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis to identify any possible deviations from the standards used before in the state aid approval process. The research is based on a case-study analysis method.
Patryk Pyzia and Kamila Słupińska referred to the main hypothesis: despite the knowledge of the economic conditions, the consumer possesses a lower disposable income when choosing a CHF credit, and two auxiliary hypotheses: 1) home loans denominated in CHF, despite having a lower interest rate, are less favourable to the borrower in the long run than the loans denominated in the Polish zloty, and: 2) in the process of deciding upon a bank, the consumer is guided by economic factors.
The main goal of Agnieszka Wójcik-Czerniawska’s recent study is to investigate new products, services, or financial processes that have arisen as a result of financial innovations.
We hope that this issue of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences will be an interesting reading for researchers and practitioners of economic life.
Joanna Wielgórska-Leszczyńska,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 45th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences.
We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
The aim of the first publication by Jonna Czyżowska and Dariusz Żmija is to analyse and evaluate the functioning of special economic zones in Poland, focusing in particular on the capital invested in the zones and on the creation of new jobs. This publication addresses the subject of special economic zones in Poland and the conditions for their functioning.
The next paper by Karina Kiwert and Anna Walecka aimed to assess the challenges and problems related to remote/hybrid work from the employee’s perspective. According to the authors, the COVID-19 pandemic changed a lot in the lives of many people. Although they are doomed to work from home, often without social contacts that are essentially important to young people, they cannot imagine returning to the “normal” full-time job, known before the COVID-19 pandemic.
Ewa Agnieszka Kosycarz, Monika Małgorzata Dędys and Maria Małgorzata Ekes in their study try to evaluate and compare the financial and managerial efficiency of healthcare inpatient systems in one country. The research question is: what factors give rise to efficiency variations within the regional healthcare system (hospitals)?
Katarzyna Sadowy and Justyna Biernacka in their paper present the study conducted in the Mokotów district in Warsaw, encompassing circular practices of eight chosen local entities, from private, public, and NGO sectors. The choice was based on the preliminary research showing that the entities were already engaged in some form of the circular transition.
In the last article Joanna Mnich and Anna Walaszczyk attempt to define the characteristics of a contemporary manager that determine being a leader in the 21st century organisation. The way to achieve the assumed goal of the study was to conduct an own study among the managers of organisations in the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland.
48 top managers in 48 organisations were examined, obtaining information from them on the work, characteristics, principles and roles of the organisation leader.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Joanna Wielgórska-Leszczyńska
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 44th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences.
This edition contains important and current issues concerning challenges in organisations, issuing bonds by Polish companies and the role of the public and private sector in creation of the local centres in urban neighbourhoods, hubs concentrating services and amenities indispensable for modern city life.
In the first paper, Mateusz Juchniewicz, Dorota Luba, and Monika Mądel aim to identify the major challenges faced when implementing significant changes in an organisation using two case studies as an example. The first case study concerns a change to the Agile approach in the organisation’s operations, while the second one refers to the implementation of the Design Thinking concept in the work of project teams. The obtained results have become a starting point for more in-depth studies on change management focused in particular on factors contributing to organisational change success or failure and the role of individual stakeholders in the process.
The first objective of the next paper by Czesław Bartłomiej Martysz and Agnieszka Kołyszko was to determine what makes Polish companies decide to issue bonds. The second objective was to examine the key factors determining the interest rate of bonds. The research was based on public bonds, listed in the Polish Catalyst bond market. In their research, the authors found that the size of a company and the level of its financial leverage are the main incentives for Polish companies to issue bonds. Moreover, the size of the issuer and the level of its financial leverage are the key factors determining the bonds margin.
In the last paper, Katarzyna Sadowy investigates the role of the public and private sector in creation of the local centres in urban neighbourhoods, hubs concentrating services and amenities indispensable for modern life. The analysis is based on the case study of the Ursynów district in Warsaw, designed and constructed mainly in the 1980s, but with several infrastructural, housing, and commercial investments realised after 1989. The study encompassed the location of local centres, their functions, and spatial forms. The results of the study also show the evolutionary nature of the local centres’ development.
We hope that the content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it. We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 43 rd edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences.
This edition contains important and current issues affecting high-risk funds, various forms of debt financing used by Polish companies and the impact of the Islam religion on the finances and functioning of enterprises in the region of North Africa and the Middle East.
We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues discussed in it.
The objective of the first paper by Olga Mikołajczyk is to answer the question of whether financing business activity by high-risk funds and by public capital is a good solution to support innovation. The paper shows the special role of financing ventures with high development potential, particularly those innovative ones, by means of high-risk capital. The article also describes the essence of private equity/venture capital operations and the principles of the activity of the Polish Development Fund (Polski Fundusz Rozwoju), noting PFR Ventures. The paper is based on rich literature, both in Polish and English, which includes results of several studies indicating the relationship between the use of risk capital and innovative business activity. The applied research method was based on a literature review, on the grounds of which the essence of the problem of financing innovative projects was indicated.
The aim of the next article by Adrian Filip Kamela is to analyse various forms of debt financing used by Polish companies. Apart from that, the issues related to corporate growth are examined. The paper presents answers to the number of research questions and verifies stated research hypotheses.
