Bhutan – the road to democracy
Main Article Content
Abstract
The text attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the most important events and factors which have influenced the establishment of democracy in the Kingdom of Bhutan. On March 2008, Bhutan officially transformed from absolute monarchy to a modern constitutional monarchy by the successful conduct of its first parliamentary elections and the promulgation of the Constitution. Fourth King of Bhutan, His Majesty Jigme Singhye Wangchuck (referred to as “the father of democratic Bhutan”), finalized a long -term vision of democratization and decentralization by giving executive power to the Council of Ministers (Lhengye Zhungtshog). Both the moral foundation, the idea of Gross National Happiness (GNH) and enlightened monarchy has been the factor that determines and organizes the social and political life in Bhutan. GNH assumes that the real development is possible only when there is a balance between economic, social, emotional, spiritual and cultural needs. The Bhutan’s way to democracy is undoubtedly successful and the hard political work which has been ongoing for years, is still evolving.
Downloads
Article Details
Autor (Autorzy) artykułu oświadcza, że przesłane opracowanie nie narusza praw autorskich osób trzecich. Wyraża zgodę na poddanie artykułu procedurze recenzji oraz dokonanie zmian redakcyjnych. Przenosi nieodpłatnie na Oficynę Wydawniczą SGH autorskie prawa majątkowe do utworu na polach eksploatacji wymienionych w art. 50 Ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych – pod warunkiem, że praca została zaakceptowana do publikacji i opublikowana.
Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH posiada autorskie prawa majątkowe do wszystkich treści czasopisma. Zamieszczenie tekstu artykuły w repozytorium, na stronie domowej autora lub na innej stronie jest dozwolone o ile nie wiąże się z pozyskiwaniem korzyści majątkowych, a tekst wyposażony będzie w informacje źródłowe (w tym również tytuł, rok, numer i adres internetowy czasopisma).
Osoby zainteresowane komercyjnym wykorzystaniem zawartości czasopisma proszone są o kontakt z Redakcją.
References
M. Mancall, Butanese Democracy Must Work, w: Centenary Issue Bhutan. A Constitution to Strenghten the Nation Kingship and Wisdom -engineering, Tourist Council of Bhutan, Bhutan 2008, s. 22
Karma Ura, An Extensive Analysis of GNH Index, The Centre for Bhutan Studies, Thimphu 2012
http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/, http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/
M. Mancall, Gross National Happiness and Development: An Essay, The Centre for Bhutan Studies, http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/
Jigmi Y. Thinley, What is GNH?, Second International Conference of GNH, Halifax, 21 June 2005
Sonam Kinga, Bhutan’s Democratic Constitutional Monarchy: Revisiting Kingship and Democratic Transition Theories, w: Monarchy & Democracy in the 21th Century, Bhutan Centre for Media and Democracy, Bhutan 2010, s. 179–180
R. Dessallien, Democracy, Good Governance and Happiness. Some views from the Kingdom of Bhutan, The Centre for Bhutan Studies, Thimphu 2005, s. 54
Lily Wangchhuk, Facts about Bhutan. The Land of the Thunder Dragon, Absolute Bhutan Books, Thimphu 2008, s. 100–102
Por. Sonam Kinga, Polity, Kingship and Democracy. A biography of the Bhutanese state, Ministry of Education, Bhutan 2009, s. 321
Kinley Dorji, A Constitution to Strenghten the Nation, w: Centenary Issue Bhutan. A Constitution to Strenghten the Nation Kingship and Wisdom -engineering, Tourist Council of Bhutan, Bhutan 2008, s. 26–27.
Kinley Dorji, A King of the New Millenium, w: Bhutan, Department of Tourism, Bhutan 2007, s. 27
http://www.kuenselonline.com/
B.S. Gupta, Bhutan. Towards a Grass -root Participatory Polity, Konark Publ. PVT Ltd., New Delhi 1999, s. 151
The Peoples Democratic Party Manifesto 2008 – Well being for Everyone, Bhutan 2008. Druk Phuensum Tshogpa Manifestos 2008–2013 – Growth with Equity and Justice, Bhutan 2008
Sonam Kinga, Bhutan’s Democratic Constitutional Monarchy: Revising Kingship and Democratic Transition Theories, w: Monarchy & Democracy in the 21th Century, Bhutan Centre for Media and Democracy, Bhutan 2010, s. 170.
Bhutan Voter Guide, Election Commission of Bhutan, Thimphu 2006, s. 12
M. Gallenkamp, Triumph of Democracy, Bhutan Elections 2013, IPCS Special Report #144, New Delhi 2013