Sumaryczne miary stanu zdrowia populacji
Article Sidebar
Published:
Dec 14, 2008
Keywords:
Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYS), Disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE), Healthy life-years (HEALYS), Quality adjusted life-years (QALYS), Summary health measures' typology
Main Article Content
Abstract
Summary measures of population health can take into account different outcomes of ill health, both fatal and non-fatal. Research on new measures of population health coincided with a period of significant decrease in mortality and an increase in life expectancy. This was coupled with striving to achieve better living conditions and improvements in the health status. In parallel, new theoretical concepts of mortality change were proposed. New summary measures of health are discussed in the context of the WHO general model of the health transition and theories referring to changes in health and disability of aging populations. In particular, the theory of morbidity compression, the theory of morbidity expansion, the dynamic equilibrium theory and the general notion of population ageing, are examined. The article presents a typology of summary health measures based on two groups: health expectancies and health gaps. The main measures discussed are: the disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), the health adjusted life expectancy (HALE), the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), the healthy life-years (HeaLYs) and the quality adjusted life-years (QALYs).As an illustration, health changes in Poland between 1996 and 2004, evaluated by the healthy life expectancy in good perceived health, are discussed. This measure was calculated on the data coming from the health survey carried out in Poland in 1996 and 2004 according to the international recommendations.
Article Details
How to Cite
Wróblewska, W. (2008). Sumaryczne miary stanu zdrowia populacji. Studia Demograficzne, ((153-154), 3–53. Retrieved from https://econjournals.sgh.waw.pl/SD/article/view/2601
Section
Original research papers & review papers
References
[1] Anand S., Hanson K., 1997, Disability-adjusted lifeyears: a critical wiew, "Journal of Health Economics", 16(6): 685 - 702.
[2] Arnesen T., Nord E., 1999, The value of DALYlife: problems with ethics and validity of disability adjiisted lifeyears, "British Medical Journal", 319: 1423-1425.
[3] Bala M.V., Zarkin G.A., 2000, Are QALYs an appropriate measurefor valuing morbidiiy in acute diseases?, "Health Economics", 9(2): 177-180.
[4] Bobadilla J.L., 1996, Searching for Essential Health Services in Low and Middle-Incorne Couniries: a Review of Recent Studies on Health Priorities, The World Bank, Washington D.C.
[5] Bruce B., Fries J.E, 2003, The Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ): A Review of lts History, Issues, Progress, and Documentation, "Journal of Rheumatology", 30(1): 167-178.
[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1986, Premature mortality in the United States: public health issues in the tise of years of potential life lost, "Morbidity and Mortafity Weekly Report", 35(Suppl. 2): 15-115.
[7] Chiang C.L., 1965, An Index of Health: Mathematical Models. "US Public Health Service Publications Series" No. 1000, "Vital and Health Statistics" Ser. 2, No. 5, National Center for Health Statistics, Washington D.C.
[8] Christensen K., Vaupel J.W., 1996, Determinants of longevity: genetic, environmental and medical factors, "Journal of Internal Medicine", 240: 333 - 341.
[9] Coale A., Guo G., 1989, Revised regional model life tables at very low levels of mortality, "Population Index", 55(4): 613-43.
[10] Crimmins E.M., Saito Y., 2001, Trends in healthy life expectancy in the United States 1970-1990; gender, racial, and educational differences, "Social Science and Medicine", 52: 1629-1641.
[11] Halley E., 1693, An estimate of the degrees of the mortality of mankind, drawn from curious tables of the births and funerals at the city of Breslaw; With an attempt to ascertain the price of annuities upon lives. By Mr. E. Halley, R.S.S, "The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society", Ser. A 17: 596-610.
[12] Hubert H.B., Bloch D.A., Oehlert J.W., Fries J.F., 2002, Lifestyle habits and compression of morbidity, "Journal of Gerontology", 57A(6): M347-M351.
[13] Hunt S.M., McKenna S.P., McEwen J., Williams J., Papp E., 1981, The Nottingham Health Profile: subjective health status and medical consultations, "Social Science and Medicine", 15(3): 221-229.
[14] Hyder A.A., Morrow R.H., 2000, Applying burden of disease methods in developing countries: a case stiidy from Pakistan, "American Journal of Public Health", 90(8): 1235-1240.
[15] Hyder A.A., Rotllant G., Morrow R.H., 1998, Measuring the burden of disease: healthy life-years, ,American Journal of Public Health", 88(2): 196-202.
[16] Jacobzone S., Cambois E., Robine J.M., 2000, Is the health of olderpersons in OECD Countries improving fast enough to compensate for population aging? "OECD Economic Studies" No. 30., Paris.
[17] Jamison D.T., Breman J., Measham A.R., Alleyne G., Claeson M., Evans D.B., Jha P., Mills A., Musgrove P. (red.), 2006, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
[18] Jamison D.T., Mosley W.H., Measham A.R., Bobadilla J.L. (red.), 1993, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press, New York.
[19] Jagger C., Cox B., Le Roy S., EHEMU, 2006, Health Expectancy Calculation by the Sullivan Method, 3rd ed. "EHEMU Technical Report" 2006(3), Universite de Montpellier, France, [http://www.ehemu. eu/pdf/Sullivan_guide_finaljun2007.pdf (25.10.2008)].
