Poczucie osamotnienia a zadowolenie z życia osób w wieku 50 lat i więcej w Polsce w świetle danych badania GGS-PL
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Published:
Dec 10, 2017
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Abstract
The main aim of the paper was the analysis of determinants of life satisfaction of people aged 50 years and more in Poland. The data used in the analysis came from the second wave of the Polish Generations and Gender Survey (GGS-PL) that had been carried out in 2014 and 2015. The linear regression models with the dependent variable describing life satisfaction were estimated. Explanatory variables, incorporated into the model, included basic socio-demographic variables as well as a variable describing loneliness. The obtained results are in line with those described in the literature. As expected, better educated individuals, with higher income are more satisfied with life. Similarly, married persons had higher life satisfaction than those living without a spouse. Moreover, persons in employment were more satisfied with life than those economically inactive, while unemployment diminishes life satisfaction of people aged 50+ in Poland, especially for men. The same was found for those having children: they were more satisfied with life than the childless. The most important finding is that the lonely individuals are less satisfied with their lives. Interestingly, the positive relationship between satisfaction with life and having children among people aged 50+ may be explained by loneliness. It means that childlessness is strongly related to loneliness and loneliness mediates the effect of childlessness on satisfaction with life.
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How to Cite
Abramowska-Kmon, A. (2017). Poczucie osamotnienia a zadowolenie z życia osób w wieku 50 lat i więcej w Polsce w świetle danych badania GGS-PL. Studia Demograficzne, (2(172), pp. 139–165. https://doi.org/10.33119/SD.2017.2.5
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Original research papers & review papers
References
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[3] Blanchflower D.G., Oswald A.J., 2004, Well-being over time in Britain and the USA, „Journal of Public Economics”, 88(7–8), 1359–1386.
[4] Blanchflower D.G., Oswald A.J., 2008, Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle?, „Social Science & Medicine”, 66(8), 1733–49.
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[7] Carr D., Freedman V.A., Cornman J.C., Schwarz N., 2014, Happy marriage, happy life? Marital quality and subjective well-being in later life, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, 76(5), 930–948.
[8] Chłoń-Domińczak A., Kotowska I.E., Abramowska-Kmon A., Kurkiewicz J., Stonawski M., 2014, Population ageing in Europe: facts, implications and policies, European Commission.
[9] Clark A.E., 2007, Born to be mild? Cohort effects don’t (fully) explain why well-being is U-shaped in age, IZA Discussion Papers No. 3170, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
[10] de Jong Gierveld J., 2006, A 6-Item Scale for Overall, Emotional, and Social Loneliness. Confirmatory Tests on Survey Data, „Research on Aging”, 28(5), 582–598.
[11] de Jong-Gierveld J., van Tilburg T., 1999, Manual of the Loneliness Scale, 1–26. http://home.fsw.vu.nl/tg.van.tilburg/manual_loneliness_scale_1999.html (data dostępu: 6.09.2016).
[12] de Jong Gierveld J., van Tilburg T., 2006, A 6-Item Scale for Overall, Emotional, and Social Loneliness, „Tijdschrift Voor Gerontologie En Geriatrie”, 39(1), 4–15.
[13] de Jong Gierveld J., van Tilburg T., 2010, The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN Generations and Gender Surveys, „European Journal of Ageing”, 7(2), 121–130.
[14] Dear K., Henderson S., Korten A., 2002, Well-being in Australia-findings from the national survey of mental health and well-being, „Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology”, 37(11), 503–9.
[15] Diener E., Emmons R.A., Larsen R.J., Griffin S., 1985, The Satisfaction with Life Scale, „Journal of Personality Assessment”, 49(1), 71–75.
[16] Diener E., Eunkook M.S., Lucas R.E., Smith H.L., 1999, Subjective well-being: three decades of progres, „Psychological Bulletin”, 125(2), 276–302.
[17] Dykstra P.A., 2009, Older adult loneliness: Myths and realities, „European Journal of Ageing”, 6(2), 91–100.
[18] Easterlin R.A., 2003, Happiness of women and men in later life: nature, determinants, and prospects, [w:] M.J. Sirgy, D. Rahtz, A.C. Samli (red.), Advances in Quality-of-Life Theory and Research, Vol. 20 (s. 13–25), Springer Netherlands.
[19] Ferrer-i-Carbonell A., 2005, Income and well-being: an empirical analysis of the comparison income effect, „Journal of Public Economics”, 89(5–6), 997–1019.
