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grudnia 4, 2019
Opublikowane
września 30, 2019
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Abstrakt
Celem artykułu jest przegląd kompetencji i cech osobowościowych ekspatriantów-menedżerów jako ważnego elementu kompetencji w świetle dostępnej literatury przedmiotu. Do chwili obecnej przeprowadzono wiele badań empirycznych i rozważań teoretycznych, w których wyniku powstały zestawienia cech osobowościowych i innych kompetencji ekspatriantów, w tym ekspatriantów-menedżerów, pożądanych w sytuacji ekspatriacji. Kompetencje te i cechy osobowościowe jako ważny element kompetencji są przedmiotem dyskusji w kontekście selekcji pracowników, opracowywania programów adaptacyjnych czy budowania programów rozwojowych i retencyjnych. Ekspatrianci-menedżerowie są delegowani do zadań szczególnych. Wielowymiarowość kultur, w połączeniu ze specyfiką realizowanych zadań, determinują czynniki skutecznego działania ekspatriantów-menedżerów. Sukces osiągają ci ekspatrianci, którzy mają unikatowe kompetencje, w tym cechy osobowościowe, umożliwiające im sprostać lokalnym wyzwan
Słowa kluczowe
ekspatriant (expatriate)
kompetencje ekspatrianta
cechy ekspatrianta
Szczegóły artykułu
Licencja
Autor (Autorzy) artykułu oświadcza, że przesłane opracowanie nie narusza praw autorskich osób trzecich. Wyraża zgodę na poddanie artykułu procedurze recenzji oraz dokonanie zmian redakcyjnych. Przenosi nieodpłatnie na Oficynę Wydawniczą SGH autorskie prawa majątkowe do utworu na polach eksploatacji wymienionych w art. 50 Ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych – pod warunkiem, że praca została zaakceptowana do publikacji i opublikowana.
Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH posiada autorskie prawa majątkowe do wszystkich treści czasopisma. Zamieszczenie tekstu artykuły w repozytorium, na stronie domowej autora lub na innej stronie jest dozwolone o ile nie wiąże się z pozyskiwaniem korzyści majątkowych, a tekst wyposażony będzie w informacje źródłowe (w tym również tytuł, rok, numer i adres internetowy czasopisma).
Osoby zainteresowane komercyjnym wykorzystaniem zawartości czasopisma proszone są o kontakt z Redakcją.
Jak cytować
Krzyżanowska-Celmer , M. (2019). Unikatowe kompetencje ekspatriantów-menedżerów. Edukacja Ekonomistów I Menedżerów, 53(3), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5250
Referencje
-
1. Alder, N., Bartholomew, S. (1992). Managing globally competent people. Academy of Management Review, 6 (3), 52–65.
2. Bartlett, C. A., Ghoshal, S. (1992). What is a global manager. Harvard Business Review, 70, 124–132.
3. Bochner, S. (1981). The mediating person: Bridges between cultures. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.
4. Borrman, W. A. (1968). The problem of expatriate personnel and their selection in international enterprises. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4 (5), 37–48.
5. Coyle, W., Shortland, S. (1992). International Relocation: An International Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
6. Deary, I. J., Metthews, G. (1993). Personality traits are alive and well. The Psychologist, 299–311.
7. Dulewicz, V. (1989). Assessment centers as the route to competence. Personnel Management, 21 (11), 56–59.
8. Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
9. Finaccord (2019). https://www.finaccord.com, 3.03.2019.
10. Furnham, A. (1990). Expatriate Stress: The Problems Living Abroad. In: S. Fischer, C. Cooper (eds), On the Move: The Psychology of Change and Transition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
11. Furnham, A., Bochner, S. (1982). Social Difficulty in a Foreign Culture: An Empirical Analysis of Culture Shock. In: S. Bochner (ed.), Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross--Cultural Interaction. Oxford: Pergamon.
12. Gersten, M. C. (1990). Intercultural competence and expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1 (3), 341–362.