[20] Jagger C., EHEMU team, 2006, Healthy life expectancy in the EU-15. w: Living longer but healthier lives: how to achieve health gains in the elderly in the European Union, Institut des Sciences de la Sante, ed., Europę Blanche XXVI, Budapest, 25 - 26 November 2005, Paris:49-62.
[21] Jette A.M., 1997, Disablement outcomes in geriatrie rehabilitation, "Medical Care", 35(6): 28-37.
[22] Katz S., Akpom C.A., Papsidero J.A., Weiss S.T., 1973, Measuring the health status of Populations, [w:] R.L. Berg (red.), Health Status Indices, Hospital Research and Educational Trust, Chicago: 39-52.
[23] Katz S., Branch L.G., Branson M.H., 1983, Active life expectancy, "The New England Journal of Medicine", 309(20): 1218-1224.
[24] Katz S., Ford A.B., Moskowitz R.W, Jackson B.A, Jaffe M.W., 1963, Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function, "Journal of the American Medical Association", 185: 914- 923.
[25] Klarman H., Francis J., Rosenthal G., 1968, Cost-effectiveness analysis applied to the treatment of chronic renal disease, "Medical Care", 6: 48 -54.
[26] Kramer M., 1980, The risingpandemie of mental disorders and associated chronic diseases and disabilities, "Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica", 62(Suppl. 285): 282 -297.
[27] Lalonde M., 1974, A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians: a Working Document, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa.
[28] Lawton M.P., Brody E.M., 1969, Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily Bing, "The Gerontologist", 9(3): 179-186.
[29] Lopez A.D., Mathers C.D., Ezzati M., Jamison D.T., Murray C.J.L., 2006, Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, Oxford University Press and The World Bank, New York.
[30] Manton K.G., 1982, Changing concepts of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, "Milbank Memorial Fund Ouarterly. Health and Society", 60: 183 - 244.
[31] Manton K.G., Corder L., Stallard E., 1993, Estimates of change in chronic disability and institutional incidence and prevalence rates in the U.S. elderly population from the 1982, 1984, and 1989 national long term care survey, "Journal of Gerontology", 48(4): 153-166.
[32] Manton K.G, Stallard E., Corder L.S., 1997, Changes in the age dependence of mortality and disability: cohort and other determinants, "Demography", 34(1): 135-157.
[33] Mathers C.D., McCallum J., Robine J.M. (red.), 1994, Advances in Health Expectancies, Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the International Network on Health Expectancy and Disability Process REYES, Canberra, February 1994, Australian Institute of Welfare, AGPS, Canberra.
[34] Murray C.J.L., Lopez A. (red.), 2000, Globalne obciążenie chorobami. Całościowa ocena umieralności i niesprawności na skutek chorób, urazów i czynników ryzyka w roku 1990 oraz prognozy do roku 2020. Vesalius, Kraków (tłumaczenie na język polski "The Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series" Vol. 1).
[35] Murray C.J.L., Lopez A., Mathers C.D., Stein C., 2001, The Global Burden of Disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources, Paper No. 01.1, Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge.
[36] Murray C.J.L, Salomon J.A., Mathers C., 2000, A critical examination of summary measures of population health, "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", 78(6): 981- 994.
[37] Nagi S.Z., 1976, An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States, "Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly", 54: 439-467.
[38] OECD, 1993, OECD health system facts and trends 1960-1991, Paris.
[39] OECD, 2007, OECD Health Data 2007, Paris.
[40] Oeppen J., Vaupel J.W., 2002, Broken limits to life expectancy, "Science", 296: 1029-1031.
[41] Office of Technology Assessment, 1979, A case study: Cost-effectiveness analysis of vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia, [w:] A Review of Selected Federal Vaccine and Immunization Policies, Based on Case Studies of Pneumococcal Yaccine, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: 65 - 80.
[42] OHver A., 2004, Prioritizing health care: ls"health"always an appropriate maximand?, "Medical Decision Making", 24(3): 272- 280.
[43] Olshansky S.J., Rudberg M.A., Carnes B.A., Cassel C.K., Brody J., 1991, Trading off longer for worsening health: the expansion of morbidity hypothesis, "Journal of Aging and Health", 3(2): 194-216.
[44] Orlewska E., 2004, Reguły decyzyjne w ocenie ekonomicznej programów zdrowotnych, "Farmakoekonomika", 1: 11-16.
[45] Orlewska E., Mierzejewski P., 2003, Project of Polish guidelines for conducting pharmacoeconomic evaluation in comparison to international health economic guidelines, "European Journal of Health Economics", 4(4): 296 - 303.
[46] Patrick, D.L., Bush J.W., Chen M.M., 1973, Methods for Measuring Levels of Well-being for a Health Status lndex, "Health Services Research", 8(3): 228-245.
[47] Patrick D.L., Deyo R.A., 1989, Generic and disease-specific measures in assessing health status and ąuality of life, "Medical Care", 27: 5217-5232.
[48] Perloff J.D., LeBailly S.A., Kletke P.R., Budetti P.P., Connelly J.P., 1984, Premature death in the United States: years of life lost and health pńorities, "Journal of Public Health Policy", 5: 167-184.
