Zatrudnienie a pierwsze i drugie urodzenia wśród kobiet w Polsce
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Published:
May 13, 2013
Keywords:
childbearing, Fertility, Employment, maternity leave, Cox
Main Article Content
Abstract
The paper presents results of estimation of Cox proportional hazard model developed in order to identify the importance of employment for a first and a second childbirth for Polish women born in 1960 and after. The analysis is based on data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey GGS-PL.
The results show: a) positive and statistically significant effect of employment on the risk of having a first and a second child, b) negative, although weak impact of the length of statutory maternity leave on the risk of having a second child. The results cast in doubt the effectiveness of the new reform that introduces the possibility of taking longer maternity leaves in order to boost fertility.
Article Details
How to Cite
Kurowska, A. ., & Słotwińska-Rosłanowska, E. . (2013). Zatrudnienie a pierwsze i drugie urodzenia wśród kobiet w Polsce. Studia Demograficzne, (1(163), pp. 37–51. https://doi.org/10.33119/SD.2013.1.2
Section
Original research papers & review papers
References
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[30] Kreyenfeld M., 2005, Economic uncertainty and fertility postponement: Evidence from German panel data, MPIDR Working Paper, no. 2005–034, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock.
[31] Kreyenfeld M., Hoem J., 2006, Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research: Part 1: Education and first childbearing, „Demographic Research”, 15, Article 16.
[32] Kurowska A., 2013, Ocena zasadności założeń reformy urlopów i zasiłków związanych z opieką nad małym dzieckiem, „Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje”, nr 21, 155–170.
[33] Lalive R., Zweimuller J., 2005, Does parental leave affect fertility and return-to-work? Evidence from a ‘true natural experiment’, IZA Discussion paper, no. 1613, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn.
[34] Laroque G., Salanié B., 2005, Does fertility respond to financial incentives?, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, no. 5007.
[35] Liefbroer A.C., Corijn M., 1999, Who, what, where, and when? Specifying the impact of educational attainment and labour force participation on family formation, „European Journal of Population”, 15(1), 45–75.
[36] Lundberg S., Pollak R.A., 2007, The American family and family economics, „Journal of Economic Perspectives”, 21(2), 3–26.
[37] Martín-García T., Baizán P., 2005, The impact of the type of education and of educational enrolment on first births, „European Sociological Review”, 22 (3), 259–275.
[38] Matysiak A., Vignoli D., 2008, Fertility and women’s employment: a meta-analysis, „European Journal of Population”, 24(4), 363–384.
[39] Matysiak A., 2009, Employment first, then childbearing: women’s strategy in post-socialist Poland, „Population Studies”, 63(3), 253–276.
[40] Matysiak A., 2011, Interdependencies Between Fertility and Women’s Labour Supply, „European Studies of Population”, vol. 17.
[41] Milligan K., 2005, Subsidizing the stork: New evidence on tax incentives and fertility, „Review of Economics and Statistics”, 83, 539–555.
[42] Muszyńska M., 2003, Zróżnicowanie modeli rodziny w krajach europejskich w kontekście statusu kobiety w społeczeństwie, „Studia Demograficzne”, nr 2/144, 55–77.
[43] Neyer G., Andersson, G., 2008, Consequences of family policies on childbearing behavior:Effects or artifacts?, „Population and Development Review”, 34(4), 699–724.
[44] Olah L.S., 2003, Gendering fertility: Second births in Sweden and Hungary, „Population Research and Policy Review”, 22, 171–200.
[45] Olausson P., Bengt H., Cnattingius S., 2001, Teenage childbearing and long-term socioeconomic consequences: A case study in Sweden, „Family Planning Perspectives”, 33(2), 70–74.
[46] Rindfuss R.R., Guilkey D.K., Morgan S.P., Kravdal Ø., 2010, Child-care availability and fertility in Norway, „Population and Development Review”, 36(4), 725–748.
[47] Rønsen M., 1999, Impacts on fertility and female employments of parental leave programs: Evidence from nordic countries. Paper presented at the EPC Conference, the Hague, 1999.
[48] Rønsen M., 2004, Fertility and public policies: Evidence from Norway and Finland, „Demographic Research”, 10, 143–170.
[49] Spain D., Bianchi S., 1996, Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
[50] Vikat A., 2004, Women’s labor force attachment and childbearing in Finland. „Demographic Research”, 3 (Article 8), 175–212.
[51] Walker J., 1995, The effect of public policies on recent Swedish fertility behavior. „Journal of Population Economics”, 8(3), 223–51.