Justyna Salamon in her article shows the impact of religion, in this case Islam, on the finances and functioning of enterprises in the region of North Africa and the Middle East (MENA). The key issue is to answer the question whether religion can be decisive for the organisational structure and can affect the decision-making process within an enterprise directly. Particular attention was paid to the financial sector, which introduced the greatest number of do’s and don’ts related to Islam. The first part of the article defines the relationship between culture, religion, and organisational culture. There are also terms referring directly to Islam and the division into what is allowed and forbidden (halal/haram). In the context of financial activities, terms such as riba, gharar, mudaraba, musharaka, murabaha were distinguished. The case of Spain and the importance of Islam in connection with the development of the halal industry were also referred to.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 42nd edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences. This edition contains important and current issues about social budget and shadow economy performance, optimal financial structure of FDI inflows to Poland for stimulating growth processes and Hurst exponents calculated with the use of the Siroky method.
We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and lead to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
The aim of the study in the first article by Andrzej Buszko and Jarosław Skorwider-Namiotko was to investigate the dependence between social budget spending and shadow economy performance. Shadow economy exists in any economy, having a substantial impact on legal economy. It can be conducted separately, but most often it brings about significant consequences to the economic order. Therefore, it is very important to identify the relationships among factors fostering shadow economy. The universal roots of shadow economy are generally recognised, but there is still a considerable area left to be explored. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that close attention should be paid to tax effectiveness and its relationship with shadow economy performance.
The article by Aneta Kosztowniak aims to answer a question what should the optimal financial structure of FDI inflows to Poland be to stimulate growth processes. The study on the dependence between financial components of FDI inflows and GDP for Poland covers the period 2004: Q1–2019: Q4. The results of the VAR/VECM model and forecast error variance decomposition indicated that in the optimal (growth-enhancing) structure of FDI inflows the share of equities and the reinvestment of earnings should be maximised.
The next paper by Krzysztof Borowski and Michal Matusewicz analyses Hurst exponents calculated with the use of the Siroky method in two time intervals of 625 and 1250 sessions for the group of 570 financial instruments (Warsaw Stock Exchange equities – 320, equity indexes – 7, commodities – 41 and the FX market – 135). The study also covers an analysis of the normality of the distribution of logarithmic rates of return, and the verification of statistical hypotheses with the use of the following statistical tests: Jarque-Bera (JB), Shapiro-Wilk (SW) and d’Agostino-Pearson (DA).
The main conclusion that was drawn from the research may be formulated as follows: the value of the H exponents decreased in the analysed time windows, which means an increase in the fractal dimension (d), and thus the investment risk on financial markets. The obtained results can be used in the process of constructing an investment portfolio in financial markets.
The research is part of the ongoing discussion on the effectiveness of financial markets.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 41st edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences. This edition contains important and current issues affecting the development of Polish finan- cial market, eco-design, and socially responsible project management. We hope that its con- tent will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
In the first paper, Leszek Mosiejko and Michał Bernardelli present their research which anal-
yses Polish listed companies in terms of their liquidity management in 2002-2017 in a dynamie
context. The evaluation of the dynamic model of corporate financial liquidity was carried out with the use of classical descriptive statistics tools and methods applied in such analyses. The companies were analysed in the new sectoral layout implemented by the Management Board of the Warsaw Stock Exchange in January 2017.
In the next article Przemysław Niewiadomski describes an interesting topic which is eco- design. Nowadays, in the times of globalised economy and digital revolution, increasingly more often enterprises are faced with intensified competition. Comparative advantage depends on developing new products and putting in place new technologies. Therefore, manufacturing enterprises are looking for new ideas and business management methods whose overarching goal would be to eliminate losses before they occur in the production process. Response can be sought in modern management methods and concepts, such as eco-design.
The last paper by Michał Trocki, Mateusz Juchniewicz, and Emil Bukłaha aims at exam- ining and assessing the current state of play and proposed directions for the development of sustainable and socially responsible project-related activities. It explains how the idea of social responsibility emerged as a natural consequence of the evolution of an organisa- tion with respect to sustainable development. Against the background of these notions the authors define the place and role of project management in socially responsible develop- ment and discuss different views on the subject presented by authors from different coun- tries. Theoretical considerations are supplemented with the discussion of the findings of own surveys focused on the role and relevance of social responsibility in project manage- ment in organisations active in this field in Poland. It was an exploratory study, the first of its kind in Poland.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 40th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences.
We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
The influence of the private equity sector on contemporary economy is quite significant.
This is why the first paper by Olga Mikołajczyk and Bartosz Owedyk attempts to examine mechanisms private equity investors apply in order to increase the value of their investments. Their literature review identified the most fundamental elements of creating value on the basis of empirical, academic studies that verified hypotheses regarding the influence of particular mechanisms on the process of value creation in private equity investments. The paper is mainly based on the review of the foreign-language literature.
The following article by Arkadiusz J. Derkacz is an attempt to answer a question in the context of the theory of institutions: What are the reasons for the existence of various forms of transaction organisation and ways of their implementation within the company? The presented considerations, through the theoretical meanders of neo-institutionalism, ultimately lead to the localisation of institutional determinism, which shapes the way transactions are carried out within the company. Such a context of social and economic reality observed within the frame of the company has become a contribution to the emergence of the question which inspires the author’s scientific work within the scope of the new institutional economics.
In the next paper, Savvas Zachariadis addresses the issue of financial crises. The author focuses on the causes and implications for the world economy and financial stability. For this reason, the author attempts to identify the relative phenomena that encourage the emergence of financial crises. The amplification of the financial sector at the international level and the high degree of financial integration render the debate of financial crises solemnly significant.
