Treść głównego artykułu
Abstrakt
The article discusses the asylum policies for LGBTQ+ individuals in Sweden and the Swedish Migration Agency’s requirements towards the asylum seekers applying on sexual orientation, gender identity, and/or gender expression (SOGIE)–related grounds. The academic explorations of the intersection of forced displacement and nonheteronormativity in the Swedish context remain limited, therefore, the article aims to draw attention to the topic in order to present its comprehensive nature and illuminate on the possible changes in the system. The intervention is a theoretical discussion and a critical analysis of the use of gender and sexuality categories in the context of asylum case assessment informed by postcolonialism and the concepts of discourse and bureaucratic violence. The conclusions of the article outline the flaws of the asylum applications handling process and highlight the power imbalance of the LGBTQ+ asylum seeker vis-à-vis the dominant centre(s) of power.
Szczegóły artykułu
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Referencje
- Abdelhady, D, Gren, N, & Joormann, M. (2020). Introduction. In: D. Abdelhady, N. Gren,
- M. Joormann (Eds.), Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe (pp. 1–28). Manchester: Manchester University Press
- Arendt, H. (1969, Feb 27). Reflections on Violence. The New York Times Review of Books. Retrieved from: https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1969/02/27/a-specialsupplement-reflections-on-violence (accessed: 30 December 2021).
- Asylum Information Database (2021). Country Report: Regular procedure. Sweden. Retrieved from: https://asylumineurope.org/reports/country/sweden/asylum-procedure/ procedures/regular-procedure/ (accessed: 10 March 2022).
- Bourdieu, P. (2000). Pascalian Meditations. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139–168.
- Eurostat (2021). Asylum statistics. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ statistics-explained/index.php?title=Asylum_statistics#Main_countries_of_ destination:_Germany.2C_Spain_and_France (accessed: 10 March 2022).
- Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality. Vol 1 The will to knowledge. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- Foucault, M. (2020). Power. Essential Works 1954–84. London: Penguin Books.
- Gröndahl, A (2020). Avslagsmotiveringar i Hbtqi-Asylärenden: En rättsutredning av Migrationsverkets, migrationsdomstolarnas och Migrationsöverdomstolens prövning av sexuell läggning, könsidentitet och könsuttryck. RFSL.
- ILGA World (2020). State-Sponsored Homophobia 2020: Global Legislation Overview Update. Geneva: ILGA.
- Khosravi, S. (2010). ‘Illegal’ Traveller: an auto-ethnography of borders. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Migrationsverket (2021a). För dig som är hbtq-person och söker asyl. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationsverket.se/Privatpersoner/Skydd-och-asyl-i-Sverige/Fordig-som-ar-hbtq-person-och-soker-asyl.html (accessed: 10 March 2022).
- Migrationsverket (2021b). Avgjorda asylärenden beslutade av Migrationsverket, förstagångsansökningar, 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationsverket.se/download/18.2b2a286016dabb81a1860a0/1609770404002/Avgjorda_asyl%C3%A4renden_2020_-_Asylum_decisions_2020.pdf (accessed: 30 December 2021).
- Migrationsverket (2022). Asylsökande till Sverige 2000–2021. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationsverket.se/download/18.4a5a58d51602d141cf41004/1643640357046/Asyls%C3%B6kande%20till%20Sverige%202000-2021.xlsx (accessed: 10 March 2022).
- Mohanty, C. T. (2003). Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Said, E. (2018). Latent and Manifest Orientalism. In: T. Das Gupta, C. James, C. Andersen, G.-E. Galabuzi, R. Maaka (Eds.), Race and Racialization (pp. 64–84). Toronto: Canadian Scholars.
- UNHCR (2021). 2021 Global Roundtable LGBTIQ+ Persons in Forced Displacement and Statelessness: Protection and Solutions. Discussion Paper. Retrieved from: https:// www.unhcr.org/611e33704 (accessed: 30 December 2021).
- Weber, M. (2008). The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: BN Publishing.
