Green filming in Poland. An interplay between necessity, environmental responsibility and green incentives

Katarzyna Kopeć; Marta Materska-Samek

doi:10.33119/EEIM.2023.68.4

Przesłane

grudnia 1, 2023

Opublikowane

stycznia 2, 2024

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Abstrakt

The objective of this paper is to explore the sustainable management approach in film production by examining tangible green film policy solutions in Poland. Specifically, the article contributes to mapping the green film ecosystem in Poland. First, it points to different green screen practices, showing actions that promote an environmentally sustainable approach to film production. Second, it examines the challenges associated with implementing green film production in Poland, considering the conditions necessary for transforming film production into an ecological production framework.

Słowa kluczowe

wip green policy green incentives green filmmaking sustainable film production green filming

Licencja

Autor (Autorzy) artykułu oświadcza, że przesłane opracowanie nie narusza praw autorskich osób trzecich. Wyraża zgodę na poddanie artykułu procedurze recenzji oraz dokonanie zmian redakcyjnych. Przenosi nieodpłatnie na Oficynę Wydawniczą SGH autorskie prawa majątkowe do utworu na polach eksploatacji wymienionych w art. 50 Ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych – pod warunkiem, że praca została zaakceptowana do publikacji i opublikowana.

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Licencja CC-BY

Jak cytować

Kopeć, K., & Materska-Samek, M. (2024). Green Filming in Poland. An Interplay Between Necessity, Environmental Responsibility and Green Incentives. Edukacja Ekonomistów I Menedżerów, 68(2). https://doi.org/10.33119/EEIM.2023.68.4 (Original work published 1 grudzień 2023)