In her article, Kateryna Vaskivska determines the main concepts of the term ‘region’ and analyses the term ‘innovation’. She emphasises the problem of the regional innovation system’s place and role in the development of a given region and its internal potential, in its competitiveness, too. The author proposes the diagnostics model of innovation product implementation and makes the comparison of innovation indexes, which are identified at the level of an individual country or its group. The Polish experience of the regional innovation system development under decentralisation changes in the country has been explored, too.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 39th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences.
This edition is devoted, among others, to accounting and Catholic social teaching, issues related to automiation in financial trading companies and problems concerning traditional budgeting prosess. The articles contained in the current issue were written by representatives of leading academic centres from Poland. They constitute the result of theoretical studies, deeply embedded in empirical research of the Polish, European and world economy.
Research interests of the author of the first article, Rafał Grabowski, focus on account- ing and Catholic social teaching. This paper is motivated by the wish to launch research into these areas by raising the question featuring in the title about the feasibility of interdiscipli- nary studies covering the above-mentioned fields of research, i.e., accounting and Catholic social teaching. However, it needs to be stressed that it just delineates a context for a wider and in-depth discussion that can be continued.
Adam Koronowski in his paper analyses possible policy and institutional responses to under- consumption (deficient consumption spending that leads to depressed economic activity).
The aim of the next article by Carlos Jorge Lenczewski Martins is, through a literature review, to present the main issues concerning automation in financial trading companies, and how the highly probable introduction of the Blockchain technology may affect HFT
and the financial market - either the generał market design, or specifically, how trading is performed.
Marcin Będzieszak aims to assess if large Polish cities use fees and user charges to sub- stitute other own-source revenues. The analysis was conducted on a panel of 65 large cities in Poland in the period of 2004-2015.
Krzysztof Marecki and Maciej Wieloch wonder whether the traditional budgeting pro- cess should be completely abandoned. A postulate appears that budgeting in the form it is currently in use should be abolished.
The purpose of the next paper by Marzenna Dębowska-Mróz, Ewa Ferensztajn-Galardos, Renata Krajewska and Andrzej Rogowski is to present the results of research on the intensity of pedestrian traffic at interchanges as a function of time in the city of Radom.
The last paper by Jarosław Trwoga explores how Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego in its capacity of a state development bank funding the expansion of Polish business to other countries, i.e., exports and foreign direct investment projects carried out by Polish businesses or their foreign affiliates. Author’s considerations focus on instruments offered by the BGK, which provide direct financing, such as loans to foreign buyers and investment loans dedicated to projects carried out in other countries.
We hope that these articles will present a contribution to the development of economic thought and to a fuller understanding of the complex issues.
We wish you pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Dear Reader,
We present you with the 38th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences.
The current paper is mainly focused on international issues. Thus, authors from academic centres from around the world raise issues related to financial markets, fiscal policy, direct investment and the tax system.
We hope that these articles will present a contribution to the development of economic thought and contribution to a fuller understanding of the complex issues.
The aim of the first paper by Ewa Bilewicz is to analyse changes in the financial account of
the balance of payments in 11 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) during the years
2007-2017. The analysis comprises changes in the value of the financial account's components.
Renata Knap in her study attempts to identify global payment imbalances from the flow and stock perspective in the years of 2000-2017, as well as to define the causes of differences in the development of global imbalances in both of the analysed aspects.
Sławomir I. Bukowski and Marzanna Lament describe and analyse dependencies between foreign capital and the development of the insurance market in the Visegrad Group countries.
In the next paper, Andor Matę aims to explore whether there is, if any, relationship between
fiscal policy and the balance of the current account in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Repub- lic. The period which he analyses is the last two decades since the millennium. Based on the literature review, the author examines the relationship between the budget deficit and the cur- rent account with econometric methods, Engle-Granger cointegration test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM).
Qiang Qiu and Tongxun Zhang make use of the panel data of China's direct investment in 61 countries along the ‘Belt and Road' from 2006 to 2016. Using the investment gravity model, the authors carry out the total sample regression, and then carry out the sample data regression according to the national income, the environmental regulation intensity and the district position. The study found that, as far as the overall sample is concerned, the national
environmental regulation along the ‘Belt and Road' has a significant inhibitory effect on Chi- na's OFDI, and the countries along the line are grouped according to income levels.
The last article by Małgorzta Hybka reviews the German tax consolidation model and discusses requirements and options for that consolidation. Moreover, it compares German consolidation rules with the ones implemented in selected countries. The methodology of this article is determined by the research objectives and the research topic.
We wish you pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We are pleased to present you with the 37th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences. This edition is devoted to issues related to financial stability, investments methods or expenditure on education.
The articles contained in the current issue were written by representatives of leading academic centres from Poland. They constitute the result of theoretical studies, deeply embedded in empirical research of the Polish, European and world economy.
The aim of the first article by Piotr Komorowski is to determine the importance of the role of financial stability for maintaining economic security and economic growth and to validate the role of the Safety Network Institution in maintaining stability.
Andrzej Tokarski and Maciej Tokarski as the aim of their article set the presentation of the kinds of restructuring proceedings, taking into account their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, benefits and threats, resulting from the multitude of restructuring proceedings including an analysis and statistics concerning the analysed phenomenon in the Polish economy in the years 2016–2018.
The next article by Hanna Banaszek considers the actual impact of the Fukushima accident on the marine life along with the relevant recovery and remediation measures aimed to limit said impact, all in the light of the provisions of UNCLOS.
Ana Machidon in her study attempts to approach two angles of spending on education: to study and analyse public expenditures in education and in what budget proportions are these spent, and the other is to find out whether there exists a relationship between expenditures in education and government revenues; if yes, to what extent the revenues have an impact on the expenditures in education.
