Uczestnictwo filii zagranicznych w rozwoju zasobu wiedzy korporacji transnarodowych
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The article aims to portray important changes in the activity of TNCs’ foreign subsidiaries which result in the increased participation of subsidiaries in develop‑ ment of knowledge resource and competitiveness by parent firms. Knowledge flows evolve under growth of activity and changed functioning of foreign subsidiaries and recently various factors have contributed to expanding process coined a cre‑ ative transition of TNCs’ foreign subsidiaries. The process consists in increased engagement of foreign subsidiaries in conducting own R&D and creating a new knowledge as well as acquiring knowledge form various external sources, mostly from local entities in host countries. Competitiveness of subsidiaries is sustained and a reverse technology transfer to parent firm is initiated. “Local embedded‑ ness” of TNCs’ subsidiaries offers more possibilities to tap to knowledge itself and knowledge ‑creating local resources and capabilities, first of all by means of participation in regional and national innovations systems (or networks). It can result in draining local market of knowledge and other resources/capabilities, next in leaking new knowledge out of the country, and finally in inhibiting innovation and competitiveness of firms and economy of the host country.
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Zorska, A. (2014). Uczestnictwo filii zagranicznych w rozwoju zasobu wiedzy korporacji transnarodowych. Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia I Prace, (2), 169–199. https://doi.org/10.33119/KKESSiP.2014.2.8
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Autor (Autorzy) artykułu oświadcza, że przesłane opracowanie nie narusza praw autorskich osób trzecich. Wyraża zgodę na poddanie artykułu procedurze recenzji oraz dokonanie zmian redakcyjnych. Przenosi nieodpłatnie na Oficynę Wydawniczą SGH autorskie prawa majątkowe do utworu na polach eksploatacji wymienionych w art. 50 Ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych – pod warunkiem, że praca została zaakceptowana do publikacji i opublikowana.
Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH posiada autorskie prawa majątkowe do wszystkich treści czasopisma. Zamieszczenie tekstu artykuły w repozytorium, na stronie domowej autora lub na innej stronie jest dozwolone o ile nie wiąże się z pozyskiwaniem korzyści majątkowych, a tekst wyposażony będzie w informacje źródłowe (w tym również tytuł, rok, numer i adres internetowy czasopisma).
Osoby zainteresowane komercyjnym wykorzystaniem zawartości czasopisma proszone są o kontakt z Redakcją.
Bibliografia
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A. Zorska, Korporacje transnarodowe. Przemiany, oddziaływania, wyzwa‑ nia, PWE, Warszawa 2007
R. Oczkowska, Międzynarodowa ekspansja przedsiębiorstw w warunkach globa‑ lizacji, Difin, Warszawa 2013.
World Investment Report 2005. Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D, UNCTAD–UN, Geneva 2005.
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D. Castellani, A. Jimenez, A. Zanfei, How Remote Are R&D Labs? Distance Factors and International Innovative Activities, „Journal of International Business Studies” 2013, Vol. 44, s. 670
R.A. Mashelkar, Innovation’s Holy Grail, „Harvard Business Review” July–August 2010, s. 139–141
A. Wooldridge, The World Turned Upside Down, A Special Report on Innovation in Emerging Markets, „The Economist” April 17, 2010, s. 3–8
J.L. Arregle, T.L. Miller, M.A. Hitt, P.W. Beamish, Do Regions Matter? An Integrated Institutional and Semi ‑globalization Perspective on the Internationalization of MNEs, „Strategic Management Journal” 2013, Vol. 34, s. 926
I. Siedschlag, D. Smith, C. Turcu, X. Zhang, What Determines Location Choice of R&D Activities by Multinational Firms?, „Research Policy” 2013, Vol. 42, s. 1428
R. Veliyath, M.B. Sambharya, R&D Investments of Multinational Corporations. An Examination of Shifts in Patterns of Flows Across Countries and Potential Influences, „Management International Review” 2011, Vol. 51, s. 408
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M. Twardowski, Case Study of a TNC In Poland – the Fiat Company, w: Transnational Corporations in Poland, red. A. Zorska, Leon Koź‑ miński Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management, Warsaw 2003, s. 311–317
K. Blomkvist, Ph. Kappen, I. Zander, Superstar Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporation: in Search of Origins and Drivers, w: Innovation and Growth. From R&D Strategies of Innovating Firms to Economy‑ ‑wide Technological Change, red. M. Andersson, B. Johansson, Ch. Karlsson, H. Loof, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, s. 78–80.