[49] Podrażka-Malka A., 2000, Badania i pomiar stanu zdrowia współczesnej populacji, "Studia Demograficzne", 1(137): 11-53.
[50] Podrażka-Malka A., 2007, Zdrowie i jego ochrona, [w:] T. Panek (red.), Statystyka społeczna, PWE, Warszawa: 206-233.
[51] Poetz A., Hoch J., 2005, Understanding cost-utility analysis in health care, "University of Toronto Medical Journal", 83(1): 126-130.
[52] Riley J., 1990, The risk of being sick: morbidity trends in four countries, "Population and Development Review", 16(3): 403 -432.
[53] Ritchie K., Jagger C., Brayne C., Letenneur L., 1993, Dementia-free life expectancy: preliminary calculations for France and the United Kingdom, [w:] J.M. Robine, C.D. Mathers, M.R. Bone, I. Romieu (red.), Calculation of health expectancies: harmonization, consensus achieved and futurę perspectives, Libbey Eurotex, Paris.
[54] Robine J.M., Mathers C.D., Bone M.R., Romieu I. (red.), 1993, Calculation of health expectancies: harmonization, consensus achieved and futurę perspectives, (proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the International Network on Health Expectancy and Disability Process REVES, October 1992, Montpellier), Libbey Eurotex, Paris.
[55] Robine J.M., Michel J.P., 2004, Looking Forward to a General Theory on Population Aging, "The Journals of Gerontology" 59A(6): 590-597.
[56] Robine J.M., Romieu I., 1998, Healthy active ageing: Healtli expectancies at age 65 in the different parts of the world, "REYES Paper" No. 318, REVES:INSERM, Montpellier.
[57] Robine J.M., Romieu I., Cambois E., 1999, Health acpectancies indicators, "Bulletine of the World Health Organization", 72(2): 181-185.
[58] Robine J.M., Romieu I., Michel J.P., 2003, Trends in Health Expectancies, [w:] J.M. Robine, C. Jagger, C.D. Mathers, E.M. Crimmins, R.M. Suzman (red.), Determining Health Expectancies, Wiley & Sons, Chichester: 75-101.
[59] Roelands M., Van Oyen H., 1994, Mental and social variables as operationalisation of health in the calculation of health expectancy, [w:] C.D. Mathers, J. McCallum, J.M. Robine (red.), Advances in health expectancies, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, AGPS, Canberra: 243-246.
[60] Rogers A., Rogers R.G., Branch L.G., 1989,A multistate analysis of active life expectancy, "Public Health Rpports". 104(3): 222-225.
[61] Rogers R.G., Rogers A., Belanger A., 1992, Disability-free life among the elderfy tn the United States: Socioeconomic correlates of functional health, "Journal of Aging and Health", 4(1): 19-42.
[62] Romeder J.M., McWhinnie J.R., 1977, Potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70: an indicator of premature mortality for health planning, "International Journal of Epidemiology", 6: 143-151.
[63] Romieu I., Robine J.M., Jee M., 1997, Health Expectancies in OECD Countries, "REVES Paper" No. 317, REVES: INSERM, Montpellier.
[64] Sadana, R., 2002, Development of standardized health state descriptions, [w:] C.J.L. Murray, J.A. Salomon, C.D. Mathers, A.D. Lopez (red.), Summary Measures of Population Health: Concepts, Ethics, Measurement and Applications, WHO, Geneva.
[65] Sadana R., Mathers C.D., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Iburg K.M., 2002, Comparative analyses of more than 50 household surveys on health status, [w:] C.J.L. Murray, J.A. Salomon, C.D. Mathers, A.D. Lopez (red.), Summary Measures of Population Health: Concepts, Ethics, Measurement and Applications, WHO, Geneva.
[66] Salomon J.A., Weinstein M.C., Goldie S.J., 2004. Taking account of futurę technology in cost effectiveness analysis, "British Medical Journal", 329(7468): 733-736.
[67] Sanders B.S., 1964, Measuring community health levels, "American Journal of Public Health", 54(7): 1063-1070.
[68] Sassi F., 2006, Calculating QALYs, comparing QALY and DALY calculations, "Health Policy and Planning", 21(5): 402 - 408.
[69] Schipper H., Clinch J., Powell V., 1990, Deftnitions. and conceptual issttes, [w:] B. Spilker (red.), Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trial, Ravel Press, New York: 11-24.
[70] Schoeni R.F, Freedman V.A, Wallace R.B., 2001, Persistent, consistent, widespread, and robust? Another look at recent trends in old-age disability, "Journal of Gerontology", 56(4): 206-218.
[71] Sinclair J.C., Torrance G.W., Boyle M.H., Horwood S.P., Saigal S., Sackett D.L., 1981, Evaluation of neonatal-intensive-care program, "England Journal of Medicine", 05(9): 489 - 494.
[72] Stickle G. 1965, What priority, human life?, "American Journal of Public Health", 55: 1692-1698.
[73] Stuart-Hamilton I., 2006, Psychologia starzenia się, Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka, Poznań.
[74] Sullivan D.F., 1966, Conceptual problems in developing an index of health, "US public Health Service Publication Series" No. 1000, "Vital and Health Statistics Series" 2, No. 17, National Center for Health Statistics.