The purpose of the paper by Maria Anna Belka is to explore different funding sources for young technology-based companies at different stages of their development and their various characteristics, basing on a literature review and desk research analysis.

In the last article Wojciech Sabat and Tomasz Pilewicz survey empirical research on business location decisions which include the behavioural aspect. They conclude that entrepreneurs appear to be biased towards choosing locations in their place of residence and are reluctant to make complicated location analysis. They also indicate the research gap – a lack of research on the impact of heuristics on location decisions.
We hope that the content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and lead to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it. We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We are pleased to present you with the 36th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences. This edition is devoted to issues related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, public finance and foreign direct investments.
The articles published in the current issue were written by representatives of leading academic centres from Poland and Europe. They constitute the result of theoretical studies deeply embedded in empirical studies of the Polish, European and world economy.
In the first article Wojciech Paprocki discusses an important topic concerning offering support to man in his/her intellectual effort, which is a new phenomenon typical of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Today, new technologies are deployed in the cognitive process. According to the author, only a human being – seeking his or her position in the aquarium carved in stone – is able to make references to the axiological system and shape his/her own ethical and altruistic attitudes. By exhibiting individual wisdom, man can use available knowledge
for his or her own benefit and this of the community.
The aim of the article by Jolanta Maria Ciak is to present a brief overview of national and supranational fiscal rules and reference to the existing situation in the public finance in Poland. The article presents the analysis of the source literature, legal acts and statistical data.
Carsten Hilgenfeld, Nina Vojdani, Frank Heymann, Evamarie Wiessner, Bettina Kutschera and Chris Bünger claim that for the international exchange of goods, an exact estimated time of arrival, especially in case of delays, is of great importance. Using global data of the automatic identification system a grid node is generated. The sum of such nodes and their connections form a routing graph. As an example, with one node of in total more than 100,000 nodes it is described how this point gets the maximum vessel length and draft assigned.
The purpose of the paper by Marzenna Dębowska-Mróz, Ewa Ferensztajn-Galardos, Renata Krajewska and Andrzej Rogowski is to present the results of their research carried out as part of the project entitled Strategy for urban development of the Radom Functional Area.

These studies concerned the recognition of transport behaviours and preferences of users commuting in Radom. The research was carried out in traffic generators performing the most important urban functions and defining the specificity of socio-economic processes in Radom.
The goal of the article by Michał Suchanek is to assess whether the choice of transport mode used when commuting is connected with other types of proactive behaviour of the citizens. In particular, the author wishes to determine if people choosing a car as their mode of transport tend to be generally less active than people choosing public transport or active commuting.
The next article by Wojciech Gonet and Hanna Wolska concerns the analysis of the consequences of making further legal transactions with entities which should not be disclosed in public registers due to the invalidity of legal transactions on the basis of which the entry in the public register has been made.
In the next article, Tomasz Dorożyński, Bogusława Dobrowolska and Aneta Kuna-Marszałek focus on the institutional aspects and their role in attracting foreign direct investment. Hence, the objective of the paper is to assess institutional quality in 17 countries of Central and Eastern Europe and to examine the relationship between the quality of institutions measured with the synthetic index of institutional quality and foreign direct investment inflow.
Rafał Grabowski, in his paper written based on surveys published in the foreign subject-matter literature, discusses students’ perception of the importance of competencies and skills needed in the accounting profession. Generally speaking, two main conclusions can be drawn from the analysis. Firstly, the comparison of the subject-matter literature is difficult because the importance of skills is tested against a wide variety of methods plus the scope and type of skills included in these studies vary often to a substantial degree. Secondly, despite the above-mentioned limitations, surveys suggest that students realise that nowadays technical
bookkeeping skills are not enough to work in accounting.
We hope that the content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it. We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We present you with the 35th edition of the Journal of Management and Financial Sciences.
We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it. We also hope that the next issue of JMFS will be an interesting reading for researchers as well as practitioners of economic life.
The first paper by Wojciech Paprocki discusses a comparative analysis of two cases. It helped to conclude that to be commercially successful in a digital economy one needs a virtual platform operator capable of finding a business model attractive to all operators in a selected market segment.
Iwona Franczak in the next article discusses local government finances in Poland and the scope of budget implementation statements taking into consideration literature analysis and regulations interpretation.
The aim of the next paper by Aneta Kosztowniak is to analyze changes of inward and outward foreign direct investments (FDI) stocks in Poland in the years 1994–2016 in the light of the theory of J. H. Dunning`s investment development path (IDP).
Elżbieta Wrońska-Bukalska in her paper tries to identify the relation between managerial overconfidence, managerial power and dividend decisions.
Krzysztof Opolski, Joanna Podgórska and Małgorzata Leśniowska-Gontarz in their paper describe one of the most popular methods of estimating the efficiency of health facilities – DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis). They highlight its practical and important role in examining the efficiency of health facilities.
In the last paper Marzenna Dębowska-Mróz, Ewa Ferensztajn-Galardos, Renata Krajewska and Andrzej Rogowski present their method of vehicle occupancy measurement based on the analysis of the bus drivers’ opinions. The results of the surveys carried out in households were also presented, thanks to which the motivation behind source-destination journeys of the inhabitants of Radom with the use of public transport was analyzed as well.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We present you with the 34th edition of the “Journal of Management and Financial Sciences”. We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
We also hope that the next issue of JMFS will be an interesting reading for researchers as well as practitioners of economic life.