L.N. Davis, K.E. Meyer, Subsidiary Research and Development and the Local Environment, „Internatio‑ nal Business Review” 2004, No. 3, s. 376–377
I. Siedschlag, D. Smith, C. Turcu, X. Zhang, op.cit., s. 1428–1429
K.J. Moore, A Strategy for Subsidiaries: Centers of Excellences to Build Subsidiary Specific Advantages, „Management International Review” 2001, No. 3, s. 281, 288
P. Almeida, A. Phene, Managing Knowledge Within and Outside the Multinational Corporation, w: Innovation and Growth. From R&D Strategies of Innovating Firms to Economy ‑wide Technological Change, red. M. Andersson et al., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, s. 23–33
R. Malik, Przenoszenie usług biznesowych do Polski: uwarunkowania, przebieg i skutki procesu, „Kwartalnik KES Studia i Prace” 2013, nr 1, s. 210–220.
A. Cavanagh, S. Freeman, The Development of Subsidiary Roles in the Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Industry, „International Business Review” 2012, Vol. 21, s. 613, w tym wykres 1
T.S. Frost, J.M. Birkinshaw, P.C. Ensign, Centers of Excellence in Multinational Corporations, „Strate‑ gic Management Journal” 2002, Vol. 23, s. 998–1003.
B. Chakravarthy, S. McEvily, Y. Doz, D. Rau, Knowledge Management and Competitive Advantage, w: The Blackwell Handbook Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management, red. M. Esterby ‑Smith, Blackwell Publishing, Malden–Oxford 2002, s. 304–328.
M. Rozkwitalska, Zarządza‑ nie międzynarodowe, Difin, Warszawa 2007, s. 13–27.
B. Liberska, Nowe centra wzrostu światowej gospodarki, „Studia Ekonomiczne PAN–INE” 2013, nr 2, s. 196–199
J. Birkinshaw, N. Hood, Unleash Innovation in Your Subsidiaries, „Harvard Business Review” March 2001, s. 136
B. Chakravarthy, The New Rules of Bringing Innovations to Market, „Harvard Business Review” March 2004, s. 59–63.
A. Zorska, Ku globalizacji działalności innowacyjnej korporacji transnarodowych, w: Przedsiębiorstwo w otoczeniu globalnym. Rozwój w warunkach spowolnienia gospodarczego, red. O. Dębicka, A. Oniszczuk‑ ‑Jastrząbek, T. Gutowski, J. Winiarski, Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2009, s. 59–70.
B.I. Park, What Changes the Rules of the Game in Wholly ‑owned Subsidiaries? Determinants of Know‑ ledge Acquisition from Parent Firms, „International Business Review” 2012, Vol. 21, s. 547–557
V.Z. Chen, J. Li, D.M. Shapiro, International Reverse Spillover Effects on Parent Firms: Evidences from Emerging ‑market MNEs in Developed Markets, „European Management Journal” 2012, Vol. 30, s. 204–218.
J. Birkinshaw, N. Hood, S. Young, Subsidiary Entrepreneurship, Internal and External Competitive For‑ ces, and Subsidiary Performance, „International Business Review” 2005, Vol. 14, s. 227–248
L. Huston, N. Sakkab, Connect and Develop. Inside Procter & Gamble’s New Model for Innovation, „Harvard Business Review” March 2006, s. 60–61
D. Manolopoulos, M. Papanastas‑ siou, R. Pearce, Technology Sourcing in Multinational Enterprises and the Roles of Subsidiaries: an Empirical Investigation, „International Business Review” 2005, Vol. 14, s. 251.