- Weiss, N (2020). The trauma of waiting: understanding the violence of the benevolent welfare state in Norway. In: D. Abdelhady, N, Gren, M. Joormann (Eds.), Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe (pp. 195–209). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Wikström, H. (2014). Gender, Culture and Epistemic Injustice. The Institutional Logic in Assessment of Asylum Applications in Sweden. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 4 (4), 210–218.
- Wimark, T. (2021). Housing policy with violent outcomes – the domestication of queer asylum seekers in a heteronormative society. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 47 (3), 703–722.
- Yuval-Davis, N. (2008). Gender & Nation. London: Sage Publications.
Referencje
Abdelhady, D, Gren, N, & Joormann, M. (2020). Introduction. In: D. Abdelhady, N. Gren,
M. Joormann (Eds.), Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe (pp. 1–28). Manchester: Manchester University Press
Arendt, H. (1969, Feb 27). Reflections on Violence. The New York Times Review of Books. Retrieved from: https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1969/02/27/a-specialsupplement-reflections-on-violence (accessed: 30 December 2021).
Asylum Information Database (2021). Country Report: Regular procedure. Sweden. Retrieved from: https://asylumineurope.org/reports/country/sweden/asylum-procedure/ procedures/regular-procedure/ (accessed: 10 March 2022).
Bourdieu, P. (2000). Pascalian Meditations. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139–168.
Eurostat (2021). Asylum statistics. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ statistics-explained/index.php?title=Asylum_statistics#Main_countries_of_ destination:_Germany.2C_Spain_and_France (accessed: 10 March 2022).
Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality. Vol 1 The will to knowledge. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Foucault, M. (2020). Power. Essential Works 1954–84. London: Penguin Books.
Gröndahl, A (2020). Avslagsmotiveringar i Hbtqi-Asylärenden: En rättsutredning av Migrationsverkets, migrationsdomstolarnas och Migrationsöverdomstolens prövning av sexuell läggning, könsidentitet och könsuttryck. RFSL.
ILGA World (2020). State-Sponsored Homophobia 2020: Global Legislation Overview Update. Geneva: ILGA.
Khosravi, S. (2010). ‘Illegal’ Traveller: an auto-ethnography of borders. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Migrationsverket (2021a). För dig som är hbtq-person och söker asyl. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationsverket.se/Privatpersoner/Skydd-och-asyl-i-Sverige/Fordig-som-ar-hbtq-person-och-soker-asyl.html (accessed: 10 March 2022).
Migrationsverket (2021b). Avgjorda asylärenden beslutade av Migrationsverket, förstagångsansökningar, 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationsverket.se/download/18.2b2a286016dabb81a1860a0/1609770404002/Avgjorda_asyl%C3%A4renden_2020_-_Asylum_decisions_2020.pdf (accessed: 30 December 2021).
Migrationsverket (2022). Asylsökande till Sverige 2000–2021. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationsverket.se/download/18.4a5a58d51602d141cf41004/1643640357046/Asyls%C3%B6kande%20till%20Sverige%202000-2021.xlsx (accessed: 10 March 2022).
Mohanty, C. T. (2003). Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Said, E. (2018). Latent and Manifest Orientalism. In: T. Das Gupta, C. James, C. Andersen, G.-E. Galabuzi, R. Maaka (Eds.), Race and Racialization (pp. 64–84). Toronto: Canadian Scholars.
UNHCR (2021). 2021 Global Roundtable LGBTIQ+ Persons in Forced Displacement and Statelessness: Protection and Solutions. Discussion Paper. Retrieved from: https:// www.unhcr.org/611e33704 (accessed: 30 December 2021).
Weber, M. (2008). The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: BN Publishing.
Weiss, N (2020). The trauma of waiting: understanding the violence of the benevolent welfare state in Norway. In: D. Abdelhady, N, Gren, M. Joormann (Eds.), Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe (pp. 195–209). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Wikström, H. (2014). Gender, Culture and Epistemic Injustice. The Institutional Logic in Assessment of Asylum Applications in Sweden. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 4 (4), 210–218.
Wimark, T. (2021). Housing policy with violent outcomes – the domestication of queer asylum seekers in a heteronormative society. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 47 (3), 703–722.
Yuval-Davis, N. (2008). Gender & Nation. London: Sage Publications.