The first article by Sanjoy Ghose and Maria Johann aims to contribute to the knowledge of value creation process in the tourism market by examining the impact of tourist products attributes on tourist satisfaction and tourist behavioural intentions. The research was conducted among 463 tourists visiting Poland.
Piotr Zaborek aims in his study to investigate relationships between strategic orientation (SO), involvement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and operational performance (OP). The study tests the proposition that SO is not linked with OP directly but through CSR serving as the mediator.
The aim of the next article is to offer insight into a concept making it possible to assess the financial rationality of voluntary liquidation of businesses. The author – Paweł Wnuczak presents a decision-making algorithm that should be applied before making a decision to voluntarily liquidate a business entity.
Marta Postuła in her paper analyses the up-till-now experiences in using spending reviews in selected countries and draws conclusions from the process.
The paper by Marta Ziółkowska conceptualises the notion of a business model and the role it plays in small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). It also examines the determinants of choosing the right business model.
In the next paper Monika Tomczyk and Ewelina Gutowska describe issues regarding small cruise ships in the Baltic Sea Region. Sea cruises are becoming more and more popular. This type of tourism combines relaxation with traveling to interesting tourist regions with the possibility of visiting them.

In the last paper Ewelina Nojszewska discusses a two-channel impact of pharmaceutical companies upon the economy and public finance.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We present you with the 33rd edition of the”Journal of Management and Financial Sciences”. This edition contains important and current issues affecting the development of transport both in Poland and in the European Union.We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
The objective of the first paper by Przemysław Borkowski and Monika Bąk is to assess short and long-term consequences of the new regulatory framework in the European Union road haulage market as proposed by the European Commission in the “Mobility package”.
The aim of the next paper by Tomasz Bieliński and Agnieszka Ważna is to identify major advantages and challenges resulting from the implementation of Chinese solutions in Europe or expansion of bike-sharing companies to Europe.
Marzenna Dębowska-Mróz, Ewa Ferensztajn-Galardos, Renata Krajewska, Andrzej Rogowski in their article present the results of a survey conducted among drivers of public transport buses. These tests included information on filling and passenger exchange in the means of transport of individual bus lines in Radom.
The next article by Elżbieta Macioszek and Damian Lach presents the concept of establishing a fast agglomeration railway as a complement to the existing transport systems in the Upper Silesian Agglomeration.
Barbara Pawłowska and Michał Suchanek present in their paper the results of the research which show the impact of various identified tools on the achievement of the three priorities of the climate policy. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used, in which the dependent variables were: the GHG emission levels, the use of renewable energy and the energy intensity of transport. The results were calculated based on the data from the 28 Member States and the model was verified.
Martin Smoliner, Stefan Walter and Stefan Marschnig in their paper are trying to identify how open access traffic can be integrated in an ITF-system according to the EU-legislation.

Advantages and disadvantages are discussed and finally the optimal procedure in terms of a sustainable network development is recommended.
Paweł Sobczak in his article analyses the structure of network connections of a railway carrier operating in the Małopolska region (Koleje Małopolskie sp. z o.o.) in Poland. The aim of the analysis was to obtain information about the current condition and parameters of the network offered by the carrier.
In the last paper, Paweł Zagrajek and Adam Hoszman review the existing and potential impact of airline handling on air traffic volatility from the point of view of airlines and ground operations.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We present you with the 32nd edition of the ”Journal of Management and Financial Sciences”. We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
The first article by Maria Aluchna and Emilia Tomczyk examines compliance with corporate governance best practice in the post transition economy addressing the heterogeneity of interests of different shareholders.
The aim of the second article by Emil Bukłaha is to present the views of domestic and foreign authors on the genesis of project controlling and importance of that idea for the success of implemented projects, as well as its evolution in relation to project management and the attempt to classify it from the point of view of accepted analysis criteria.
In the next paper Barbara Hadryjańska discusses the main assumptions of the sustainable development concept and shows how the environmental management system, which implements the idea in practice, is put in place in the dairy industry.
The next author in her paper presents the situation on the labour market in three Warsaw districts, Praga South, North and Targówek, identified as problematic areas and included into the Integrated Revitalization Programme for the years 2014–2022. The main goal of the article is to present structural change on these local labour markets, within the context of two emerging trends: development of the creative industries and public institution policies towards start-ups and traditional craftsmanship.
In the next paper Kristian Barłożewski posits, based on the data set covering an 8‑year period between 2006 and 2013, that Polish firms show an inverted U-curve relationship between multinationality and performance.
The aim of the paper by Andrzej Jędruchniewicz is to evaluate the usefulness of the Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT) in explaining the changes in wage structure occurring during different phases of the business cycle. Research methods applied are consistent with the methodological viewpoint of the Austrian School of Economics (ASE), using a mix of deductive reasoning and statistical analysis.
Kamil Decyk in his paper contains theoretical considerations on cryptocurrencies in the context of innovation and specifically focuses on the most popular cryptocurrency – bitcoin (BTC).
The last paper by Józef Haczyński, Kazimierz Ryć and Zofia Skrzypczak compares the population of doctors and nurses in the health care system in Poland and in other European countries. Our goal was also to specify which areas necessitate systemic changes to increase the number of practising doctors and nurses.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We present you with the 31st edition of the ”Journal of Management and Financial Sciences” from the Warsaw School of Economics. It is a collection of publications on current issues in the area of management sciences. The authors of the publications are mainly experienced scientists from leading academic centres in the country dealing with management issues. The articles in the current issue contain both theoretical considerations and the results of empirical research showing the importance of management sciences in the modern economy.