[75] Sullivan D.F., 1971, A single index of mortality and morbidity, "Health Services And Mental Health Administration (HSMHA) Health Reports", 86: 347-354.
[76] Tan-Torres E., Baltussen T.R., Adam T., Hutubessy T., Acharya A., Evans D.B., Murray C.J. (red.), 2003, Making Choice in Health. WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, WHO, Geneva.
[77] Tengs T.O., Wallace A., 2000, One thousand health-related quality-of-life estimates, "Medical Care", 38: 583-637.
[78] Topór-Mądry R., Gilis-Januszewska A., Kurkiewicz J., Pająk A., 2002, Szacowanie potrzeb zdrowotnych, Vesalius, Kraków.
[79] Torrance G.W., 1976, Social preferences for health states: an empirical evaluation of three measurement techniques, "Socio- economic Planning Sciences", 10: 129-136.
[80] Torrance G.W., Thomas W.H., Sackett D.L., 1972, A utility majcimization model for evaluation of health care programs, "Health Services Research" 7(2): 118-133.
[81] Ugalde A., Jackson J.T., 1995, The World Bank and international health policy: a cńtical review, "Journal of International Development", 7: 525-541.
[82] Valkonen T., Sihvonen A.P., Lahelma E., 1994, Disability-free life expectancy by level of education in Finland, [w:] C.D. Mathers, J. McCallum, J.M. Robine (red.), Advances in health expectancies, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, AGPS, Canberra: 160-168.
[83] Vaupel J.W., Carey J.R., Christensen K., Johnson T.E., Yashin A.I., Holm N.V., Iachine I.A., Kannisto V., Khazaeli A.A., Liedo P., Longo V.D., Zeng Y., Manton K.G., Curtsinger J.W., 1998, Biodemographic trajectories of longevity, "Science", 280: 855 -860.
[84] Verbrugge L., 1984, Longer life but worsening health? Trends in health and mortality of middle aged and olderpersons, "Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly", 62: 475-519.
[85] Ware J.E., Sherbourne C.D., 1992, The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). 1. Conceptual framework and item selection, "Medical Care", 30: 473-483.
[86] WHOQOL Group, 1994, Development of the WHOQOL: Rationale and current status, "International Journal of Mental Health", 23(3): 24-56.
[87] WHOQOL Group, 1998, The World Health Organization ąuality of life assessment: development and general psychometric properties, "Social Science and Medicine", 46(12): 1569-1585.
[88] Wilkins R., Adams O.B., 1992, Quality-adjusted life expectancy: weighting of expected years in each state of health, [w:] J.M. Robine, M. Blanchet, J.E. Dowd (red.), Health expectancy, "OPCS Studies on Medical and Population Subjects" No. 54, HMSO, London.
[89] Williams, A., 1999, Calculating the Global Burden of Disease: Time for a Strategie Appraisal?, "Health Economics", 8(1): 1-8.
[90] Wilmoth J.R., Andreev K., Jdanov D., Glei D.A., 2007, Methods Protocol for the Humań Mortality Database, [http://www.humanmortality.de/].
[91] World Bank, 1993, The World Development Report 1993: lnvesting in Health, Oxford University Press, New York.
[92] World Health Organization, 1946, Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States, Official Records of the World Health Organization, No. 2, p. 100, and entered into force on 7 April 1948.
[93] World Health Organization, 1949, Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death. Sbcth revision, Geneva.
[94] World Health Organization, 1980, International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps: A manual of classification relating to the conseąuences of disease, Geneva.
[95] World Health Organization, 1984, The uses of epidemiology in the study of the elderly: Report of a WHO scientific group on epidemiology of aging, "Technical Report Series" 706, Geneva.
[96] World Health Organization, 1985, Targets for Health for Ali: Targets in Support of the European Regional Strategy for Health for Ali by the Year 2000, "European Health for Ali. WHO Regional Office for Europę Series", No. 4, Geneva.
[97] World Health Organization, 1992, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problem, Tenth Revision. Geneva, [http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icdlOonline/, 25.04.2009].
[98] World Health Organization, 1996, Investing in health research and development, report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Futurę Intervention Options World Health Organization, Geneva, [http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/publications/investing_report.htm, 12.11.2008].
[99] World Health Organization, 1999, International Classification of Functioning and Disability (1CIDH 2-Beta 2), Geneva.
[100] World Health Organization, 1999a, The World Health Report 1999: Making a difference, Geneva.
[101] World Health Organization, 2000, The World Health Report 2000. Health systems: Improvingperformance, Geneva.
[102] World Health Organization, 2001, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (.ICF), Geneva.
[103] World Health Organization, 2002, World Health Report 2002. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, Geneva.
[104] World Health Organization, 2004, The World Health Report 2004, Changing history, Geneva.
[105] World Health Organization, 2007, Health: a vital inrestment for economic development in Eastern Europę and Central Asia, Geneva, [http://www.euro.who.int/document/e90569.pdf, 16.06.2009).
[106] Wróblewska W., 2009, Zmiany stanu zdrowia populacji w Polsce w latach 1996-2004 a proces starzenia, raport z badań statutowych, Instytut Statystyki i Demografii SGH, Warszawa.