A.M. Rugman, A. Verbeke, Extending the Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Internationalization and Strategic Management Perspectives, „Journal of International Business Studies” 2003, Vol. 34, s. 135
D. Zanfei, A. Castellani, Multinational Firms, Innovation and Productivity, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham– –Northampton 2006, rozdz. 1 i 2
P. Pananond, Where do We Go from Here? Globalizing Subsidiaries Moving Up the Value Chain, „Journal of International Management” 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/intman [dostęp 2.03.2013]
Ch. Van Egeraat, P. Breathnach, The Drivers of Transnational Subsidiary Evolution: the Upgrading of Process R&D in the Irish Pharmaceutical Industry, „Regional Studies” 2012, Vol. 46, s. 1164
J. Cantwell, F. Zhang, Knowledge Accession Strategies and the spatial Organization of R&D, w: Inno‑ vation and Growth. From R&D Strategies of Innovating Firms to Economy ‑wide Technological Change, red. M. Andersson et al., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, s. 108
H. Dellestrand, Ph. Kappen, The Effects of Spatial and Contextual Factors on Headquarters Allocation to MNE Subsidiaries, „Journal of International Business Studies” 2012, Vol. 43, s. 219–243.
P.N. Figueiredo, The Role of Dual Embeddedness in the Innovative Performance of MNE Subsidiaries: Evidence from Brazil, „Journal of Management Studies” 2011, Vol. 48, s. 417–440.
S. Beugelsdijk, R. Mudambi, MNEs as Border ‑crossing Multi ‑location Enterprises. The Role of Discon‑ tinuities in Geographic Space, „Journal of International Business Studies” 2013, Vol. 44, s. 420–421
S. Hamm, Big Blue’s Global Lab, „Busi‑ nessWeek” September 7, 2009, s. 041–045
J. Song, K. Asakawa, Y. Chu, What Determines Knowledge Sourcing from Host Locations of Overseas R&D Operations? A Study of Global R&D Activities of Japanese Multinationals, „Research Policy” 2011, Vol. 40, s. 388.
S.C. Collinson, R. Wang, The Evolution of Innovation Capability in Multinational Enterprise Subsi‑ diaries: Dual Network Embeddedness and the Divergence of Subsidiary Specialization in Taiwan, „Research Policy” 2012, Vol. 41, s. 1502
P.N. Figueiredo, The Role of Dual Embeddedness in the Innovative Performance of MNE Subsidia‑ ries: Evidence from Brazil, „Journal of Management Studies” 2011, Vol. 48, s. 438
L. Rabiosi, G.D. Santangelo, Parent Company Benefits from Reverse Knowledge Transfer: the Role of Liability of Newness in MNEs, „Journal of World Business” 2013, Vol. 48, s. 168
M. McGuiness, M. Demirbag, S. Bandara, Towards a Multi ‑perspective Model of Reverse Knowledge Transfer in Multinational Enterprises: A Case Study of Coats plc, „European Management Journal” 2013 Vol. 31, s. 190
A. Di Minin, J. Zhang, P. Gammeltoft, Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in R&D in Europe: A New Model of R&D Internationalization?, „European Management Journal” 2012, Vol. 30, s. 200–201
B. Jindra, A. Giroud, J. Scott ‑Kenel, Subsidiary Roles, Vertical Linkages and Economic Development: Lessons from Transition Economies, „Journal of World Business” 2009, Vol. 44, s. 176
I. Nowańska, Innowacyjność w gospodarce Chin – przykład „odwróconej” triady Schumpetera?, w: Kreatywność i innowacyjność w erze cyfrowej. Twór‑ cza destrukcja II, Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH, Warszawa 2014
G. Orr, E. Roth, How China is Innovating, „McKinsey Quarterly” 2012, No. 1, s. 74–95
S. Athreye, J. Cantwell, Creating Competition? Globalization and the Emergence of New Technology Producers, „Research Policy” 2007, Vol. 36, s. 221–224
4 J. Wang, X. Liu, X. Li, A Dual ‑role Typology of Multinational Subsidiaries, „International Business Review” 2009, Vol. 18, s. 589–590
L. Cusmano, M.L. Mancusi, A. Morrison, Globalization of Production and Innovation: How Outsour‑ cing is Reshaping an Advanced Manufacturing Area, „Regional Studies“ 2010, Vol. 44, s. 235–252
Z. Qu, C. Huang, M. Zhang, Y. Zhao, R&D Offshoring, Technology Learning and R&D Efforts of Host Country Firms in Emerging Economies, „Research Policy” 2013, Vol. 42, s. 502, 513
F. Garcia, B. Jin, R. Salomon, Does Foreign Direct Inve‑ stment Improve the Innovative Performance of Local Firms?, „Research Policy” 2013, Vol. 42, s. 231, 242
W firmie IBM stosowane jest powiedzenie „Teraz to świat jest naszym laboratorium”. Por. S. Hamm, op.cit., s. 041
Y.Ch. Chang, System of Innovation, Spatial Knowledge Links and the Firm’s Innovation Performance: Towards a National ‑Global Complementarity View, „Regional Studies” 2009, Vol. 43, s. 1199–1220