Pobierz cytowania

Referencje

Bozak, N. (2011). The Cinematic Footprint: Lights, Camera, Natural Resources. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press.
Bradbury, J. Ch. (2000). Do Movie Production Incentives Generate Economic Development? Contemporary Economic Policy, 38 (2), 327–342.
Calawerts, G., (2022). The Sustainability and Film Relationship. Retrieved from: https:// amt-lab.org/blog/2021/12/what-does-sustainability-look-like-in-the-film-industry (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Caraway, BR. (2018). Literal Media Ecology: Crisis in the Conditions of Production. Television & New Media, 19 (5), 486–503.
Carbon Emissions of Film and Television Production (2021). Retrieved from: https://www. greenproductionguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SPA-Carbon-EmissionsReport.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the European council, the council, the European economic and social committee, the committee of the regions and the European investment bank. A Clean Planet for all. A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, COM/2018/773 final. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0773 (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Cubitt, S. (2015). Toxic Media: On the Ecological Impact of Cinema. In: Narine, A. (Ed.).
Eco-Trauma Cinema. New York: Routledge, 231–248.
Cubitt, S. (2017). Finite Media: Environmental Implications of Digital Technologies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Environmental Social Governance Report 2021 (2021). Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) Report. Netflix. Retrieved from: https://assets.ctfassets.net/4cd45et6 8cgf/7B2bKCqkXDfHLadrjrNWD8/e44583e5b288bdf61e8bf3d7f8562884/2021_ US_EN_Netflix_EnvironmentalSocialGovernanceReport-2021_Final.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Etteldorf, Ch. (2022). New German Film Support Act enters into force on 1 January 2022. Retrieved from: https://merlin.obs.coe.int/article/9409 (accessed: 20.07.2023).
European Commission (2015). Circular Economy Package: Questions & Answers: MEMO/ 15/6204. Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-6204_ en.htm (accessed: 20.07.2023).
European Film Forum (2021). Retrieved from: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/ policies/film-forum (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Film dla klimatu (2023). Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/filmdlaklimatu (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Głowacka, M., Krymarys, M., Leszczyńska, A., Mazepa, J. (2022).“Eco Must-Have for Producers”. Zrównoważona produkcja filmowa i telewizyjna w Polsce i na Słowacji. Zielony przewodnik po branży audiowizualnej. Retrieved from: https://kipa.pl/wp-content/ uploads/2022/04/GreenFilmTourism_Zielony_przewodnik_dla_bran%C5%BCy_ audiowizualnej.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Green Matters. Environmental Sustainability and Film Production: An Overview of Current Practice (2020). Bigge Picture Research, British Film Institute. Retrieved from: https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-green-matters-ukscreen-sector-report-2020-v1.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Gündüz, Özdemirci, E. (2016). Greening the Screen: An Environmental Challenge.
Humanities, 5 (2), 35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/h5020035.
Hjort, M., Nannincelli, T. (2022). Environmental/Ecological Value. In: Hjort, M., Nannicelli, T. (Eds.). A Companion to Motion Pictures and Public Value. Wiley Blackwell, 279–349.
Ingram, D. (2000). Green screen. Environmentalism and Hollywood Cinema. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
Ivakhiv, A. J. (2013). Ecologies of the Moving Image: Cinema, Affect, Nature. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Jetter, M. (2020). Opportunities and Limitations of Carbon Calculators on the Road to Sustainable Film and Television Productions. Retrieved from: https://greenfilmshooting. net/blog/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/11/EN_Jetter_Thesis-on-carboncalculators-for-film-and-TV_2020-10-27_v1.4.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Kääpä, P. (2018). Environmental Management of the Media. Policy, Industry, Practice. New York: Routledge.
Keilbach, J., Spoler, F. (2022). Passing on Responsibility: Obstacles to Green Film Production in the Netherlands. In: Kääpä, P., Vaughan, H. (Eds.). Film and Television Production in the Age of Climate Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan, 163–179.
Kunelius, R., Roosvall, A. (2021). Media and the Climate Crisis. Nordic Journal of Media Studies, 3 (1), 1–19.
Lancement par le CNC du Plan Action! Pour une politique publique de la transition écologique et énergétique (2021). Retrieved from: https://www.cnc.fr/professionnels/actualites/ lancement-par-le-cnc-du-plan-action--pour-une-politique-publique-de-la-transition-ecologique-et-energetique_1490879 (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Lopera-Mármol, M., Jiménez-Morales, M. (2021). Green Shooting: Media Sustainability, A New Trend. Sustainability, 13 (6), 3001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063001.
Maxwell, R., Miller, T. (2012). Greening the Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Maxwell, R, Miller, T (2017). Greening Cultural Policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 23 (2), 174–185.
Mehr Nachhaltigkeit in der Filmwirtschaft (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/bundesregierung/bundeskanzleramt/staatsministerinfuer-kultur-und-medien/nachhaltigkeit-im-film-2059984 (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Paris Climate Change Conference (2015). Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/newsyour-voice/events/paris-climate-change-conference-cop21cmp11_en (accessed:
07.2023).
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (1987). Retrieved from: http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Sørensen, I. E., Noonan, C. (2022). Production, Policy and Power: The Screen Industry’s Response to the Environmental Crisis. Media, Culture & Society, 44 (1), 172–184. DOI
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01634437211065697
Starosielski, N., Walker, J. (2016). Sustainable Media. New York: Routledge.
Sustainability in the Motion Picture Industry (2006). University of California Los Angeles UCLA Institute of the Environment. Retrieved from: https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/ wp-content/uploads/mpisreport.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).
The Green Report 2020. On Sustainability in the European Regions (2020). Cineregio. Retrieved from: https://greenfilmshooting.net/blog/de/wp-content/uploads/ sites/2/2020/02/CineRegio-GreenReport-web-2020.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).
The Media and Audiovisual Action Plan (MAAP, 2020). Retrieved from: https://digitalstrategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/media-and-audiovisual-action-plan (accessed:
07.2023).
UN Social Development Network. Retrieved from: https://unsdn.org/2021/04/28/ the-economy-of-wellbeing-a-holistic-approach-to-achieve-the-agenda-2030-goals/ (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Vaughan, H. (2019). Hollywood’s Dirtiest Secret. The Hidden Environmental Costs of the Movies. New York: Columbia University Press.
Victory, J. D. (2015). Green Shoots: Environmental Sustainability and Contemporary Film Production. Studies in Arts and Humanities, 01 (01), 54–67.
Wachsmuth, J., Duscha, V., Eckstein, J., Herbst, A., Plötz, P., Duwe, M., Evans, N., Freundt, M., Umpfenbach, K., Bettgenhäuser, K., Hermelink, A. (2022). The European Commission’s 2050 Vision “A Clean Planet for All” – Implications for Sector Strategies and Climate Governance, Ressortforschungsplan of the Federal Ministry for the Enviroment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection. Retrieved from: https://www.ecologic.eu/sites/default/files/publication/2022/3550-the-europeancommissions-2050-vision-web.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Wróblewska, A. (2020), Zielona produkcja filmowa (cz. II). Zostaje po nas węglowy ślad. Retrieved from: https://www.sfp.org.pl/wydarzenia,5,31126,2,1,Zielona-produkcja-filmowa-cz-II- Zostaje-po-nas-weglowy-slad.html (accessed: 20.07.2023).
Wróblewska, A. (2021). Zrównoważona produkcja filmowa w Polsce. Geneza i perspektywy. Zarządzanie w kulturze, 22 (3), 365–383. DOI:10.4467/20843976ZK.21.023.14283.
Wytyczne (guidelines) – Zrównoważona produkcja filmowa. Wytyczne dot. green filmingu dla producentów filmowych realizujących zdjęcia i/lub postprodukcję na terenie Łodzi/ województwa łódzkiego. Retrieved from: http://lodzfilmcommission.pl/system/ files/ec1_medialib/2019/11/Za%C5%82.%20nr%206%20do%20regulaminu%20 konkursu_zr%C3%B3wnowa%C5%BCona%20produkcja%20filmowa_wytyczne. pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Referencje