[107] Wróblewska W., Wróblewski Ł., 2007, Jakość życia ludnos'ci uwarunkowana stanem zdrowia, "Wiadomości Statystyczne", 6: 41-50.
[108] Wrześniewski K., 1997, Badanie subiektywnego stanu zdrowia za pomocą polskiej adaptacji the Nottingham Health Profile, [w:] J.B. Karski, H. Kirschner, J. Leowski (red.), Współczesne potrzeby i możliwości pomiaru zdrowia, Wyd. Ignis, Warszawa.
[109] Zeckhauser R.J., Shepard D.S., 1976, Where now for saving lives?, "Law and Contemporary Problems", 40(4): 5 - 45.
[110] Zigmond A.S., Snaith R.P., 1983, The Hospital Awciety And Depression Scalę, "Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica", 67: 361-370.
[111] Zimmer Z., Martin I.G., Chang M.C., 2002, Changes in functional limitation and survival among older Taiwa
[2] Arnesen T., Nord E., 1999, The value of DALYlife: problems with ethics and validity of disability adjiisted lifeyears, "British Medical Journal", 319: 1423-1425.
[3] Bala M.V., Zarkin G.A., 2000, Are QALYs an appropriate measurefor valuing morbidiiy in acute diseases?, "Health Economics", 9(2): 177-180.
[4] Bobadilla J.L., 1996, Searching for Essential Health Services in Low and Middle-Incorne Couniries: a Review of Recent Studies on Health Priorities, The World Bank, Washington D.C.
[5] Bruce B., Fries J.E, 2003, The Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ): A Review of lts History, Issues, Progress, and Documentation, "Journal of Rheumatology", 30(1): 167-178.
[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1986, Premature mortality in the United States: public health issues in the tise of years of potential life lost, "Morbidity and Mortafity Weekly Report", 35(Suppl. 2): 15-115.
[7] Chiang C.L., 1965, An Index of Health: Mathematical Models. "US Public Health Service Publications Series" No. 1000, "Vital and Health Statistics" Ser. 2, No. 5, National Center for Health Statistics, Washington D.C.
[8] Christensen K., Vaupel J.W., 1996, Determinants of longevity: genetic, environmental and medical factors, "Journal of Internal Medicine", 240: 333 - 341.
[9] Coale A., Guo G., 1989, Revised regional model life tables at very low levels of mortality, "Population Index", 55(4): 613-43.
[10] Crimmins E.M., Saito Y., 2001, Trends in healthy life expectancy in the United States 1970-1990; gender, racial, and educational differences, "Social Science and Medicine", 52: 1629-1641.
[11] Halley E., 1693, An estimate of the degrees of the mortality of mankind, drawn from curious tables of the births and funerals at the city of Breslaw; With an attempt to ascertain the price of annuities upon lives. By Mr. E. Halley, R.S.S, "The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society", Ser. A 17: 596-610.
[12] Hubert H.B., Bloch D.A., Oehlert J.W., Fries J.F., 2002, Lifestyle habits and compression of morbidity, "Journal of Gerontology", 57A(6): M347-M351.
[13] Hunt S.M., McKenna S.P., McEwen J., Williams J., Papp E., 1981, The Nottingham Health Profile: subjective health status and medical consultations, "Social Science and Medicine", 15(3): 221-229.
[14] Hyder A.A., Morrow R.H., 2000, Applying burden of disease methods in developing countries: a case stiidy from Pakistan, "American Journal of Public Health", 90(8): 1235-1240.
[15] Hyder A.A., Rotllant G., Morrow R.H., 1998, Measuring the burden of disease: healthy life-years, ,American Journal of Public Health", 88(2): 196-202.
[16] Jacobzone S., Cambois E., Robine J.M., 2000, Is the health of olderpersons in OECD Countries improving fast enough to compensate for population aging? "OECD Economic Studies" No. 30., Paris.
[17] Jamison D.T., Breman J., Measham A.R., Alleyne G., Claeson M., Evans D.B., Jha P., Mills A., Musgrove P. (red.), 2006, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
[18] Jamison D.T., Mosley W.H., Measham A.R., Bobadilla J.L. (red.), 1993, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press, New York.
[19] Jagger C., Cox B., Le Roy S., EHEMU, 2006, Health Expectancy Calculation by the Sullivan Method, 3rd ed. "EHEMU Technical Report" 2006(3), Universite de Montpellier, France, [http://www.ehemu. eu/pdf/Sullivan_guide_finaljun2007.pdf (25.10.2008)].
[20] Jagger C., EHEMU team, 2006, Healthy life expectancy in the EU-15. w: Living longer but healthier lives: how to achieve health gains in the elderly in the European Union, Institut des Sciences de la Sante, ed., Europę Blanche XXVI, Budapest, 25 - 26 November 2005, Paris:49-62.
[21] Jette A.M., 1997, Disablement outcomes in geriatrie rehabilitation, "Medical Care", 35(6): 28-37.
[22] Katz S., Akpom C.A., Papsidero J.A., Weiss S.T., 1973, Measuring the health status of Populations, [w:] R.L. Berg (red.), Health Status Indices, Hospital Research and Educational Trust, Chicago: 39-52.
[23] Katz S., Branch L.G., Branson M.H., 1983, Active life expectancy, "The New England Journal of Medicine", 309(20): 1218-1224.