A. Zorska, Korporacje transnarodowe. Przemiany, oddziaływania, wyzwa‑ nia, PWE, Warszawa 2007
R. Oczkowska, Międzynarodowa ekspansja przedsiębiorstw w warunkach globa‑ lizacji, Difin, Warszawa 2013.
World Investment Report 2005. Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D, UNCTAD–UN, Geneva 2005.
A. Zorska, Uczestnictwo filii zagranicznych w rozwoju wiedzy korporacji transnarodowych, oprac. (jako masz. pow.) w ramach projektu badań ISM pt. „Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy – między teorią a praktyką”, sygnatura KES/S/06/13, KES, SGH, Warszawa 2013, s. 27
D. Castellani, A. Jimenez, A. Zanfei, How Remote Are R&D Labs? Distance Factors and International Innovative Activities, „Journal of International Business Studies” 2013, Vol. 44, s. 670
R.A. Mashelkar, Innovation’s Holy Grail, „Harvard Business Review” July–August 2010, s. 139–141
A. Wooldridge, The World Turned Upside Down, A Special Report on Innovation in Emerging Markets, „The Economist” April 17, 2010, s. 3–8
J.L. Arregle, T.L. Miller, M.A. Hitt, P.W. Beamish, Do Regions Matter? An Integrated Institutional and Semi ‑globalization Perspective on the Internationalization of MNEs, „Strategic Management Journal” 2013, Vol. 34, s. 926
I. Siedschlag, D. Smith, C. Turcu, X. Zhang, What Determines Location Choice of R&D Activities by Multinational Firms?, „Research Policy” 2013, Vol. 42, s. 1428
R. Veliyath, M.B. Sambharya, R&D Investments of Multinational Corporations. An Examination of Shifts in Patterns of Flows Across Countries and Potential Influences, „Management International Review” 2011, Vol. 51, s. 408
B. Kedia, N. Gaffney, J. Clampit, EMNEs and Knowledge ‑seeking FDI, „Management International Review” 2012, Vol. 52, s. 170–171
Th. Anderson, US Affiliates of Foreign Companies. Operations in 2010, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington 2012, http://www.bea.gov/inter
J. Birkinshaw, N. Hood, Multinational Subsidiary Evolution: Capability and Charter Change in Foreign‑ ‑owned Subsidiary Companies, w: The Multinational Subsidiary. Management, Economic Development and Public Policy, red. N. Hood, Palgrave MacMillan, Houndmills–New York 2003, s. 196
M. Twardowski, Case Study of a TNC In Poland – the Fiat Company, w: Transnational Corporations in Poland, red. A. Zorska, Leon Koź‑ miński Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management, Warsaw 2003, s. 311–317
K. Blomkvist, Ph. Kappen, I. Zander, Superstar Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporation: in Search of Origins and Drivers, w: Innovation and Growth. From R&D Strategies of Innovating Firms to Economy‑ ‑wide Technological Change, red. M. Andersson, B. Johansson, Ch. Karlsson, H. Loof, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, s. 78–80.
