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Przesłane
grudnia 4, 2019
Opublikowane
września 30, 2019
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Abstrakt
Przedmiotem artykułu jest problematyka job crafting, obecnie (z punktu widzenia badań empirycznych) dynamicznie rozwijająca się w literaturze przedmiotu, ale Polsce podejmowana stosunkowo rzadko. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części: teoretycznej, w której omówiono koncepcję job crafting, wyniki badań tego zjawiska i czynniki współwystępujące z job crafting, oraz empirycznej, gdzie przedstawiono wyniki badań ilościowo-jakościowych, przeprowadzonych na próbie 64, a następnie wybranych z tej próby 36 nauczycieli akademickich publicznych i niepublicznych uczelni w Polsce. Z badań wynika, że występuje statystycznie istotne zróżnicowanie wśród młodszych i starszych przedstawicieli nauczycieli akademickich zarówno pod względem częstotliwości, jak i treści zachowań typu job crafting. Starsi nauczyciele akademiccy częściej modyfikują swój sposób postrzegania wykonywanej pracy i dokonują refleksji dotychczasowej aktywności zawodowej (modyfikacja jest dokonywana na poziomie poznawczym), które sprowadzają się do krytycznego przewartościowania swoich wcześniejszych ocen i najczęściej pozytywnych refleksji nad własnymi dokonaniami zawodowymi; młodsi pracownicy naukowo-dydaktyczni częściej wprowadzają zmiany strukturalne, odnoszące się do pracy ze studentami.
Słowa kluczowe
job crafting
nauczyciele akademiccy
Szczegóły artykułu
Licencja
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Jak cytować
Bartkowiak, G., & Krugiełka , A. . (2019). Job crafting wśród młodszych i starszych nauczycieli akademickich. Edukacja Ekonomistów I Menedżerów, 53(3), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5259
Referencje
-
1. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22 (3), 309–328.
2. Bakker, A., Tims, M., Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human Relations, 65 (10), 33–59.
3. Bartkowiak, G. (1999). Orientacja nastawiona na rozwój i uczenie się osób zatrudnionych w organizacji. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu.
4. Bashr, N., Long, Ch.S. (2015). The relation between training and organizational commitment among academicians in Malaysia. Journal of Management Development, 34 (10), 1227–1245. www.emeraldinsight.com/0262–1711.htm, 22.12.2018.
5. Berg, J. M., Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J. E. (2010). Perceiving and responsing to challenges in job crafting at different ranks: When proactivity requires adaptivity. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 31, 158–186.
6. Carvaiho Chinelato De, R. S., Ferreira, M. C., Valenti, F. (2015). Evidence of Validity of Job Crafting Behaviors Scale. Paideia, 25 (62), 325–332. www.scielo.br/paideia, 24.07.2018.
7. Cybal-Michalska, A. (2013). Młodzież akademicka a kariera zawodowa. Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls.
8. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Halbesleben, J. R. (2015). Productive and counterproductive job crafting: A daily diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20 (4), 457–469.
9. Erikson, E. H. (2002). Dopełniony cykl życia. Poznań: Rebis.
10. Grant-Vallone, E. J., Ensher, E. A. (2017). RE-Crafting Careers for Mid-Career Faculty: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 17 (5), 10–24.
11. Hackman, J. R., Oldham, G. R., (1976). Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250–279.
12. Hareem, S., Fariha, R., Tazeen, I. (2017). Psychological Empowerment of University Academicians Through Job Crafting in a Challenging Environment. Global Management Journal of Academic & Corporate Studies, 7 (2), 151–158.
13. Hewson, C. (2006). Mixed Methods Research. In: V. Jupp (ed.), The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods, London: SAGE Publications, 179‒180.
14. Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 341–349.
15. Ko, I. (2011). Crafting a Job: Creating Optimal Experiences at Work. Claremont, CA: Claremont Graduale University (doctoral dissertation).