[24] Katz S., Ford A.B., Moskowitz R.W, Jackson B.A, Jaffe M.W., 1963, Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function, "Journal of the American Medical Association", 185: 914- 923.
[25] Klarman H., Francis J., Rosenthal G., 1968, Cost-effectiveness analysis applied to the treatment of chronic renal disease, "Medical Care", 6: 48 -54.
[26] Kramer M., 1980, The risingpandemie of mental disorders and associated chronic diseases and disabilities, "Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica", 62(Suppl. 285): 282 -297.
[27] Lalonde M., 1974, A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians: a Working Document, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa.
[28] Lawton M.P., Brody E.M., 1969, Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily Bing, "The Gerontologist", 9(3): 179-186.
[29] Lopez A.D., Mathers C.D., Ezzati M., Jamison D.T., Murray C.J.L., 2006, Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, Oxford University Press and The World Bank, New York.
[30] Manton K.G., 1982, Changing concepts of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, "Milbank Memorial Fund Ouarterly. Health and Society", 60: 183 - 244.
[31] Manton K.G., Corder L., Stallard E., 1993, Estimates of change in chronic disability and institutional incidence and prevalence rates in the U.S. elderly population from the 1982, 1984, and 1989 national long term care survey, "Journal of Gerontology", 48(4): 153-166.
[32] Manton K.G, Stallard E., Corder L.S., 1997, Changes in the age dependence of mortality and disability: cohort and other determinants, "Demography", 34(1): 135-157.
[33] Mathers C.D., McCallum J., Robine J.M. (red.), 1994, Advances in Health Expectancies, Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the International Network on Health Expectancy and Disability Process REYES, Canberra, February 1994, Australian Institute of Welfare, AGPS, Canberra.
[34] Murray C.J.L., Lopez A. (red.), 2000, Globalne obciążenie chorobami. Całościowa ocena umieralności i niesprawności na skutek chorób, urazów i czynników ryzyka w roku 1990 oraz prognozy do roku 2020. Vesalius, Kraków (tłumaczenie na język polski "The Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series" Vol. 1).
[35] Murray C.J.L., Lopez A., Mathers C.D., Stein C., 2001, The Global Burden of Disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources, Paper No. 01.1, Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge.
[36] Murray C.J.L, Salomon J.A., Mathers C., 2000, A critical examination of summary measures of population health, "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", 78(6): 981- 994.
[37] Nagi S.Z., 1976, An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States, "Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly", 54: 439-467.
[38] OECD, 1993, OECD health system facts and trends 1960-1991, Paris.
[39] OECD, 2007, OECD Health Data 2007, Paris.
[40] Oeppen J., Vaupel J.W., 2002, Broken limits to life expectancy, "Science", 296: 1029-1031.
[41] Office of Technology Assessment, 1979, A case study: Cost-effectiveness analysis of vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia, [w:] A Review of Selected Federal Vaccine and Immunization Policies, Based on Case Studies of Pneumococcal Yaccine, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: 65 - 80.
[42] OHver A., 2004, Prioritizing health care: ls"health"always an appropriate maximand?, "Medical Decision Making", 24(3): 272- 280.
[43] Olshansky S.J., Rudberg M.A., Carnes B.A., Cassel C.K., Brody J., 1991, Trading off longer for worsening health: the expansion of morbidity hypothesis, "Journal of Aging and Health", 3(2): 194-216.
[44] Orlewska E., 2004, Reguły decyzyjne w ocenie ekonomicznej programów zdrowotnych, "Farmakoekonomika", 1: 11-16.
[45] Orlewska E., Mierzejewski P., 2003, Project of Polish guidelines for conducting pharmacoeconomic evaluation in comparison to international health economic guidelines, "European Journal of Health Economics", 4(4): 296 - 303.
[46] Patrick, D.L., Bush J.W., Chen M.M., 1973, Methods for Measuring Levels of Well-being for a Health Status lndex, "Health Services Research", 8(3): 228-245.
[47] Patrick D.L., Deyo R.A., 1989, Generic and disease-specific measures in assessing health status and ąuality of life, "Medical Care", 27: 5217-5232.
[48] Perloff J.D., LeBailly S.A., Kletke P.R., Budetti P.P., Connelly J.P., 1984, Premature death in the United States: years of life lost and health pńorities, "Journal of Public Health Policy", 5: 167-184.
[49] Podrażka-Malka A., 2000, Badania i pomiar stanu zdrowia współczesnej populacji, "Studia Demograficzne", 1(137): 11-53.
[50] Podrażka-Malka A., 2007, Zdrowie i jego ochrona, [w:] T. Panek (red.), Statystyka społeczna, PWE, Warszawa: 206-233.
[51] Poetz A., Hoch J., 2005, Understanding cost-utility analysis in health care, "University of Toronto Medical Journal", 83(1): 126-130.
[52] Riley J., 1990, The risk of being sick: morbidity trends in four countries, "Population and Development Review", 16(3): 403 -432.
[53] Ritchie K., Jagger C., Brayne C., Letenneur L., 1993, Dementia-free life expectancy: preliminary calculations for France and the United Kingdom, [w:] J.M. Robine, C.D. Mathers, M.R. Bone, I. Romieu (red.), Calculation of health expectancies: harmonization, consensus achieved and futurę perspectives, Libbey Eurotex, Paris.