L.N. Davis, K.E. Meyer, Subsidiary Research and Development and the Local Environment, „Internatio‑ nal Business Review” 2004, No. 3, s. 376–377
I. Siedschlag, D. Smith, C. Turcu, X. Zhang, op.cit., s. 1428–1429
K.J. Moore, A Strategy for Subsidiaries: Centers of Excellences to Build Subsidiary Specific Advantages, „Management International Review” 2001, No. 3, s. 281, 288
P. Almeida, A. Phene, Managing Knowledge Within and Outside the Multinational Corporation, w: Innovation and Growth. From R&D Strategies of Innovating Firms to Economy ‑wide Technological Change, red. M. Andersson et al., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, s. 23–33
R. Malik, Przenoszenie usług biznesowych do Polski: uwarunkowania, przebieg i skutki procesu, „Kwartalnik KES Studia i Prace” 2013, nr 1, s. 210–220.
A. Cavanagh, S. Freeman, The Development of Subsidiary Roles in the Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Industry, „International Business Review” 2012, Vol. 21, s. 613, w tym wykres 1
T.S. Frost, J.M. Birkinshaw, P.C. Ensign, Centers of Excellence in Multinational Corporations, „Strate‑ gic Management Journal” 2002, Vol. 23, s. 998–1003.
B. Chakravarthy, S. McEvily, Y. Doz, D. Rau, Knowledge Management and Competitive Advantage, w: The Blackwell Handbook Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management, red. M. Esterby ‑Smith, Blackwell Publishing, Malden–Oxford 2002, s. 304–328.
M. Rozkwitalska, Zarządza‑ nie międzynarodowe, Difin, Warszawa 2007, s. 13–27.
B. Liberska, Nowe centra wzrostu światowej gospodarki, „Studia Ekonomiczne PAN–INE” 2013, nr 2, s. 196–199
J. Birkinshaw, N. Hood, Unleash Innovation in Your Subsidiaries, „Harvard Business Review” March 2001, s. 136
B. Chakravarthy, The New Rules of Bringing Innovations to Market, „Harvard Business Review” March 2004, s. 59–63.
A. Zorska, Ku globalizacji działalności innowacyjnej korporacji transnarodowych, w: Przedsiębiorstwo w otoczeniu globalnym. Rozwój w warunkach spowolnienia gospodarczego, red. O. Dębicka, A. Oniszczuk‑ ‑Jastrząbek, T. Gutowski, J. Winiarski, Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2009, s. 59–70.
B.I. Park, What Changes the Rules of the Game in Wholly ‑owned Subsidiaries? Determinants of Know‑ ledge Acquisition from Parent Firms, „International Business Review” 2012, Vol. 21, s. 547–557
V.Z. Chen, J. Li, D.M. Shapiro, International Reverse Spillover Effects on Parent Firms: Evidences from Emerging ‑market MNEs in Developed Markets, „European Management Journal” 2012, Vol. 30, s. 204–218.
J. Birkinshaw, N. Hood, S. Young, Subsidiary Entrepreneurship, Internal and External Competitive For‑ ces, and Subsidiary Performance, „International Business Review” 2005, Vol. 14, s. 227–248
L. Huston, N. Sakkab, Connect and Develop. Inside Procter & Gamble’s New Model for Innovation, „Harvard Business Review” March 2006, s. 60–61
D. Manolopoulos, M. Papanastas‑ siou, R. Pearce, Technology Sourcing in Multinational Enterprises and the Roles of Subsidiaries: an Empirical Investigation, „International Business Review” 2005, Vol. 14, s. 251.
A.M. Rugman, A. Verbeke, Extending the Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Internationalization and Strategic Management Perspectives, „Journal of International Business Studies” 2003, Vol. 34, s. 135
D. Zanfei, A. Castellani, Multinational Firms, Innovation and Productivity, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham– –Northampton 2006, rozdz. 1 i 2
P. Pananond, Where do We Go from Here? Globalizing Subsidiaries Moving Up the Value Chain, „Journal of International Management” 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/intman [dostęp 2.03.2013]
Ch. Van Egeraat, P. Breathnach, The Drivers of Transnational Subsidiary Evolution: the Upgrading of Process R&D in the Irish Pharmaceutical Industry, „Regional Studies” 2012, Vol. 46, s. 1164
J. Cantwell, F. Zhang, Knowledge Accession Strategies and the spatial Organization of R&D, w: Inno‑ vation and Growth. From R&D Strategies of Innovating Firms to Economy ‑wide Technological Change, red. M. Andersson et al., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, s. 108
H. Dellestrand, Ph. Kappen, The Effects of Spatial and Contextual Factors on Headquarters Allocation to MNE Subsidiaries, „Journal of International Business Studies” 2012, Vol. 43, s. 219–243.