13. Gonzalez, R. (1967). Expatriates. Michigan State University Business Topics, 15 (2), 69‒73.
14. Gordon, L. V. (1967). Clinical, psychometric and work sample approaches in the prediction of success in Peace Corps training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51 (2), 111–119.
15. Gullahorn, J. T., Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19 (3), 33–47.
16. Harris, J. G. (1973). A science of the South Pacific: Analysis of the character structure of the Peace Corps volunteer. American Psychologist, 28 (3), 232–347.
17. Harris, P. R., Morgan, R. T. (1996). Managing Cultural Differences. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.
18. Harvey, M. (1997). Dual-Career Expatriates: Expectations, Adjustment and Satisfaction with International Relocation. Journal of International Business Studies, 28, 627–658.
19. Harzing, A. (2001). Are our referencing errors undermining our scholarship and credibility? The case of expatriate failure. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 23, 127–148.
20. Hassanzadeh, M., Silong, A. D., Asmuni, A., Wahat, W. A. (2015). Global Leadership Competences. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 5 (2), 137–146.
21. Hawes, R. D., Kealey, D. J. (1981). An empirical study of Canadian Technical Assistance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 5, 239–258.
22. Hays, R. D. (1971). Ascribed behaviour determinants of success-failure among US expatriate managers. Journal of International Business, 2, 40–46.
23. Hays, R. D. (1974). Expatriate selection: Insuring success and avoiding failure. Journal of International Business Studies, 5, 25‒37.
24. Heller, J. E. (1980). Criteria for selecting an international manager. Personnel, May/June, 47–55.
25. Hiltrop, J., Janssens, M. (1990). Expatriation: Challenges and Recommendations. European Management Journal, 8 (1), 19–26.
26. Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences. New York: SAGE Publications.
27. Hofstede, G., Bond, M. (1985). The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16, 4‒21.
28. House, R., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership and Organisations. The Globe Study of 62 Societies. New York: SAGE Publications.
29. IDP (1996). Developing an International Career, Key Facts Publication. London.
30. Jordan, J., Cartwright, S. (1998). Selecting expatriate managers: Key traits and competences. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 19 (2), 89–96.
31. Klineberg, O., Hull, W. F. (1979). At a Foreign University: An International Study of Adaptation and Coping. New York: Praeger.
32. Krug, S. E., Johns, F. J. E. (1986). A Large Scale Cross-Validation of Second Order Personality Structure Defined by the 16PF. Psychological Reports, 59, 683–693.
33. Lauermann, E. (1992). British Airways in Europe: A human resources viewpoint of development. European Management Journal, 10 (1), 85–86.
34. Li, Y. (2016). Expatriate Manager’s Adaptation and Knowledge Acquisition. Singapore: Springer Science.
35. Malie, S., Akir, O. (2012). Determinants for Success in Expatriation of Malaysian International Corporations. Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6 (5), 860‒866.
36. Mendenhall, M. E., Dunbar, E., Oddou, G. R. (1987). Expatriate selection, training and career-pathing: A review and critique. Human Resource Management, 26 (3), 331–345.
37. Merriam Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/, 3.03.2019.
38. Meyer, E. (2014). The Culture Map. Breaking Through the Invisible Boundaries of Global Business. New York: Public Affairs.
39. Miller, E. L., Cheng, L. (1978). A closer look at the decision to accept an overseas position. Management International Review, 18 (3), 25‒33.
40. Mischel, W. (1965). Predicting the success of Peace Corp volunteers in Nigeria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1 (5), 7–20.
41. Naeem, A., Nadeem, A. B., Khan, I. U. (2015). Culture shock and its effects on expatriates. Journal of Management and Business Studies, 4 (6), 248–258.
42. Przytuła, S. (2009). Dylematy w doborze menedżerów na kluczowe stanowiska w filiach przedsiębiorstw międzynarodowych. Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi,3‒4 (68‒69), 33‒45.
43. Przytuła, S. (2017). Ekspatriacja tradycyjna i samoinicjowana jako formy migracji transnacjonalnej. Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny, 1 (163), 285‒306.