[54] Robine J.M., Mathers C.D., Bone M.R., Romieu I. (red.), 1993, Calculation of health expectancies: harmonization, consensus achieved and futurę perspectives, (proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the International Network on Health Expectancy and Disability Process REVES, October 1992, Montpellier), Libbey Eurotex, Paris.
[55] Robine J.M., Michel J.P., 2004, Looking Forward to a General Theory on Population Aging, "The Journals of Gerontology" 59A(6): 590-597.
[56] Robine J.M., Romieu I., 1998, Healthy active ageing: Healtli expectancies at age 65 in the different parts of the world, "REYES Paper" No. 318, REVES:INSERM, Montpellier.
[57] Robine J.M., Romieu I., Cambois E., 1999, Health acpectancies indicators, "Bulletine of the World Health Organization", 72(2): 181-185.
[58] Robine J.M., Romieu I., Michel J.P., 2003, Trends in Health Expectancies, [w:] J.M. Robine, C. Jagger, C.D. Mathers, E.M. Crimmins, R.M. Suzman (red.), Determining Health Expectancies, Wiley & Sons, Chichester: 75-101.
[59] Roelands M., Van Oyen H., 1994, Mental and social variables as operationalisation of health in the calculation of health expectancy, [w:] C.D. Mathers, J. McCallum, J.M. Robine (red.), Advances in health expectancies, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, AGPS, Canberra: 243-246.
[60] Rogers A., Rogers R.G., Branch L.G., 1989,A multistate analysis of active life expectancy, "Public Health Rpports". 104(3): 222-225.
[61] Rogers R.G., Rogers A., Belanger A., 1992, Disability-free life among the elderfy tn the United States: Socioeconomic correlates of functional health, "Journal of Aging and Health", 4(1): 19-42.
[62] Romeder J.M., McWhinnie J.R., 1977, Potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70: an indicator of premature mortality for health planning, "International Journal of Epidemiology", 6: 143-151.
[63] Romieu I., Robine J.M., Jee M., 1997, Health Expectancies in OECD Countries, "REVES Paper" No. 317, REVES: INSERM, Montpellier.
[64] Sadana, R., 2002, Development of standardized health state descriptions, [w:] C.J.L. Murray, J.A. Salomon, C.D. Mathers, A.D. Lopez (red.), Summary Measures of Population Health: Concepts, Ethics, Measurement and Applications, WHO, Geneva.
[65] Sadana R., Mathers C.D., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Iburg K.M., 2002, Comparative analyses of more than 50 household surveys on health status, [w:] C.J.L. Murray, J.A. Salomon, C.D. Mathers, A.D. Lopez (red.), Summary Measures of Population Health: Concepts, Ethics, Measurement and Applications, WHO, Geneva.
[66] Salomon J.A., Weinstein M.C., Goldie S.J., 2004. Taking account of futurę technology in cost effectiveness analysis, "British Medical Journal", 329(7468): 733-736.
[67] Sanders B.S., 1964, Measuring community health levels, "American Journal of Public Health", 54(7): 1063-1070.
[68] Sassi F., 2006, Calculating QALYs, comparing QALY and DALY calculations, "Health Policy and Planning", 21(5): 402 - 408.
[69] Schipper H., Clinch J., Powell V., 1990, Deftnitions. and conceptual issttes, [w:] B. Spilker (red.), Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trial, Ravel Press, New York: 11-24.
[70] Schoeni R.F, Freedman V.A, Wallace R.B., 2001, Persistent, consistent, widespread, and robust? Another look at recent trends in old-age disability, "Journal of Gerontology", 56(4): 206-218.
[71] Sinclair J.C., Torrance G.W., Boyle M.H., Horwood S.P., Saigal S., Sackett D.L., 1981, Evaluation of neonatal-intensive-care program, "England Journal of Medicine", 05(9): 489 - 494.
[72] Stickle G. 1965, What priority, human life?, "American Journal of Public Health", 55: 1692-1698.
[73] Stuart-Hamilton I., 2006, Psychologia starzenia się, Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka, Poznań.
[74] Sullivan D.F., 1966, Conceptual problems in developing an index of health, "US public Health Service Publication Series" No. 1000, "Vital and Health Statistics Series" 2, No. 17, National Center for Health Statistics.
[75] Sullivan D.F., 1971, A single index of mortality and morbidity, "Health Services And Mental Health Administration (HSMHA) Health Reports", 86: 347-354.
[76] Tan-Torres E., Baltussen T.R., Adam T., Hutubessy T., Acharya A., Evans D.B., Murray C.J. (red.), 2003, Making Choice in Health. WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, WHO, Geneva.
[77] Tengs T.O., Wallace A., 2000, One thousand health-related quality-of-life estimates, "Medical Care", 38: 583-637.
[78] Topór-Mądry R., Gilis-Januszewska A., Kurkiewicz J., Pająk A., 2002, Szacowanie potrzeb zdrowotnych, Vesalius, Kraków.
[79] Torrance G.W., 1976, Social preferences for health states: an empirical evaluation of three measurement techniques, "Socio- economic Planning Sciences", 10: 129-136.
