Buthan - droga ku demokracji

Main Article Content

Elżbieta Jabłońska

Abstrakt

The text attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the most important events and factors which have influenced the establishment of democracy in the Kingdom of Bhutan. On March 2008, Bhutan officially transformed from absolute monarchy to a modern constitutional monarchy by the successful conduct of its first parliamentary elections and the promulgation of the Constitution. Fourth King of Bhutan, His Majesty Jigme Singhye Wangchuck (referred to as “the father of democratic Bhutan”), finalized a long -term vision of democratization and decentralization by giving executive power to the Council of Ministers (Lhengye Zhungtshog). Both the moral foundation, the idea of Gross National Happiness (GNH)  and enlightened monarchy has been the factor that determines and organizes the social and political life in Bhutan. GNH assumes that the real development is possible only when there is a balance between economic, social, emotional, spiritual and cultural needs. The Bhutan’s way to democracy is undoubtedly successful and the hard political work which has been ongoing for years, is still evolving.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Jak cytować
Jabłońska, E. (2014). Buthan - droga ku demokracji. Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia I Prace, (1), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.33119/KKESSiP.2014.1.8
Dział
Dział główny

Bibliografia

 Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck, Skarby Królestwa Grzmiącego Smoka. Tajemnice Bhutanu, Świat Książki, Warszawa 2011, s. 29
M. Mancall, Butanese Democracy Must Work, w: Centenary Issue Bhutan. A Constitution to Strenghten the Nation Kingship and Wisdom -engineering, Tourist Council of Bhutan, Bhutan 2008, s. 22
 Karma Ura, An Extensive Analysis of GNH Index, The Centre for Bhutan Studies, Thimphu 2012
 http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/, http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/ 
 M. Mancall, Gross National Happiness and Development: An Essay, The Centre for Bhutan Studies, http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/
 Jigmi Y. Thinley, What is GNH?, Second International Conference of GNH, Halifax, 21 June 2005
 Sonam Kinga, Bhutan’s Democratic Constitutional Monarchy: Revisiting Kingship and Democratic Transition Theories, w: Monarchy & Democracy in the 21th Century, Bhutan Centre for Media and Democracy, Bhutan 2010, s. 179–180
R. Dessallien, Democracy, Good Governance and Happiness. Some views from the Kingdom of Bhutan, The Centre for Bhutan Studies, Thimphu 2005, s. 54
 Lily Wangchhuk, Facts about Bhutan. The Land of the Thunder Dragon, Absolute Bhutan Books, Thimphu 2008, s. 100–102
 Por. Sonam Kinga, Polity, Kingship and Democracy. A biography of the Bhutanese state, Ministry of Education, Bhutan 2009, s. 321
 Kinley Dorji, A Constitution to Strenghten the Nation, w: Centenary Issue Bhutan. A Constitution to Strenghten the Nation Kingship and Wisdom -engineering, Tourist Council of Bhutan, Bhutan 2008, s. 26–27. 
 Kinley Dorji, A King of the New Millenium, w: Bhutan, Department of Tourism, Bhutan 2007, s. 27
 http://www.kuenselonline.com/
 B.S. Gupta, Bhutan. Towards a Grass -root Participatory Polity, Konark Publ. PVT Ltd., New Delhi 1999, s. 151
The Peoples Democratic Party Manifesto 2008 – Well being for Everyone, Bhutan 2008. Druk Phuensum Tshogpa Manifestos 2008–2013 – Growth with Equity and Justice, Bhutan 2008
 Sonam Kinga, Bhutan’s Democratic Constitutional Monarchy: Revising Kingship and Democratic Transition Theories, w: Monarchy & Democracy in the 21th Century, Bhutan Centre for Media and Democracy, Bhutan 2010, s. 170. 
 Bhutan Voter Guide, Election Commission of Bhutan, Thimphu 2006, s. 12
 M. Gallenkamp, Triumph of Democracy, Bhutan Elections 2013, IPCS Special Report #144, New Delhi 2013