16. Kowalczyk, E. (2014). Człowiek, organizacja, kariera: siła psychologii stosowanej. Warszawa: Difin.
17. Leana, C., Appelbaum, E., Shevchuck, I. (2009). Work Process and Quality of Care in Early Childhood Education; The Role of Job. Crafting. Academy of Management Journal, 52 (6), 1169–1192.
18. Lyons, P. (2008). The crafting of jobs and individual differences. Journal of Business Psychology, 23 (1–2), 25–36.
19. Nord, W. R., Brief, A. R., Atieh, J. M., Doherty, E. M. (1988). Work values and the conduct of organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 1–42.
20. Obuchowski, K. (2000), Od przedmiotu do podmiotu. Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane AB.
21. Paullay, I. M., Alliger, G. M., Stone-Romeo, E. F. (1994). Construct validation of two instruments designed to measure job involvement and work centrality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 224–228.
22. Pearl, S., Geldenhuys, M. (2016). The effects of job crafting on subjective well-being amongst South African high school teachers. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42 (1).
23. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C. W., Schaufeli, W. B., Hetland, J. (2012). Crafting a job on daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33 (8), 1120–1141.
24. Plomb, J., Tims, M., Akkermans, J., Khapowa, S. N., Jansen, P. G. W., Bakker, A. B. (2016). Career competencies and job crafting. How Proactive employees influence their well being. Career Development International, 21 (6), 587–602.
25. Radstaak, M., Hennes, A. (2017). Leader-member exchange fosters work engagement: The mediating role of job crafting. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 43, 1–11.
26. Riet Van De, J. (2015). Leadership and job crafting: Relationships with employability and creativity (Master’s thesis). Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology.
27. Robertson, I. T. (1980). Study of trainability testing. Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 53 (2), 131‒138.
28. Roczniewska, M. A., Puchalska-Kamińska, M. (2017). Are managers also crafting leaders’? The link between organizational rank, autonomy, and job crafting. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 48 (2), 198–211.
29. Sakuraya, A., Shimazu, A., Eguschi, Kamiyama, K., Hara, Y., Namba, K., Kawakami, N. (2017). Job crafting, work engagement, and psychological distress among Japanese employees: A cross-sectional study. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 11 (6), 1–7.
30. Singh, V. L., Singh, M. (2016). Techniques of Job Crafting: An Exploratory Study on Management Consultants. South Asian Journal of Management, 23 (2).
31. Sivanathan, N., Arnold, K. A., Turner, N., Barling, J. (2007). Jak być dobrym liderem: przywództwo transformacyjne a dobrostan. W: P. A. Linley, S. Joseph (red.), Psychologia pozytywna w praktyce. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 153–169.
32. Slemp, G. R., Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2014). Optimising employee mental health: The relationship between intrinsic need satisfaction, job crafting, and employee well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15 (4), 957–977.
33. Slemp, G. R., Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2013). The job crafting questionnaire: A new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting. International Journal of Wellbeing, 3 (2), 126–146.
34. Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived control by employees: A meta analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work. Human Relation, 39 (11), 1005–1016.
35. Super, D. E. (1972). Psychologia zainteresowań. Warszawa: PWN.
36. Steuden, S. (2012). Psychologia starzenia się. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
37. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B. (2010). Job crafting: Towards a new model of individual job redesign. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36 (2), 1‒9.
38. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 80, 173–186.
39. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18 (2), 230‒240.
40. Vanebelle, E., Broeck Van Den, A., Witte De, H. (2017). Job Crafting: Autonomy and workload as antecedents and the willingness to continue working until retirement age as a positive outcome. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 15, 25–41.
41. Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A., Bala, H. (2013). Bridging the Qualitative-Quantitative Divide: Guidelines for Conducting Mixed Methods Research in Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 37, 21–54.
42. Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a Job: As Active Employees Revisioning Crafters of Their Work. The Academy of Management Review, 26 (2), 179–201.
Referencje
1. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22 (3), 309–328.
