Zbiegający się globalny standard przeciwdziałania nadużyciom prawa podatkowego: Czy GAAR (ATAD) i PPT (MLI) powinny być stosowane w podobny sposób?

Autor

  • Błażej Kuźniacki Senior Research Fellow at the Amsterdam Centre for Tax Law, University of Amsterdam • PhD (University of Oslo) • Post-doctorate (Singapore Management University) • Attorney-At-Law (Warsaw Bar Association)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33119/ASCASP.2020.1.4

Słowa kluczowe:

globalna polityka podatkowa, unikanie opodatkowania, GAAR, PPT, OECD, BEPS, MLI, UE, ATAD

Abstrakt

Potrzeba znalezienia środków z podatków na finansowanie funkcjonowania państw oraz coraz większa nieufność polityków i opinii publicznej wobec schematów optymalizacji podatkowej przedsiębiorstw wielonarodowych (multinational enterprises, MNE) i najbardziej majętnych osób fizycznych (high-net worth individuals, HNWI) wywołały bezprecedensowy entuzjazm polityczny dotyczący przeciwdziałania międzynarodowemu unikaniu opodatkowania. Ten entuzjazm przerodził się w mandat polityczny udzielony OECD przez G20 w 2012 r. Wśród mnogości propozycji środków prawnych przeciwdziałających unikaniu opodatkowania opracowanych przez OECD w ramach projektu BEPS, za kluczowe należy uznać: test jednego z głównych celów (principal purposes test, PPT) z MLI i ogólną klauzulę przeciwdziałania unikaniu opodatkowania (general anti-avoidance rule, GAAR) z unijnej dyrektywy przeciwdziałającej praktykom unikania opodatkowania (anti-tax avoidance directive, ATAD). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na główne (tytułowe) pytanie badawcze: Czy GAAR (ATAD) i PPT (MLI) powinny być stosowane w podobny sposób? Hipotezą pozytywnie zweryfikowaną w ramach niniejszego opracowania jest to, że: im bardziej zbiegające się (koherentne) będzie stosowanie GAAR i PPT, tym mniej praktyk unikania opodatkowania i sporów wynikających z tego zjawiska będzie występować między podatnikami i organami podatkowymi. Istnieje jednak poważne zastrzeżenie: GAAR i PPT powinny być stosowane zgodnie z ogólną zasadą przeciwdziałania nadużyciom (general anti-abuse principle, GAAP) wynikającą z orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (TSUE), a nie zgodnie z PPT zaprojektowanym przez OECD. Tylko takie podejście do stosowania GAAR i PPT może zapewnić właściwą równowagę między interesami fiskalnymi różnych państw a swobodami gospodarczymi podatników. Konstatacja ta wynika z analizy treści i struktury GAAR i PPT, celów polityki podatkowej wyrażonych w preambułach do MLI i ATAD, orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (TSUE), Komentarza OECD do Modelu Konwencji OECD oraz literatury.

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Opublikowane

2020-05-29

Jak cytować

[1]
Kuźniacki, B. 2020. Zbiegający się globalny standard przeciwdziałania nadużyciom prawa podatkowego: Czy GAAR (ATAD) i PPT (MLI) powinny być stosowane w podobny sposób?. Analizy i Studia CASP. 9, 1 (maj 2020), 33–46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.33119/ASCASP.2020.1.4.