44. Przytuła, S. (2014). Zarządzanie kadrą ekspatriantów w filiach przedsiębiorstw międzynarodowych w Polsce. Warszawa: CeDeWu.
45. Schaffer, A. (2005). Consider cost and strategy when choosing between expatriate and host-national managers. Journal of Business and Management, 11 (1), 59‒71.
46. Shanahan, D. (1996). From language learner to multicultural manager. European Management Journal, 14 (3), 315–320.
47. Sieveking, N., Anchor, K., Marston, R. (1981). Selecting and preparing expatriate employees. Personnel Journal, March, 197–203.
48. Słownik Języka Polskiego. Hasło: Dogmatyzm. https://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/dogmatyzm;2555272.html, 3.03.2019.
49. Smith, M. (1994). A theory of the validity of predictors in selection. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 67 (1), 13–33.
50. Suutari, V., Raharjo, K., Riikkila, T. (2002). The Challenge of Cross-Cultural Leadership Interaction: Finnish Expatriates in Indonesia. Career Development International, 7 (7), 415‒429).
51. Swift, J. S. (1992). Attitudes to language learning. Journal of European Industrial Training, 16 (7), 7–15.
52. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Trompenaars, F., Hampden-Turner, Ch. (1998). Ridning the Waves of Culture. Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
54. Tung, R. (1981). Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, Spring, 68–78.
55. Wiseman, R. L., Hammer, M. R., Nishida, H. (1989). Predictors of intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13 (3), 349–370.
56. Woodruffe, C. (1992). What Is Meant by Competency. In: R. Boam, P. Sparrow (eds), Designing and Achieving Competency: A Competency Approach to Developing People and Organisations. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill, 1‒29.
Referencje
1. Alder, N., Bartholomew, S. (1992). Managing globally competent people. Academy of Management Review, 6 (3), 52–65.
2. Bartlett, C. A., Ghoshal, S. (1992). What is a global manager. Harvard Business Review, 70, 124–132.
3. Bochner, S. (1981). The mediating person: Bridges between cultures. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.
4. Borrman, W. A. (1968). The problem of expatriate personnel and their selection in international enterprises. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4 (5), 37–48.
5. Coyle, W., Shortland, S. (1992). International Relocation: An International Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
6. Deary, I. J., Metthews, G. (1993). Personality traits are alive and well. The Psychologist, 299–311.
7. Dulewicz, V. (1989). Assessment centers as the route to competence. Personnel Management, 21 (11), 56–59.
8. Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
9. Finaccord (2019). https://www.finaccord.com, 3.03.2019.
10. Furnham, A. (1990). Expatriate Stress: The Problems Living Abroad. In: S. Fischer, C. Cooper (eds), On the Move: The Psychology of Change and Transition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
11. Furnham, A., Bochner, S. (1982). Social Difficulty in a Foreign Culture: An Empirical Analysis of Culture Shock. In: S. Bochner (ed.), Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross--Cultural Interaction. Oxford: Pergamon.
12. Gersten, M. C. (1990). Intercultural competence and expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1 (3), 341–362.
13. Gonzalez, R. (1967). Expatriates. Michigan State University Business Topics, 15 (2), 69‒73.
14. Gordon, L. V. (1967). Clinical, psychometric and work sample approaches in the prediction of success in Peace Corps training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51 (2), 111–119.
15. Gullahorn, J. T., Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19 (3), 33–47.
16. Harris, J. G. (1973). A science of the South Pacific: Analysis of the character structure of the Peace Corps volunteer. American Psychologist, 28 (3), 232–347.
17. Harris, P. R., Morgan, R. T. (1996). Managing Cultural Differences. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.
18. Harvey, M. (1997). Dual-Career Expatriates: Expectations, Adjustment and Satisfaction with International Relocation. Journal of International Business Studies, 28, 627–658.
19. Harzing, A. (2001). Are our referencing errors undermining our scholarship and credibility? The case of expatriate failure. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 23, 127–148.