[80] Torrance G.W., Thomas W.H., Sackett D.L., 1972, A utility majcimization model for evaluation of health care programs, "Health Services Research" 7(2): 118-133.
[81] Ugalde A., Jackson J.T., 1995, The World Bank and international health policy: a cńtical review, "Journal of International Development", 7: 525-541.
[82] Valkonen T., Sihvonen A.P., Lahelma E., 1994, Disability-free life expectancy by level of education in Finland, [w:] C.D. Mathers, J. McCallum, J.M. Robine (red.), Advances in health expectancies, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, AGPS, Canberra: 160-168.
[83] Vaupel J.W., Carey J.R., Christensen K., Johnson T.E., Yashin A.I., Holm N.V., Iachine I.A., Kannisto V., Khazaeli A.A., Liedo P., Longo V.D., Zeng Y., Manton K.G., Curtsinger J.W., 1998, Biodemographic trajectories of longevity, "Science", 280: 855 -860.
[84] Verbrugge L., 1984, Longer life but worsening health? Trends in health and mortality of middle aged and olderpersons, "Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly", 62: 475-519.
[85] Ware J.E., Sherbourne C.D., 1992, The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). 1. Conceptual framework and item selection, "Medical Care", 30: 473-483.
[86] WHOQOL Group, 1994, Development of the WHOQOL: Rationale and current status, "International Journal of Mental Health", 23(3): 24-56.
[87] WHOQOL Group, 1998, The World Health Organization ąuality of life assessment: development and general psychometric properties, "Social Science and Medicine", 46(12): 1569-1585.
[88] Wilkins R., Adams O.B., 1992, Quality-adjusted life expectancy: weighting of expected years in each state of health, [w:] J.M. Robine, M. Blanchet, J.E. Dowd (red.), Health expectancy, "OPCS Studies on Medical and Population Subjects" No. 54, HMSO, London.
[89] Williams, A., 1999, Calculating the Global Burden of Disease: Time for a Strategie Appraisal?, "Health Economics", 8(1): 1-8.
[90] Wilmoth J.R., Andreev K., Jdanov D., Glei D.A., 2007, Methods Protocol for the Humań Mortality Database, [http://www.humanmortality.de/].
[91] World Bank, 1993, The World Development Report 1993: lnvesting in Health, Oxford University Press, New York.
[92] World Health Organization, 1946, Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States, Official Records of the World Health Organization, No. 2, p. 100, and entered into force on 7 April 1948.
[93] World Health Organization, 1949, Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death. Sbcth revision, Geneva.
[94] World Health Organization, 1980, International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps: A manual of classification relating to the conseąuences of disease, Geneva.
[95] World Health Organization, 1984, The uses of epidemiology in the study of the elderly: Report of a WHO scientific group on epidemiology of aging, "Technical Report Series" 706, Geneva.
[96] World Health Organization, 1985, Targets for Health for Ali: Targets in Support of the European Regional Strategy for Health for Ali by the Year 2000, "European Health for Ali. WHO Regional Office for Europę Series", No. 4, Geneva.
[97] World Health Organization, 1992, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problem, Tenth Revision. Geneva, [http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icdlOonline/, 25.04.2009].
[98] World Health Organization, 1996, Investing in health research and development, report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Futurę Intervention Options World Health Organization, Geneva, [http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/publications/investing_report.htm, 12.11.2008].
[99] World Health Organization, 1999, International Classification of Functioning and Disability (1CIDH 2-Beta 2), Geneva.
[100] World Health Organization, 1999a, The World Health Report 1999: Making a difference, Geneva.
[101] World Health Organization, 2000, The World Health Report 2000. Health systems: Improvingperformance, Geneva.
[102] World Health Organization, 2001, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (.ICF), Geneva.
[103] World Health Organization, 2002, World Health Report 2002. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, Geneva.
[104] World Health Organization, 2004, The World Health Report 2004, Changing history, Geneva.
[105] World Health Organization, 2007, Health: a vital inrestment for economic development in Eastern Europę and Central Asia, Geneva, [http://www.euro.who.int/document/e90569.pdf, 16.06.2009).
[106] Wróblewska W., 2009, Zmiany stanu zdrowia populacji w Polsce w latach 1996-2004 a proces starzenia, raport z badań statutowych, Instytut Statystyki i Demografii SGH, Warszawa.
[107] Wróblewska W., Wróblewski Ł., 2007, Jakość życia ludnos'ci uwarunkowana stanem zdrowia, "Wiadomości Statystyczne", 6: 41-50.
[108] Wrześniewski K., 1997, Badanie subiektywnego stanu zdrowia za pomocą polskiej adaptacji the Nottingham Health Profile, [w:] J.B. Karski, H. Kirschner, J. Leowski (red.), Współczesne potrzeby i możliwości pomiaru zdrowia, Wyd. Ignis, Warszawa.
[109] Zeckhauser R.J., Shepard D.S., 1976, Where now for saving lives?, "Law and Contemporary Problems", 40(4): 5 - 45.
[110] Zigmond A.S., Snaith R.P., 1983, The Hospital Awciety And Depression Scalę, "Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica", 67: 361-370.
[111] Zimmer Z., Martin I.G., Chang M.C., 2002, Changes in functional limitation and survival among older Taiwa