[52] Zhang J., Quan J., Van Meerbergen P., 1994, The effect of tax-transfer policies on fertility in Canada, 1921–88, „The Journal of Human Resources”, 29(1), 181–201.
[2] Andersson G., Duvander A.-Z., Hank K., 2004, Do child-care characteristics influence continued childbearing in Sweden? An investigation of the quantity, quality, and price dimension, „Journal of European Social Policy”, 14, 407–418.
[3] Andersson G., Hoem J.M., Duvander A.-Z., 2006, Social differentials in speed-premium effects in childbearing in Sweden, „Demographic Research”, 14(4), 51–70.
[4] Baizán P., 2005, Couples’ careers and fertility: An event history analysis of the ECHP samples of Denmark, Italy, Spain, and United Kingdom, paper presented at the XXV International Population Conference, Tours, France, July 18–23, 2005.
[5] Becker G.S., 1981, Altruism in the family and selfishness in the market place, „Economica”, 48(189), 1–15.
[6] Bjorklund A., 2006, Does family policy affect fertility? Lessons from Sweden, „Journal of Population Economics”, 19(1), 3–34.
[7] Blossfeld H.-P., Huinink J., 1991, Human capital investments or norms of role transition? How women’s schooling and career affect the process of family formation, „The American Journal of Sociology”, 97(1), 143–168.
[8] Brewster K.L., Rindfuss R.R., 2000, Fertility and women’s employment in industrialized nations, „Annual Review of Sociology”, 26, 271–296.
[9] Büttner T., Lutz W., 1990, Estimating fertility responses to policy measures on the German Democratic Republic, „Population and Development Review”, 16(3), 539–555.
[10] Castles F.G., 2003, The world turned upside down: Below replacement fertility, changing preferences and family-friendly public policy in 21 OECD countries, „Journal of European Social Policy”, 13(3), 209–229.
[11] Caucutt E.M., Nezih G., Knowles J., 2002, Why do women wait? Matching, wage inequality, and the incentives for fertility delay, „Review of Economic Dynamics”, 5, 815-855.
[12] Cigno A., Ermisch J., 1989, A microeconomic analysis of the timing of births, „European Economic Review”, 33, 737–760.
[13] De Laat J., Sevilla Sanz A., 2006, Working women, men’s home time and lowest-low fertility, ISER Working Paper, 2006–23, Colchester, University of Essex.
[14] Del Boca D., 2002, Mothers, fathers and children after divorce: The role of institutions, IZA Discussion Papers, no. 428, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn.
[15] Del Boca D., 2002, The effect of child care and part-time opportunities on participation and fertility decisions in Italy, ”Journal of Population Economics”, 15, 549–573.
[16] Del Boca D., Sauer R., 2006, Lifecycle employment and fertility across institutional environments, IZA Discussion Papers, no. 2285, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn.
[17] Di Tommaso M.L., 1999, A trivariate model of participation, fertility and wages: the Italian case, „Journal of Cambridge Economics”, 23, 623–640.
[18] Edin K., Kefalas M.J., 2005, Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage, University of California Press, Berkeley.
[19] Ekert O., 1986, Effets et limites des aides financieres aux families. Une experience et un modele, „Population”, 2, 327–348.
[20] Ermisch J.F., 1991, Economic models of women’s employment and fertility. [w:] Siegers J.J., de Jong-Gierveld J., van Imhoff E. (red.), Female Labour Market Behaviour and Fertility: A Rational-Choice Approach (s. 175–190), Springer, Berlin.
[21] Gauthier A.H., Hatzius J., 1997, Family benefits and fertility: An econometric analysis, „Population Studies”, 51, 295–306.
[22] Hank K., Kreyenfeld M., 2003, A multilevel analysis of child care and women’s fertility decisions in Western Germany, „Journal of Marriage and the Family”, 65, 584–596.
[23] Hoem B., 2000, Entry into motherhood in Sweden: The influence of economic factors on the rise and fall in fertility, 1986–1997, „Demographic Research”, 2, Article 4.
[24] Hoem J.M., 1993, Public policy as the fuel of fertility: Effects of a policy reform on the pace of childbearing in Sweden in the 1980s, „Acta Sociologica”, 36(1), 19–31.
[25] Hoem J.M., Prskawetz A., Neyer G., 2001, Autonomy or conservative adjustment? The effect of public policies and educational attainment on third births in Austria, 1975–96, „Population Studies”, 55(3), 249–261, reprinted in the „Vienna Yearbook of Population Research”, 2003, 101–119.