20. Hassanzadeh, M., Silong, A. D., Asmuni, A., Wahat, W. A. (2015). Global Leadership Competences. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 5 (2), 137–146.
21. Hawes, R. D., Kealey, D. J. (1981). An empirical study of Canadian Technical Assistance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 5, 239–258.
22. Hays, R. D. (1971). Ascribed behaviour determinants of success-failure among US expatriate managers. Journal of International Business, 2, 40–46.
23. Hays, R. D. (1974). Expatriate selection: Insuring success and avoiding failure. Journal of International Business Studies, 5, 25‒37.
24. Heller, J. E. (1980). Criteria for selecting an international manager. Personnel, May/June, 47–55.
25. Hiltrop, J., Janssens, M. (1990). Expatriation: Challenges and Recommendations. European Management Journal, 8 (1), 19–26.
26. Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences. New York: SAGE Publications.
27. Hofstede, G., Bond, M. (1985). The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16, 4‒21.
28. House, R., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership and Organisations. The Globe Study of 62 Societies. New York: SAGE Publications.
29. IDP (1996). Developing an International Career, Key Facts Publication. London.
30. Jordan, J., Cartwright, S. (1998). Selecting expatriate managers: Key traits and competences. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 19 (2), 89–96.
31. Klineberg, O., Hull, W. F. (1979). At a Foreign University: An International Study of Adaptation and Coping. New York: Praeger.
32. Krug, S. E., Johns, F. J. E. (1986). A Large Scale Cross-Validation of Second Order Personality Structure Defined by the 16PF. Psychological Reports, 59, 683–693.
33. Lauermann, E. (1992). British Airways in Europe: A human resources viewpoint of development. European Management Journal, 10 (1), 85–86.
34. Li, Y. (2016). Expatriate Manager’s Adaptation and Knowledge Acquisition. Singapore: Springer Science.
35. Malie, S., Akir, O. (2012). Determinants for Success in Expatriation of Malaysian International Corporations. Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6 (5), 860‒866.
36. Mendenhall, M. E., Dunbar, E., Oddou, G. R. (1987). Expatriate selection, training and career-pathing: A review and critique. Human Resource Management, 26 (3), 331–345.
37. Merriam Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/, 3.03.2019.
38. Meyer, E. (2014). The Culture Map. Breaking Through the Invisible Boundaries of Global Business. New York: Public Affairs.
39. Miller, E. L., Cheng, L. (1978). A closer look at the decision to accept an overseas position. Management International Review, 18 (3), 25‒33.
40. Mischel, W. (1965). Predicting the success of Peace Corp volunteers in Nigeria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1 (5), 7–20.
41. Naeem, A., Nadeem, A. B., Khan, I. U. (2015). Culture shock and its effects on expatriates. Journal of Management and Business Studies, 4 (6), 248–258.
42. Przytuła, S. (2009). Dylematy w doborze menedżerów na kluczowe stanowiska w filiach przedsiębiorstw międzynarodowych. Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi,3‒4 (68‒69), 33‒45.
43. Przytuła, S. (2017). Ekspatriacja tradycyjna i samoinicjowana jako formy migracji transnacjonalnej. Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny, 1 (163), 285‒306.
44. Przytuła, S. (2014). Zarządzanie kadrą ekspatriantów w filiach przedsiębiorstw międzynarodowych w Polsce. Warszawa: CeDeWu.
45. Schaffer, A. (2005). Consider cost and strategy when choosing between expatriate and host-national managers. Journal of Business and Management, 11 (1), 59‒71.
46. Shanahan, D. (1996). From language learner to multicultural manager. European Management Journal, 14 (3), 315–320.
47. Sieveking, N., Anchor, K., Marston, R. (1981). Selecting and preparing expatriate employees. Personnel Journal, March, 197–203.
48. Słownik Języka Polskiego. Hasło: Dogmatyzm. https://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/dogmatyzm;2555272.html, 3.03.2019.