P.N. Figueiredo, The Role of Dual Embeddedness in the Innovative Performance of MNE Subsidiaries: Evidence from Brazil, „Journal of Management Studies” 2011, Vol. 48, s. 417–440.
S. Beugelsdijk, R. Mudambi, MNEs as Border ‑crossing Multi ‑location Enterprises. The Role of Discon‑ tinuities in Geographic Space, „Journal of International Business Studies” 2013, Vol. 44, s. 420–421
S. Hamm, Big Blue’s Global Lab, „Busi‑ nessWeek” September 7, 2009, s. 041–045
J. Song, K. Asakawa, Y. Chu, What Determines Knowledge Sourcing from Host Locations of Overseas R&D Operations? A Study of Global R&D Activities of Japanese Multinationals, „Research Policy” 2011, Vol. 40, s. 388.
S.C. Collinson, R. Wang, The Evolution of Innovation Capability in Multinational Enterprise Subsi‑ diaries: Dual Network Embeddedness and the Divergence of Subsidiary Specialization in Taiwan, „Research Policy” 2012, Vol. 41, s. 1502
P.N. Figueiredo, The Role of Dual Embeddedness in the Innovative Performance of MNE Subsidia‑ ries: Evidence from Brazil, „Journal of Management Studies” 2011, Vol. 48, s. 438
L. Rabiosi, G.D. Santangelo, Parent Company Benefits from Reverse Knowledge Transfer: the Role of Liability of Newness in MNEs, „Journal of World Business” 2013, Vol. 48, s. 168
M. McGuiness, M. Demirbag, S. Bandara, Towards a Multi ‑perspective Model of Reverse Knowledge Transfer in Multinational Enterprises: A Case Study of Coats plc, „European Management Journal” 2013 Vol. 31, s. 190
A. Di Minin, J. Zhang, P. Gammeltoft, Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in R&D in Europe: A New Model of R&D Internationalization?, „European Management Journal” 2012, Vol. 30, s. 200–201
B. Jindra, A. Giroud, J. Scott ‑Kenel, Subsidiary Roles, Vertical Linkages and Economic Development: Lessons from Transition Economies, „Journal of World Business” 2009, Vol. 44, s. 176
I. Nowańska, Innowacyjność w gospodarce Chin – przykład „odwróconej” triady Schumpetera?, w: Kreatywność i innowacyjność w erze cyfrowej. Twór‑ cza destrukcja II, Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH, Warszawa 2014
G. Orr, E. Roth, How China is Innovating, „McKinsey Quarterly” 2012, No. 1, s. 74–95
S. Athreye, J. Cantwell, Creating Competition? Globalization and the Emergence of New Technology Producers, „Research Policy” 2007, Vol. 36, s. 221–224
4 J. Wang, X. Liu, X. Li, A Dual ‑role Typology of Multinational Subsidiaries, „International Business Review” 2009, Vol. 18, s. 589–590
L. Cusmano, M.L. Mancusi, A. Morrison, Globalization of Production and Innovation: How Outsour‑ cing is Reshaping an Advanced Manufacturing Area, „Regional Studies“ 2010, Vol. 44, s. 235–252
Z. Qu, C. Huang, M. Zhang, Y. Zhao, R&D Offshoring, Technology Learning and R&D Efforts of Host Country Firms in Emerging Economies, „Research Policy” 2013, Vol. 42, s. 502, 513
F. Garcia, B. Jin, R. Salomon, Does Foreign Direct Inve‑ stment Improve the Innovative Performance of Local Firms?, „Research Policy” 2013, Vol. 42, s. 231, 242
W firmie IBM stosowane jest powiedzenie „Teraz to świat jest naszym laboratorium”. Por. S. Hamm, op.cit., s. 041
Y.Ch. Chang, System of Innovation, Spatial Knowledge Links and the Firm’s Innovation Performance: Towards a National ‑Global Complementarity View, „Regional Studies” 2009, Vol. 43, s. 1199–1220