[26] Hyatt D., Milne W., 1991, Can public policy affect fertility?, „Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques”, 27(1), 77–85.
[27] Kocot-Górecka K., Kurowska A., 2013, Znaczenie sytuacji rodzinnej i postaw wobec kulturowych ról płci dla zatrudnienia matek małych dzieci w Polsce, ISiD Working Paper.
[28] Kotowska I.E., 2002, Zmiany modelu rodziny. Polska-kraje europejskie, „Polityka Społeczna” nr 4, 2–7.
[29] Kotowska I.E., 2004, Zmiany demograficzne a przyszły rynek pracy, [w]: S. Borkowska (red.), Przyszłość pracy w XXI wieku, IPiSS – Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa.
[30] Kreyenfeld M., 2005, Economic uncertainty and fertility postponement: Evidence from German panel data, MPIDR Working Paper, no. 2005–034, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock.
[31] Kreyenfeld M., Hoem J., 2006, Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research: Part 1: Education and first childbearing, „Demographic Research”, 15, Article 16.
[32] Kurowska A., 2013, Ocena zasadności założeń reformy urlopów i zasiłków związanych z opieką nad małym dzieckiem, „Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje”, nr 21, 155–170.
[33] Lalive R., Zweimuller J., 2005, Does parental leave affect fertility and return-to-work? Evidence from a ‘true natural experiment’, IZA Discussion paper, no. 1613, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn.
[34] Laroque G., Salanié B., 2005, Does fertility respond to financial incentives?, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, no. 5007.
[35] Liefbroer A.C., Corijn M., 1999, Who, what, where, and when? Specifying the impact of educational attainment and labour force participation on family formation, „European Journal of Population”, 15(1), 45–75.
[36] Lundberg S., Pollak R.A., 2007, The American family and family economics, „Journal of Economic Perspectives”, 21(2), 3–26.
[37] Martín-García T., Baizán P., 2005, The impact of the type of education and of educational enrolment on first births, „European Sociological Review”, 22 (3), 259–275.
[38] Matysiak A., Vignoli D., 2008, Fertility and women’s employment: a meta-analysis, „European Journal of Population”, 24(4), 363–384.
[39] Matysiak A., 2009, Employment first, then childbearing: women’s strategy in post-socialist Poland, „Population Studies”, 63(3), 253–276.
[40] Matysiak A., 2011, Interdependencies Between Fertility and Women’s Labour Supply, „European Studies of Population”, vol. 17.
[41] Milligan K., 2005, Subsidizing the stork: New evidence on tax incentives and fertility, „Review of Economics and Statistics”, 83, 539–555.
[42] Muszyńska M., 2003, Zróżnicowanie modeli rodziny w krajach europejskich w kontekście statusu kobiety w społeczeństwie, „Studia Demograficzne”, nr 2/144, 55–77.
[43] Neyer G., Andersson, G., 2008, Consequences of family policies on childbearing behavior:Effects or artifacts?, „Population and Development Review”, 34(4), 699–724.
[44] Olah L.S., 2003, Gendering fertility: Second births in Sweden and Hungary, „Population Research and Policy Review”, 22, 171–200.
[45] Olausson P., Bengt H., Cnattingius S., 2001, Teenage childbearing and long-term socioeconomic consequences: A case study in Sweden, „Family Planning Perspectives”, 33(2), 70–74.
[46] Rindfuss R.R., Guilkey D.K., Morgan S.P., Kravdal Ø., 2010, Child-care availability and fertility in Norway, „Population and Development Review”, 36(4), 725–748.
[47] Rønsen M., 1999, Impacts on fertility and female employments of parental leave programs: Evidence from nordic countries. Paper presented at the EPC Conference, the Hague, 1999.
[48] Rønsen M., 2004, Fertility and public policies: Evidence from Norway and Finland, „Demographic Research”, 10, 143–170.
[49] Spain D., Bianchi S., 1996, Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
[50] Vikat A., 2004, Women’s labor force attachment and childbearing in Finland. „Demographic Research”, 3 (Article 8), 175–212.
[51] Walker J., 1995, The effect of public policies on recent Swedish fertility behavior. „Journal of Population Economics”, 8(3), 223–51.
[52] Zhang J., Quan J., Van Meerbergen P., 1994, The effect of tax-transfer policies on fertility in Canada, 1921–88, „The Journal of Human Resources”, 29(1), 181–201.