2. Bakker, A., Tims, M., Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human Relations, 65 (10), 33–59.
3. Bartkowiak, G. (1999). Orientacja nastawiona na rozwój i uczenie się osób zatrudnionych w organizacji. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu.
4. Bashr, N., Long, Ch.S. (2015). The relation between training and organizational commitment among academicians in Malaysia. Journal of Management Development, 34 (10), 1227–1245. www.emeraldinsight.com/0262–1711.htm, 22.12.2018.
5. Berg, J. M., Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J. E. (2010). Perceiving and responsing to challenges in job crafting at different ranks: When proactivity requires adaptivity. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 31, 158–186.
6. Carvaiho Chinelato De, R. S., Ferreira, M. C., Valenti, F. (2015). Evidence of Validity of Job Crafting Behaviors Scale. Paideia, 25 (62), 325–332. www.scielo.br/paideia, 24.07.2018.
7. Cybal-Michalska, A. (2013). Młodzież akademicka a kariera zawodowa. Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls.
8. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Halbesleben, J. R. (2015). Productive and counterproductive job crafting: A daily diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20 (4), 457–469.
9. Erikson, E. H. (2002). Dopełniony cykl życia. Poznań: Rebis.
10. Grant-Vallone, E. J., Ensher, E. A. (2017). RE-Crafting Careers for Mid-Career Faculty: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 17 (5), 10–24.
11. Hackman, J. R., Oldham, G. R., (1976). Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250–279.
12. Hareem, S., Fariha, R., Tazeen, I. (2017). Psychological Empowerment of University Academicians Through Job Crafting in a Challenging Environment. Global Management Journal of Academic & Corporate Studies, 7 (2), 151–158.
13. Hewson, C. (2006). Mixed Methods Research. In: V. Jupp (ed.), The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods, London: SAGE Publications, 179‒180.
14. Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 341–349.
15. Ko, I. (2011). Crafting a Job: Creating Optimal Experiences at Work. Claremont, CA: Claremont Graduale University (doctoral dissertation).
16. Kowalczyk, E. (2014). Człowiek, organizacja, kariera: siła psychologii stosowanej. Warszawa: Difin.
17. Leana, C., Appelbaum, E., Shevchuck, I. (2009). Work Process and Quality of Care in Early Childhood Education; The Role of Job. Crafting. Academy of Management Journal, 52 (6), 1169–1192.
18. Lyons, P. (2008). The crafting of jobs and individual differences. Journal of Business Psychology, 23 (1–2), 25–36.
19. Nord, W. R., Brief, A. R., Atieh, J. M., Doherty, E. M. (1988). Work values and the conduct of organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 1–42.
20. Obuchowski, K. (2000), Od przedmiotu do podmiotu. Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane AB.
21. Paullay, I. M., Alliger, G. M., Stone-Romeo, E. F. (1994). Construct validation of two instruments designed to measure job involvement and work centrality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 224–228.
22. Pearl, S., Geldenhuys, M. (2016). The effects of job crafting on subjective well-being amongst South African high school teachers. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42 (1).
23. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C. W., Schaufeli, W. B., Hetland, J. (2012). Crafting a job on daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33 (8), 1120–1141.
24. Plomb, J., Tims, M., Akkermans, J., Khapowa, S. N., Jansen, P. G. W., Bakker, A. B. (2016). Career competencies and job crafting. How Proactive employees influence their well being. Career Development International, 21 (6), 587–602.
25. Radstaak, M., Hennes, A. (2017). Leader-member exchange fosters work engagement: The mediating role of job crafting. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 43, 1–11.
26. Riet Van De, J. (2015). Leadership and job crafting: Relationships with employability and creativity (Master’s thesis). Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology.
27. Robertson, I. T. (1980). Study of trainability testing. Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 53 (2), 131‒138.
28. Roczniewska, M. A., Puchalska-Kamińska, M. (2017). Are managers also crafting leaders’? The link between organizational rank, autonomy, and job crafting. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 48 (2), 198–211.