Bozak, N. (2011). The Cinematic Footprint: Lights, Camera, Natural Resources. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press.

Bradbury, J. Ch. (2000). Do Movie Production Incentives Generate Economic Development? Contemporary Economic Policy, 38 (2), 327–342.

Calawerts, G., (2022). The Sustainability and Film Relationship. Retrieved from: https:// amt-lab.org/blog/2021/12/what-does-sustainability-look-like-in-the-film-industry (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Caraway, BR. (2018). Literal Media Ecology: Crisis in the Conditions of Production. Television & New Media, 19 (5), 486–503.

Carbon Emissions of Film and Television Production (2021). Retrieved from: https://www. greenproductionguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SPA-Carbon-EmissionsReport.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the European council, the council, the European economic and social committee, the committee of the regions and the European investment bank. A Clean Planet for all. A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, COM/2018/773 final. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0773 (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Cubitt, S. (2015). Toxic Media: On the Ecological Impact of Cinema. In: Narine, A. (Ed.).

Eco-Trauma Cinema. New York: Routledge, 231–248.

Cubitt, S. (2017). Finite Media: Environmental Implications of Digital Technologies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Environmental Social Governance Report 2021 (2021). Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) Report. Netflix. Retrieved from: https://assets.ctfassets.net/4cd45et6 8cgf/7B2bKCqkXDfHLadrjrNWD8/e44583e5b288bdf61e8bf3d7f8562884/2021_ US_EN_Netflix_EnvironmentalSocialGovernanceReport-2021_Final.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Etteldorf, Ch. (2022). New German Film Support Act enters into force on 1 January 2022. Retrieved from: https://merlin.obs.coe.int/article/9409 (accessed: 20.07.2023).

European Commission (2015). Circular Economy Package: Questions & Answers: MEMO/ 15/6204. Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-6204_ en.htm (accessed: 20.07.2023).

European Film Forum (2021). Retrieved from: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/ policies/film-forum (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Film dla klimatu (2023). Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/filmdlaklimatu (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Głowacka, M., Krymarys, M., Leszczyńska, A., Mazepa, J. (2022).“Eco Must-Have for Producers”. Zrównoważona produkcja filmowa i telewizyjna w Polsce i na Słowacji. Zielony przewodnik po branży audiowizualnej. Retrieved from: https://kipa.pl/wp-content/ uploads/2022/04/GreenFilmTourism_Zielony_przewodnik_dla_bran%C5%BCy_ audiowizualnej.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Green Matters. Environmental Sustainability and Film Production: An Overview of Current Practice (2020). Bigge Picture Research, British Film Institute. Retrieved from: https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-green-matters-ukscreen-sector-report-2020-v1.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Gündüz, Özdemirci, E. (2016). Greening the Screen: An Environmental Challenge.

Humanities, 5 (2), 35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/h5020035.

Hjort, M., Nannincelli, T. (2022). Environmental/Ecological Value. In: Hjort, M., Nannicelli, T. (Eds.). A Companion to Motion Pictures and Public Value. Wiley Blackwell, 279–349.

Ingram, D. (2000). Green screen. Environmentalism and Hollywood Cinema. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.

Ivakhiv, A. J. (2013). Ecologies of the Moving Image: Cinema, Affect, Nature. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.

Jetter, M. (2020). Opportunities and Limitations of Carbon Calculators on the Road to Sustainable Film and Television Productions. Retrieved from: https://greenfilmshooting. net/blog/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/11/EN_Jetter_Thesis-on-carboncalculators-for-film-and-TV_2020-10-27_v1.4.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Kääpä, P. (2018). Environmental Management of the Media. Policy, Industry, Practice. New York: Routledge.