The main purpose of the first article by Bogdan Nogalski, Przemysław Niewiadomski and Agnieszka Szpitter is an attempt to answer the question: is the scope and type of business models composed by manufacturers a derivative of the creativity level assimilated by them?
According to the intention of the authors, the work is supposed to cast light on a wider perspective of generating valuable ideas and concepts in the context of the composition of business models.
The next paper by Anna Łaszkiewicz discusses the phenomenon of co-creation of products and services with consumers, possible forms of using intellectual capital of consumers in companies and the awareness of these trends among Polish managers based on the research carried out by the author.
The objective of the study by Celina Sołek – Borowska is, firstly, to find out what is understood by creativity of the team in terms of a process and outcome and secondly, to place the knowledge sharing process within the field of team creativity. A literature review was used to gather evidence about the key concepts in the fields of management, organization and creativity.
Joanna Radomska in her article investigates organisational creativity reflected by a strategic approach. The author in this article tries to indicate implications related to strategy implementation by companies with a visionary strategic approach.
The objective of the next paper by Magdalena Rzemieniak is to characterise the impact of the latest trends in the marketing environment on creative businesses. The article presents the results of the research on the influence of the post-reality on the operating strategies of creative businesses.
Wioletta Mierzejewska in her paper addresses innovative performance of transnational corporations (TNCs). Its goal is to find out whether innovation is typical of transnational corporations and what its sources in TNCs are. The goal has been attained by analysing the rankings of the world’s most innovative companies.
Responding to the new phenomena in entrepreneurship ecosystems in Poland, the author of the next article – Marzena Starnawska – undertakes the study that aims to explore experiences of participants of a (pre)accelerator programme for start-ups.
Ewa Stańczyk-Hugiet in her paper discusses routine change and dynamics by demonstrating an obvious routine instability.
In the next paper Karina Sachpazidu-Wójcicka discusses cooperation for innovation and its influence on the enterprise innovativeness level. The main aim of the article is to determine the relationship between cooperation for innovation and innovativeness of the surveyed companies, which is investigated empirically.
Piotr Bartkowiak and Ireneusz P. Rutkowski in their publication set out to propose a new research approach – one that, in their opinion, could significantly improve the maturity measurement of product innovation processes in businesses.
In the last paper by Patrycja Klimas, the author presents the results of research on key resources exploited under business models of video game developers. The main attention is paid to the identification and hierarchizing of key resources, as well as their specific types.
We hope that the presented articles will meet your kind interest and contribute to the development of thought in the field of management sciences.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We present you with the 30th edition of the ”Journal of Management and Financial Sciences”. We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
In the first article, “Digital Economy as an Environment for Virtual Platform Operators”, Wojciech Paprocki claims that in the 3 rd decade of the 21st century the hybrid system will be dominating in the world. The concept of “Industry 4.0” will be implemented in all regions but analogue processes will be still popular in the
industry, distribution channels and households. Robots will become popular in the production and services. In management of data, information and knowledge solutions which are supported by the narrow artificial intelligence will be utilised step by step.
The aim of the next paper by Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska, Michał Matusewicz and Irena Senator, “Managing Students’ Affairs at Higher Education Institutions: A Qualitative Analysis of Selected Tasks and Processes”, is to explore and analyse differences between dean’s offices in Poland. Basing on 26 individual in-depth interviews
and visits to dean’s offices in Polish HEIs, the paper analyses organisation of work and selected core processes which are conducted at these units: processing students’ applications, removing from students’ lists, organising thesis defences, and organising examination schedules.
Krzysztof Wach in his paper “What Determines Entrepreneurial Orientation of Polish Internationalized Firms?” focuses on entrepreneurial orientation during the internationalisation process of the firm, which is one of the main research streams within international entrepreneurship. The main goal of the article is to discuss and elaborate on the basics of international entrepreneurial orientation, its fundamentals and principles and to answer the question what determines entrepreneurial orientation of Polish internationalized firms. The paper presents the results of the survey based on the stratified random sampling of 355 Polish internationalized firms.
Olga Mikołajczyk in her article “Professional Investment Standards in Private Equity Sector: Selected Aspects” claims that investments made by private equity funds must abide by the highest ethical standards as the framework within which their stakeholders operate is very much based on broadly understood trust. The paper
discusses selected professional standards, especially important for private equity transactions. It is based on the Professional Standards Handbook, a set of principles focusing on integrity and acting with fairness, keeping one’s promises, disclosing conflicts of interest, maintaining confidentiality, and promoting best practices for
the benefit of sustainable investment and value creation.
Giusy Chesini and Aleksandra Staniszewska in their paper “The Determinants of Dividend Policy: A Comparison between Firms Listed on the Italian Stock Exchange and on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (2001–2014)” find that there are many differences between Italian and Polish dividend policies. In particular, dividend pay-out is mostly determined by dividend yield in Polish firms, while it is heavily influenced by other variables in Italian firms. In order to analyse this policy, they extract data from a wide sample of firms selected from the equity markets of the Italian and Polish stock exchanges. They use descriptive statistics and statistical regressions.
The paper “Payment Delays: Their Reasons, Scale and Consequences” by Waldemar Rogowski discusses theoretical and practical aspects of a relevant and pertinent issue of reasons behind late payments in B2B commercial transactions and their consequences. It aims at identifying the reasons for late payments and
pinpointing their economic consequences and costs. It also addresses the scale of the phenomenon, especially for payments overdue by more than 60 days, considered the most dangerous for regular performance of enterprises. The paper provides the results of studies on these aspects quoted in three most important reports by the following companies: Bisnode D&B, Atradius, Intrum Justitia. It formulates conclusions on both the reasons and consequences of late payments in B2B commercial transactions.