29. Sakuraya, A., Shimazu, A., Eguschi, Kamiyama, K., Hara, Y., Namba, K., Kawakami, N. (2017). Job crafting, work engagement, and psychological distress among Japanese employees: A cross-sectional study. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 11 (6), 1–7.
30. Singh, V. L., Singh, M. (2016). Techniques of Job Crafting: An Exploratory Study on Management Consultants. South Asian Journal of Management, 23 (2).
31. Sivanathan, N., Arnold, K. A., Turner, N., Barling, J. (2007). Jak być dobrym liderem: przywództwo transformacyjne a dobrostan. W: P. A. Linley, S. Joseph (red.), Psychologia pozytywna w praktyce. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 153–169.
32. Slemp, G. R., Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2014). Optimising employee mental health: The relationship between intrinsic need satisfaction, job crafting, and employee well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15 (4), 957–977.
33. Slemp, G. R., Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2013). The job crafting questionnaire: A new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting. International Journal of Wellbeing, 3 (2), 126–146.
34. Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived control by employees: A meta analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work. Human Relation, 39 (11), 1005–1016.
35. Super, D. E. (1972). Psychologia zainteresowań. Warszawa: PWN.
36. Steuden, S. (2012). Psychologia starzenia się. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
37. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B. (2010). Job crafting: Towards a new model of individual job redesign. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36 (2), 1‒9.
38. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 80, 173–186.
39. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18 (2), 230‒240.
40. Vanebelle, E., Broeck Van Den, A., Witte De, H. (2017). Job Crafting: Autonomy and workload as antecedents and the willingness to continue working until retirement age as a positive outcome. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 15, 25–41.
41. Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A., Bala, H. (2013). Bridging the Qualitative-Quantitative Divide: Guidelines for Conducting Mixed Methods Research in Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 37, 21–54.
42. Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a Job: As Active Employees Revisioning Crafters of Their Work. The Academy of Management Review, 26 (2), 179–201.
2. Bakker, A., Tims, M., Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human Relations, 65 (10), 33–59.
3. Bartkowiak, G. (1999). Orientacja nastawiona na rozwój i uczenie się osób zatrudnionych w organizacji. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu.
4. Bashr, N., Long, Ch.S. (2015). The relation between training and organizational commitment among academicians in Malaysia. Journal of Management Development, 34 (10), 1227–1245. www.emeraldinsight.com/0262–1711.htm, 22.12.2018.
5. Berg, J. M., Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J. E. (2010). Perceiving and responsing to challenges in job crafting at different ranks: When proactivity requires adaptivity. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 31, 158–186.
6. Carvaiho Chinelato De, R. S., Ferreira, M. C., Valenti, F. (2015). Evidence of Validity of Job Crafting Behaviors Scale. Paideia, 25 (62), 325–332. www.scielo.br/paideia, 24.07.2018.
7. Cybal-Michalska, A. (2013). Młodzież akademicka a kariera zawodowa. Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls.
8. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Halbesleben, J. R. (2015). Productive and counterproductive job crafting: A daily diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20 (4), 457–469.
9. Erikson, E. H. (2002). Dopełniony cykl życia. Poznań: Rebis.
10. Grant-Vallone, E. J., Ensher, E. A. (2017). RE-Crafting Careers for Mid-Career Faculty: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 17 (5), 10–24.
11. Hackman, J. R., Oldham, G. R., (1976). Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250–279.
12. Hareem, S., Fariha, R., Tazeen, I. (2017). Psychological Empowerment of University Academicians Through Job Crafting in a Challenging Environment. Global Management Journal of Academic & Corporate Studies, 7 (2), 151–158.
13. Hewson, C. (2006). Mixed Methods Research. In: V. Jupp (ed.), The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods, London: SAGE Publications, 179‒180.
14. Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 341–349.
15. Ko, I. (2011). Crafting a Job: Creating Optimal Experiences at Work. Claremont, CA: Claremont Graduale University (doctoral dissertation).