49. Smith, M. (1994). A theory of the validity of predictors in selection. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 67 (1), 13–33.
50. Suutari, V., Raharjo, K., Riikkila, T. (2002). The Challenge of Cross-Cultural Leadership Interaction: Finnish Expatriates in Indonesia. Career Development International, 7 (7), 415‒429).
51. Swift, J. S. (1992). Attitudes to language learning. Journal of European Industrial Training, 16 (7), 7–15.
52. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Trompenaars, F., Hampden-Turner, Ch. (1998). Ridning the Waves of Culture. Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
54. Tung, R. (1981). Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, Spring, 68–78.
55. Wiseman, R. L., Hammer, M. R., Nishida, H. (1989). Predictors of intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13 (3), 349–370.
56. Woodruffe, C. (1992). What Is Meant by Competency. In: R. Boam, P. Sparrow (eds), Designing and Achieving Competency: A Competency Approach to Developing People and Organisations. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill, 1‒29.
2. Bartlett, C. A., Ghoshal, S. (1992). What is a global manager. Harvard Business Review, 70, 124–132.
3. Bochner, S. (1981). The mediating person: Bridges between cultures. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.
4. Borrman, W. A. (1968). The problem of expatriate personnel and their selection in international enterprises. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4 (5), 37–48.
5. Coyle, W., Shortland, S. (1992). International Relocation: An International Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
6. Deary, I. J., Metthews, G. (1993). Personality traits are alive and well. The Psychologist, 299–311.
7. Dulewicz, V. (1989). Assessment centers as the route to competence. Personnel Management, 21 (11), 56–59.
8. Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
9. Finaccord (2019). https://www.finaccord.com, 3.03.2019.
10. Furnham, A. (1990). Expatriate Stress: The Problems Living Abroad. In: S. Fischer, C. Cooper (eds), On the Move: The Psychology of Change and Transition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
11. Furnham, A., Bochner, S. (1982). Social Difficulty in a Foreign Culture: An Empirical Analysis of Culture Shock. In: S. Bochner (ed.), Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross--Cultural Interaction. Oxford: Pergamon.
12. Gersten, M. C. (1990). Intercultural competence and expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1 (3), 341–362.
13. Gonzalez, R. (1967). Expatriates. Michigan State University Business Topics, 15 (2), 69‒73.
14. Gordon, L. V. (1967). Clinical, psychometric and work sample approaches in the prediction of success in Peace Corps training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51 (2), 111–119.
15. Gullahorn, J. T., Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19 (3), 33–47.
16. Harris, J. G. (1973). A science of the South Pacific: Analysis of the character structure of the Peace Corps volunteer. American Psychologist, 28 (3), 232–347.
17. Harris, P. R., Morgan, R. T. (1996). Managing Cultural Differences. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.
18. Harvey, M. (1997). Dual-Career Expatriates: Expectations, Adjustment and Satisfaction with International Relocation. Journal of International Business Studies, 28, 627–658.
19. Harzing, A. (2001). Are our referencing errors undermining our scholarship and credibility? The case of expatriate failure. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 23, 127–148.
20. Hassanzadeh, M., Silong, A. D., Asmuni, A., Wahat, W. A. (2015). Global Leadership Competences. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 5 (2), 137–146.
21. Hawes, R. D., Kealey, D. J. (1981). An empirical study of Canadian Technical Assistance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 5, 239–258.
22. Hays, R. D. (1971). Ascribed behaviour determinants of success-failure among US expatriate managers. Journal of International Business, 2, 40–46.
23. Hays, R. D. (1974). Expatriate selection: Insuring success and avoiding failure. Journal of International Business Studies, 5, 25‒37.
24. Heller, J. E. (1980). Criteria for selecting an international manager. Personnel, May/June, 47–55.
25. Hiltrop, J., Janssens, M. (1990). Expatriation: Challenges and Recommendations. European Management Journal, 8 (1), 19–26.
26. Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences. New York: SAGE Publications.