Paweł Grunt in his article “Structured Analytic Techniques: Taxonomy and Technique Selection for Information and Intelligence Analysis Practitioners” proposes a new taxonomy and selection of structured analytic techniques for information and intelligence analysis practitioners. The presented taxonomy and selection of structured analytic techniques are based on the author’s experience in information and intelligence analysis as well as in training analysts in the use of those techniques. The article concludes with a taxonomy and a selection of techniques for the information and intelligence analysis practitioners, based on a review of the literature augmented by the author’s professional experience.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We present you with the 29th edition of the “Journal of Management and Financial Sciences”. We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
In the paper “Fiscal Multiplier Determinants in the CESEE Region”, the authors – Milan Deskar-Škrbić, Hrvoje Šimović, Antonija Buljanwe – use a panel VAR model with exogenous variables to analyse the effects of various structural characteristics of the economies on the effectiveness of government consumption in the Central
Eastern and Southeastern European region (CESEE). They analyse the effects of government consumption on economic growth in this region, controlling for the effects of the size of the economy, level of public debt, level of tax burden, openness of the economy, rigidity of the labuor market, monetary regime and the phase of
the business cycle. The results of this analysis indicate that these characteristics have a significant impact on the effectiveness of fiscal policy (in terms of the size of the fiscal multiplier).
The author of the article entitled “Strategic Dimension of Innovation” – Maria Romanowska – presents the conceptualisation of one of the aspects of strategic dimension of innovation: the choice of the method of innovation activities carried out by enterprises. Original proposals of strategy models are presented against the
background of innovation strategy models described in literature, and the method of their identification is illustrated using case studies of five Polish innovation enterprises.
The aim of the next paper, “Executive Compensation: Its Structure, Links to Company Performance, Executives’ Perception, and International Differences” by Jacek Miroński and Rafał Dembowski, is a review of contemporary executive compensation schemes including their structure and links to company performance. The research conclusions prove that executive compensation maximizing benefits for a firm should not only address the principal-agent problem through properly designed incentives, but also reduce a manager’s propensity to excessive risk-taking. Finally, it provides practical recommendations for compensation committees how to effectively design remuneration policies.
The next paper “Should Investors on Equity Markets be Superstitious (on the Example of 52 World Stock Indices)?” by Krzysztof Borowski considers the problem of efficiency of financial markets, especially the weekend effect has always fascinated scientists. This paper tests the hypothesis of the unfortunate dates effect upon 52 equity indices in relation to the following four approaches: close – close, overnight, open-open, open-close, calculated for the sessions falling on the 13th and 4th day of the month, Friday the 13th, Tuesday the 13th. The last part of the paper consists of an analysis of the correlation coefficients of Friday the 13th (close-close) rates of return calculated for the analysed equity indices’ pairs.
The objective of the next paper “IPO as a VC Funds Type of Exit” by Dorota Podedworna-Tarnowska is to show the success and profitability of going public by VC funds. The VC’s exit type as a way of cashing out on its investment in a portfolio company is a consequence of the exit strategy which means the plan for generating
profits for the owners and investors of a company. While an IPO is the most spectacular and visible form of exit, it is not the most common one, as historically in the US it was, but still in Europe it has not been yet. There will be both literature and statistical data used in this research, coming from different studies and reports.
The aim of the article “The Role of the Polish Private Equity Sector in the CEE Region” by Jacek Grzywacz and Ewa Jagodzińska – Komar is to analyse the position of the Polish private equity sector as a leading player in the CEE region and to assess the impact of these funds on economic development. The conclusions and directions
of the role of private equity funds were presented, and it was emphasised that Poland and the whole CEE region are at an early stage of their market development, but their distance to Western Europe decreases from year to year. Currently, the CEE private equity market in the most developed countries offers great opportunities to its investors, thanks to high competition, high growth potential and comprehensive solutions.
The next paper – “Information and Statistical Efforts of Selected Safety Network Institutions in the Area of Financial System Stability” by Piotr Komorowski and Dariusz Filip presents the role of financial system stability as a public good. The authors claim that the main role of the financial safety network is to stabilise the system. An overview and analysis of selected studies addressing financial system stability helped the authors draw theoretical and practical conclusions as to the stability itself and the impact of information and statistics upon its improvement.

Waldemar Rogowski, in his first of two articles about payment delays entitled “Deferred Payment, Late Payment, Payment Backlog and How They Are Interconnected” discusses the problem of payment delays in commercial B2B transactions and payment backlogs resulting from them. It also aims at identifying linkages
among deferred payments, late payments, and payment backlogs taking account of the scale of these phenomena in Poland, as well as in other countries. The paper provides recommendations as to what should be done to reduce the scale of these negative phenomena.
Joanna Dominowska in her paper “Effectiveness of State Supervision and Control of Foundations’ Economic Activity” claims that the Polish system of law does not include effective and fast supervision and control measures of economic activities conducted by foundations, and the supervision is inconsistent and ineffective. The research showed the necessity for the creation of uniform standards of supervision of foundations, including a uniform report form. The summary of the research presented remarks de lege ferenda concerning changes in the legal regulations on foundations’ supervision, including the economic activities conducted by foundations.