16. Kowalczyk, E. (2014). Człowiek, organizacja, kariera: siła psychologii stosowanej. Warszawa: Difin.
17. Leana, C., Appelbaum, E., Shevchuck, I. (2009). Work Process and Quality of Care in Early Childhood Education; The Role of Job. Crafting. Academy of Management Journal, 52 (6), 1169–1192.
18. Lyons, P. (2008). The crafting of jobs and individual differences. Journal of Business Psychology, 23 (1–2), 25–36.
19. Nord, W. R., Brief, A. R., Atieh, J. M., Doherty, E. M. (1988). Work values and the conduct of organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 1–42.
20. Obuchowski, K. (2000), Od przedmiotu do podmiotu. Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane AB.
21. Paullay, I. M., Alliger, G. M., Stone-Romeo, E. F. (1994). Construct validation of two instruments designed to measure job involvement and work centrality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 224–228.
22. Pearl, S., Geldenhuys, M. (2016). The effects of job crafting on subjective well-being amongst South African high school teachers. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42 (1).
23. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C. W., Schaufeli, W. B., Hetland, J. (2012). Crafting a job on daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33 (8), 1120–1141.
24. Plomb, J., Tims, M., Akkermans, J., Khapowa, S. N., Jansen, P. G. W., Bakker, A. B. (2016). Career competencies and job crafting. How Proactive employees influence their well being. Career Development International, 21 (6), 587–602.
25. Radstaak, M., Hennes, A. (2017). Leader-member exchange fosters work engagement: The mediating role of job crafting. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 43, 1–11.
26. Riet Van De, J. (2015). Leadership and job crafting: Relationships with employability and creativity (Master’s thesis). Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology.
27. Robertson, I. T. (1980). Study of trainability testing. Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 53 (2), 131‒138.
28. Roczniewska, M. A., Puchalska-Kamińska, M. (2017). Are managers also crafting leaders’? The link between organizational rank, autonomy, and job crafting. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 48 (2), 198–211.
29. Sakuraya, A., Shimazu, A., Eguschi, Kamiyama, K., Hara, Y., Namba, K., Kawakami, N. (2017). Job crafting, work engagement, and psychological distress among Japanese employees: A cross-sectional study. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 11 (6), 1–7.
30. Singh, V. L., Singh, M. (2016). Techniques of Job Crafting: An Exploratory Study on Management Consultants. South Asian Journal of Management, 23 (2).
31. Sivanathan, N., Arnold, K. A., Turner, N., Barling, J. (2007). Jak być dobrym liderem: przywództwo transformacyjne a dobrostan. W: P. A. Linley, S. Joseph (red.), Psychologia pozytywna w praktyce. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 153–169.
32. Slemp, G. R., Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2014). Optimising employee mental health: The relationship between intrinsic need satisfaction, job crafting, and employee well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15 (4), 957–977.
33. Slemp, G. R., Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2013). The job crafting questionnaire: A new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting. International Journal of Wellbeing, 3 (2), 126–146.
34. Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived control by employees: A meta analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work. Human Relation, 39 (11), 1005–1016.
35. Super, D. E. (1972). Psychologia zainteresowań. Warszawa: PWN.
36. Steuden, S. (2012). Psychologia starzenia się. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
37. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B. (2010). Job crafting: Towards a new model of individual job redesign. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36 (2), 1‒9.
38. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 80, 173–186.
39. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18 (2), 230‒240.
40. Vanebelle, E., Broeck Van Den, A., Witte De, H. (2017). Job Crafting: Autonomy and workload as antecedents and the willingness to continue working until retirement age as a positive outcome. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 15, 25–41.
41. Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A., Bala, H. (2013). Bridging the Qualitative-Quantitative Divide: Guidelines for Conducting Mixed Methods Research in Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 37, 21–54.
42. Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a Job: As Active Employees Revisioning Crafters of Their Work. The Academy of Management Review, 26 (2), 179–201.