“Arab” or “Muslim” Spring of Nations? Socio ‑political changes in Pakistan and the Arab Spring
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Abstract
The massive anti ‑regime demonstrations in Arab countries that started in December 2010 in Tunisia were followed by questions about causes and effects of those revolts. Attention of the researchers was understandably concentrated on Arab countries but it seems that other Muslim countries were overlooked – the adjective “Arab” superceded “Muslim” in the name of this widespread movement. This paper aims at proving that the process that culminated in the Arab Spring have not started in Tunisia in December 2010 but in Pakistan in 2007 and 2008.
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Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, J. (2014). “Arab” or “Muslim” Spring of Nations? Socio ‑political changes in Pakistan and the Arab Spring. Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia I Prace, (2), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.33119/KKESSiP.2014.2.1
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Autor (Autorzy) artykułu oświadcza, że przesłane opracowanie nie narusza praw autorskich osób trzecich. Wyraża zgodę na poddanie artykułu procedurze recenzji oraz dokonanie zmian redakcyjnych. Przenosi nieodpłatnie na Oficynę Wydawniczą SGH autorskie prawa majątkowe do utworu na polach eksploatacji wymienionych w art. 50 Ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych – pod warunkiem, że praca została zaakceptowana do publikacji i opublikowana.
Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH posiada autorskie prawa majątkowe do wszystkich treści czasopisma. Zamieszczenie tekstu artykuły w repozytorium, na stronie domowej autora lub na innej stronie jest dozwolone o ile nie wiąże się z pozyskiwaniem korzyści majątkowych, a tekst wyposażony będzie w informacje źródłowe (w tym również tytuł, rok, numer i adres internetowy czasopisma).
Osoby zainteresowane komercyjnym wykorzystaniem zawartości czasopisma proszone są o kontakt z Redakcją.
References
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A Mess In Pakistan. But no State of Emergence, „The Economist” August 9, 2007, http://www.econo‑ mist.com/node/9622079
Court Upholds Musharraf Election, BBC News, November 22, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_ asia/7106831.stm
Bhutto Vows Early Pakistan Return, BBC News, September 1, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_ asia/6974083.stm
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Pakistański pakt prezydenta z byłą premier, „Gazeta Wyborcza” 30 sierpnia 2007.
National Reconcilation Ordinance, October 5, 2007, http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/2007/ NationalReconciliationOrdinance.html
M. Kuźmicz, Bhutto wzywa do walki z Musharrafem, „Gazeta Wyborcza” 13 listopada 2007
Muszarraf będzie wreszcie cywilnym prezydentem, „Dziennik” 18 września 2007
M. Kuźmicz, Generał Musharraf zamyka usta mediom, „Gazeta Wyborcza” 21 listopada 2007.
News Channels of Geo, ARY hut down, „Dawn” November 17, 2007, http://web.archive.org/ web/20071119152117/http://www.dawn.com/2007/11/17/top5.htm
Musharraf Vows to End Emergy, BBC News, November 29, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_ asia/7119416.stm
Benazir Bhutto Killed In Attack, BBC News, December 27, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_ asia/7161590.stm
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Pakistan. I po koalicji, „Gazeta Wyborcza” 13 maja 2008
Kamran Haider, Pakistan’s Ruling Coalition Will Move to Impach President Pervez Musharraf on Charges of Plunging the Conuntry into Political and Economic Crisis, Party Leaders Said on Thursday, Reuters, August 7, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/07/us‑pakistan ‑politics ‑idUSISL15267920080807
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Ishrat Husain, Pakistan’s Economy 1999/2000–2007/2008. An Objective Appraisal, „Business Review” January–June 2009, s. 19, http://www.iba.edu.pk/News/speechesarticles_drishrat/Pakistan_Eco‑ nomy_1999_2000_2007_2008_22_4.pdf
Ghazala Yasmeen, Razia Begum, Bahaudin G. Mujtaba, Human Development Challenges and Oppor‑ tunities in Pakistan: Defying Income Inequality and Poverty, „Journal of Business Studies Quarterly” 2011, Vol. 2, No. 3, s. 2, http://jbsq.org/wp‑content/uploads/2011/06/June‑2011‑A.pdf
M. Kugelman, Urbanisation in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences, Norwegian Peacebuilding Reso‑ urce Centre, January 2013, s. 4, http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/applicatio‑ n/4c5b5fa0ebc5684da2b9f244090593bc.pdf
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M. Kugelman, Pakistan’s Demographics: Possibilities, Perils, and Prescriptions, w: Reaping the Dividend. Overcoming Pakistan’s Demographic Challenges, red. M. Kugelman, R.M. Hathaway, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Asia Program, Washington 2011, s. 6, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/ default/files/ReapingtheDividendFINAL.pdf
Moeed Yusuf, A Society on the recipice? Examining the Prospects of Youth Radicalization in Pakistan, w: Reaping the Dividend. Overcoming Pakistan’s Demographic Challenges, red. M. Kugelman, R.M. Hatha‑ way, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Asia Program, Washington 2011, s. 80–81, http:// www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ReapingtheDividendFINAL.pdf
UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report, Education in Pakistan. Fact Sheet, October 2012, http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ multimedia/hq/ed/pdf/ education_in_pakistan__a_fact_sheet.pdf
Komalta Jawahar, Key Causes of Unemployment in Pakistan, Pakonomy, May 30, 2013, http:// www.pakonomy.com/2013/05/30/key‑causes‑of‑unemployment‑in‑pakistan/#.Ulc2xtK8Bss
Moeed Yusuf, A Society on the Recipice? Examining the Prospects of Youth Radicalization in Pakistan, w: Reaping the Dividend. Overcoming Pakistan’s Demographic Challenges, red. M. Kugelman, R.M. Hatha‑ way, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Asia Program, Washington 2011, s. 84–85, http:// www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ReapingtheDividendFINAL.pdf; Waqqas Qayyum, Causes of Youth Unemployment In Pakistan, „The Pakistan Development Review” Winter 2007, Vol. 46, No. 4, Part II, s. 616, http://pide.org.pk/pdr/index.php/pdr/article/viewFile/2257/2230
K. Górak ‑Sosnowska, Edukacja w świecie arabskim – względność sukcesu, w: Świat arabski w procesie przemian. Zmiany społeczne i kulturowe oraz reformy polityczne, red. A. Kapiszewski, Księgarnia Akade‑ micka, Kraków 2008, s. 27, 30–31
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Pakistan Internet Use Survey 2013, s. 3, http://pl.scribd.com/doc/161598355/Pakistan‑ ‑Internet‑Use‑Survey‑2013
Murtaza Haider, Urbanization Challenges in Pakistan. Developing Vision 2030, School of Urban Plan‑ ning & Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, January 30, 2006, s. 2–3, http://www. regionomics.com/ INDUS/Vision%202030 %20urbanization%20Pakistan.pdf
Pervez Musharraf, Na linii ognia. Wspomnienia, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa 2007, s. 174.
Analysis: Pakistan Drone Strikes, New America Foundation, http://natsec.newamerica.net/drones/ pakistan/analysis