27. Hofstede, G., Bond, M. (1985). The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16, 4‒21.
28. House, R., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership and Organisations. The Globe Study of 62 Societies. New York: SAGE Publications.
29. IDP (1996). Developing an International Career, Key Facts Publication. London.
30. Jordan, J., Cartwright, S. (1998). Selecting expatriate managers: Key traits and competences. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 19 (2), 89–96.
31. Klineberg, O., Hull, W. F. (1979). At a Foreign University: An International Study of Adaptation and Coping. New York: Praeger.
32. Krug, S. E., Johns, F. J. E. (1986). A Large Scale Cross-Validation of Second Order Personality Structure Defined by the 16PF. Psychological Reports, 59, 683–693.
33. Lauermann, E. (1992). British Airways in Europe: A human resources viewpoint of development. European Management Journal, 10 (1), 85–86.
34. Li, Y. (2016). Expatriate Manager’s Adaptation and Knowledge Acquisition. Singapore: Springer Science.
35. Malie, S., Akir, O. (2012). Determinants for Success in Expatriation of Malaysian International Corporations. Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6 (5), 860‒866.
36. Mendenhall, M. E., Dunbar, E., Oddou, G. R. (1987). Expatriate selection, training and career-pathing: A review and critique. Human Resource Management, 26 (3), 331–345.
37. Merriam Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/, 3.03.2019.
38. Meyer, E. (2014). The Culture Map. Breaking Through the Invisible Boundaries of Global Business. New York: Public Affairs.
39. Miller, E. L., Cheng, L. (1978). A closer look at the decision to accept an overseas position. Management International Review, 18 (3), 25‒33.
40. Mischel, W. (1965). Predicting the success of Peace Corp volunteers in Nigeria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1 (5), 7–20.
41. Naeem, A., Nadeem, A. B., Khan, I. U. (2015). Culture shock and its effects on expatriates. Journal of Management and Business Studies, 4 (6), 248–258.
42. Przytuła, S. (2009). Dylematy w doborze menedżerów na kluczowe stanowiska w filiach przedsiębiorstw międzynarodowych. Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi,3‒4 (68‒69), 33‒45.
43. Przytuła, S. (2017). Ekspatriacja tradycyjna i samoinicjowana jako formy migracji transnacjonalnej. Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny, 1 (163), 285‒306.
44. Przytuła, S. (2014). Zarządzanie kadrą ekspatriantów w filiach przedsiębiorstw międzynarodowych w Polsce. Warszawa: CeDeWu.
45. Schaffer, A. (2005). Consider cost and strategy when choosing between expatriate and host-national managers. Journal of Business and Management, 11 (1), 59‒71.
46. Shanahan, D. (1996). From language learner to multicultural manager. European Management Journal, 14 (3), 315–320.
47. Sieveking, N., Anchor, K., Marston, R. (1981). Selecting and preparing expatriate employees. Personnel Journal, March, 197–203.
48. Słownik Języka Polskiego. Hasło: Dogmatyzm. https://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/dogmatyzm;2555272.html, 3.03.2019.
49. Smith, M. (1994). A theory of the validity of predictors in selection. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 67 (1), 13–33.
50. Suutari, V., Raharjo, K., Riikkila, T. (2002). The Challenge of Cross-Cultural Leadership Interaction: Finnish Expatriates in Indonesia. Career Development International, 7 (7), 415‒429).
51. Swift, J. S. (1992). Attitudes to language learning. Journal of European Industrial Training, 16 (7), 7–15.
52. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Trompenaars, F., Hampden-Turner, Ch. (1998). Ridning the Waves of Culture. Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
54. Tung, R. (1981). Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, Spring, 68–78.
55. Wiseman, R. L., Hammer, M. R., Nishida, H. (1989). Predictors of intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13 (3), 349–370.
56. Woodruffe, C. (1992). What Is Meant by Competency. In: R. Boam, P. Sparrow (eds), Designing and Achieving Competency: A Competency Approach to Developing People and Organisations. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill, 1‒29.