Keilbach, J., Spoler, F. (2022). Passing on Responsibility: Obstacles to Green Film Production in the Netherlands. In: Kääpä, P., Vaughan, H. (Eds.). Film and Television Production in the Age of Climate Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan, 163–179.

Kunelius, R., Roosvall, A. (2021). Media and the Climate Crisis. Nordic Journal of Media Studies, 3 (1), 1–19.

Lancement par le CNC du Plan Action! Pour une politique publique de la transition écologique et énergétique (2021). Retrieved from: https://www.cnc.fr/professionnels/actualites/ lancement-par-le-cnc-du-plan-action--pour-une-politique-publique-de-la-transition-ecologique-et-energetique_1490879 (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Lopera-Mármol, M., Jiménez-Morales, M. (2021). Green Shooting: Media Sustainability, A New Trend. Sustainability, 13 (6), 3001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063001.

Maxwell, R., Miller, T. (2012). Greening the Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Maxwell, R, Miller, T (2017). Greening Cultural Policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 23 (2), 174–185.

Mehr Nachhaltigkeit in der Filmwirtschaft (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/bundesregierung/bundeskanzleramt/staatsministerinfuer-kultur-und-medien/nachhaltigkeit-im-film-2059984 (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Paris Climate Change Conference (2015). Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/newsyour-voice/events/paris-climate-change-conference-cop21cmp11_en (accessed:

07.2023).

Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (1987). Retrieved from: http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Sørensen, I. E., Noonan, C. (2022). Production, Policy and Power: The Screen Industry’s Response to the Environmental Crisis. Media, Culture & Society, 44 (1), 172–184. DOI

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01634437211065697

Starosielski, N., Walker, J. (2016). Sustainable Media. New York: Routledge.

Sustainability in the Motion Picture Industry (2006). University of California Los Angeles UCLA Institute of the Environment. Retrieved from: https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/ wp-content/uploads/mpisreport.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

The Green Report 2020. On Sustainability in the European Regions (2020). Cineregio. Retrieved from: https://greenfilmshooting.net/blog/de/wp-content/uploads/ sites/2/2020/02/CineRegio-GreenReport-web-2020.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

The Media and Audiovisual Action Plan (MAAP, 2020). Retrieved from: https://digitalstrategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/media-and-audiovisual-action-plan (accessed:

07.2023).

UN Social Development Network. Retrieved from: https://unsdn.org/2021/04/28/ the-economy-of-wellbeing-a-holistic-approach-to-achieve-the-agenda-2030-goals/ (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Vaughan, H. (2019). Hollywood’s Dirtiest Secret. The Hidden Environmental Costs of the Movies. New York: Columbia University Press.

Victory, J. D. (2015). Green Shoots: Environmental Sustainability and Contemporary Film Production. Studies in Arts and Humanities, 01 (01), 54–67.

Wachsmuth, J., Duscha, V., Eckstein, J., Herbst, A., Plötz, P., Duwe, M., Evans, N., Freundt, M., Umpfenbach, K., Bettgenhäuser, K., Hermelink, A. (2022). The European Commission’s 2050 Vision “A Clean Planet for All” – Implications for Sector Strategies and Climate Governance, Ressortforschungsplan of the Federal Ministry for the Enviroment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection. Retrieved from: https://www.ecologic.eu/sites/default/files/publication/2022/3550-the-europeancommissions-2050-vision-web.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Wróblewska, A. (2020), Zielona produkcja filmowa (cz. II). Zostaje po nas węglowy ślad. Retrieved from: https://www.sfp.org.pl/wydarzenia,5,31126,2,1,Zielona-produkcja-filmowa-cz-II- Zostaje-po-nas-weglowy-slad.html (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Wróblewska, A. (2021). Zrównoważona produkcja filmowa w Polsce. Geneza i perspektywy. Zarządzanie w kulturze, 22 (3), 365–383. DOI:10.4467/20843976ZK.21.023.14283.

Wytyczne (guidelines) – Zrównoważona produkcja filmowa. Wytyczne dot. green filmingu dla producentów filmowych realizujących zdjęcia i/lub postprodukcję na terenie Łodzi/ województwa łódzkiego. Retrieved from: http://lodzfilmcommission.pl/system/ files/ec1_medialib/2019/11/Za%C5%82.%20nr%206%20do%20regulaminu%20 konkursu_zr%C3%B3wnowa%C5%BCona%20produkcja%20filmowa_wytyczne. pdf (accessed: 20.07.2023).

Green Filming in Poland. An Interplay Between Necessity, Environmental Responsibility and Green Incentives

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