[20] Frijters P., Beatton T., 2012, The mystery of the U-shaped relationship between happiness and age, „Journal of Economic Behavior Organization”, 82(2–3), 525–542.
[21] Frijters P., Haisken-DeNew J.P., Shields M.A., 2004, Money does matter! Evidence from increasing real income and life satisfaction in East Germany following reunification, „American Economic Review”, 94(3), 730–740.
[22] Gerdtham U.-G., Johannesson M., 2001, The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: results based on Swedish microdata, „The Journal of Socio-Economics”, 30, 553–557.
[23] Hank K., Wagner M., 2013, Parenthood, Marital Status, and Well-Being in Later Life: Evidence from SHARE, „Social Indicators Research”, 114(2), 639–653.
[24] Hansen T., Slagsvold B., 2016, Late-Life Loneliness in 11 European Countries: Results from the Generations and Gender Survey, „Social Indicators Research”, 129(1), 445–464.
[25] Helliwell J.F., 2003, How’s life? Combining individual and national variables to explain subjective well-being, „Economic Modelling”, 20(2), 331–360.
[26] Helliwell J.F., Putnam R.D., 2004, The social context of well-being, „Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences”, 359(1449), 1435–46.
[27] Heukamp F.H., Ariño M.A., 2011, Does country matter for subjective well-being?, „Social Indicators Research”, 100(1), 155–170.
[28] Hombrados-Mendieta I., García-Martín M.A., Gómez-Jacinto L., 2013, The Relationship Between Social Support, Loneliness, and Subjective Well-Being in a Spanish Sample from a Multidimensional Perspective, „Social Indicators Research”, 114(3), 1013–1034.
[29] Horner E.M., 2014, Subjective Well-Being and Retirement: Analysis and Policy Recommendations, „Journal of Happiness Studies”, 15, 125–144.
[30] López Ulloa B.F., Møller V., Sousa-Poza A., 2013, How does subjective well-being evolve with age? A literature review, „Journal of Population Ageing”, 6(3), 227–246.
[31] Luo Y., Hawkley L.C., Waite L.J., Cacioppo J.T., 2012, Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study, „Social Science and Medicine”, 74(6), 907–914.
[32] Mette C., 2005, Wellbeing and dependency among the European elderly. The role of social integration, ENEPRI Research Report nr 12.
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[34] OECD, 2015, How’s Life? 2015: Measuring Well-being, OECD Publishing, Paris.
[35] Palmore E., Luikart C., 1972, Health and social factors related to life satisfaction, „Journal of Health and Social Behavior”, 13(1), 68–80.
[36] Pavot W., Diener E., 1993, Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale, „Psychological Assessment”, 5(2), 164–172.
[37] Rodriguez M.M.S., de Jong Gierveld J., Buz J., 2014, Loneliness and the exchange of social support among older adults in Spain and the Netherlands, „Ageing & Society”, 34(2), 330–354.
[38] Singh K., Srivastava S.K., 2014, Loneliness and Quality of Life Among Elderly People, „Journal of Psychosocial Research”, 9(1), 11–18.
[39] Stiglitz J.E., Sen A., Fitoussi J.-P., 2009, On the report by the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress, SSRN Electronic Journal.
[40] Stuart-Hamilton I., 2006, Psychologia starzenia się, Zysk i S-ka Wydawnictwo, Poznań.
[41] Uhlenberg P., Mueller M., 2003, Family context and individual well-being. Patterns and mechanisms in life course perspective, [w:] J.T. Mortimer, M.J. Shanahan (red.), Handbook of the Life Course (s. 123–148), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
[42] Verbakel E., 2012, Subjective well-being by partnership status and its dependence on the normative climate, „European Journal of Population”, 28(2), 205–232.
[43] Waite L.J., 2009, Marital history and well-being in later life, [w:] P. Uhlenberg (red.), International Handbook of Population Aging (s. 691–704), Springer Netherlands.
[44] Waldegrave C., Cameron M.P., 2010, The impact of poverty on wellbeing during midlife, „New Zealand Journal of Psychology”, 39(2), 32–40.
[45] Walker A., Mollenkopf H., 2007, International and multidisciplinary perspectives on quality of life in old age, [w:] H. Mollenkopf, A. Walker (red.), Quality of Life in Old Age (s. 3–13), Springer Netherlands.