Tobias Hagemann in his paper “Attribution of Profits Derived Before or After the Existence of a Permanent Establishment under Tax Treaty Law” discusses attribution of profits under tax treaty law provided for by the OECD Model Tax Convention. In doing so, it is found that profits derived before or after the existence of a PE should be attributed to the PE because not only the wording but also the context and purpose of the OECD Model support this view. In further analysis, however, it is shown that slight changes in attribution may be expected under the new “Authorised OECD Approach”.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We present you with the 28th edition of the “Journal of Management and Financial Sciences”. We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
The authors of the first article – Paweł Felis and Henryk Rosłaniec – “The Application of Tax on Means of Transport in Local Tax Policy in Poland. Evidence of City Counties” examined and evaluated the volume, stability and diversification of the revenues achieved by city counties on account of tax on means of transport and
discussed the significance of certain factors determining their level. Therefore, the authors examined the scale of application of instruments of the local tax policy as well as their practical effectiveness reflected by the budget revenue growth in the subsequent periods. The article also presents econometric models illustrating the effects of tax policy in relation to particular categories of tax payers of tax on means of transport.
The aim of the next paper “Venturing to Distant Markets – Polish Firms in Latin America” by Aleksandra Wąsowska is to shed light on the understudied phenomenon of expansion of Polish firms to distant markets. This paper contributes to the discussion on whether the ‘go global’ strategy is viable for Polish firms and whether it should be supported by the public policy measures.
Paper by Kamil M. Kraj – “Transnational Corporations as the Driving Force Behind the World’s Research and Development Activity in Terms of R&D Expenditure” is devoted to the role of transnational corporations (TNC) in research and development (R&D) activity from the 1970 s through the 2000s. This growing involvement of TNCs
in R&D resulted in their dominant role in global R&D expenditure. Indeed, a comparative analysis of financial data collected for the group of the 102 largest corporate R&D spenders worldwide in 2007 showed that this group of TNCs accounted for a significant share of the world’s R&D expenditure not only in 2007 alone but also
in the period of 2000–2011.
Paper by Piotr Bielecki – “Graduates’ Perceptions and Evaluation of Study Programmes: Analytical Framework and Methodological Considerations” aims to draw scientific attention to the significance and usefulness of sociological approach, namely higher education (HE) graduates’ perceptions survey as a one of the mechanisms to collect and use graduate feedback facilitating the study programmes’ evaluation, and in turn, enlarging one’s knowledge on the enhancement of HE quality, the improvement of graduate employability, and effective ways of smoothing the transition from education to work.
The main contribution of the last article “Current Revenue (Monetisation) Models of Video Game Developers” by Patrycja Klimas is the recognition of a wide portfolio of revenue streams and revenue models to be considered by video game developers during decision making process about the structure of their revenue logic.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty

Preface
Dear Reader,
We present you with the 27th edition of the “Journal of Management and Financial Sciences”. We hope that its content will make a valid contribution to the development of economic thought and foster a better understanding of complex issues discussed in it.
Paper by Anna Dąbrowska, Mirosława Janoś-Kresło and Małgorzata Radziukiewicz “Polish Consumer on the Market of Fair Trade Products” discusses selected results of empirical studies conducted in 2013 within the framework of research project Polish Market of Fair Trade Products financed from the NCN funds, concerning
the Fair Trade idea and Polish consumer behaviour in the market of Fair Trade products. They demonstrated that Fair Trade idea is not a subject of interest to wider circles of Polish consumers.
Next paper “Role of Virtual Platform Operators in Transforming Consumer Goods Market” by Wojciech Paprocki discusses various business models in analogue and digital economies and the impact of their dissemination upon market changes. It describes the entering of the market and fostering the position of e-commerce leaders, with Amazon.com playing an increasingly prominent role. The Author highlights potential effects of a dominant market position of such an operator.
The aim of the next article “Issues Related to the Loans Action in the Opinions of the Customers and the Employees of a Commercial bank – United Bank S. C. in Ethiopia” by Piotr Feliks Borowski, Sufa Gemechu Balcha and Mahteme Girma is to investigate the cooperation between United Bank and firms in the loans field. The value of the research stems from the information gained from direct access to real cases from bank activities and from conducted interviews with both sides involved in the loan process. Direct deep interview and questionnaire are the formal mechanisms for gathering sensitive information.
The authors of the next paper Krzysztof Borowski and Małgorzata Lukasik in their article “Analysis of Selected Seasonality Effects in the Following Metal Markets: Gold, Silver, Platinum, Palladium and Copper” test the hypothesis of monthly, the day-of-the week and weekend effects of the precious metal markets quoted on the London Metal Exchange for gold, silver, platinum and copper. Calculations presented in this paper indicate the absence of the monthly effect on gold, silver, platinum, copper markets but proved occurrence of monthly anomaly in the month of September on palladium market. In the analysed period day-of-the week effect has not been observed for any of the studied metal markets but the weekend effect has been registered on the gold and copper markets.
Paper “FDI Inflow to Special Economic Zones in Poland” by Tomasz Dorożyński, Janusz Świerkocki and Wojciech Urbaniak aims at examining whether location in a particular region could be a factor determining the inflow of foreign direct investment to the Special Economic Zones. The study uses statistical methods.
Their calculations have shown statistically significant positive relationships between FDI inflow to SEZs and coefficients that describe the attractiveness (collective and partial) and economic advancement of voivodships.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Ryszard Bartkowiak,
Chairman of the Scientific Council and Dean of the Faculty
Michał Matusewicz,
Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council and Vice-Dean of the Faculty