Treść głównego artykułu
Abstrakt
This paper explores the effectiveness of the Shortened Working Week (SWW) as a mechanism for advancing Sustainable Human Resource Management (SHRM). It begins by reviewing various SWW models implemented in pilot studies across the UK, Sweden, Japan, and the US. Next, the paper employs the Triple Bottom Line theoretical framework to assess the impact of SWW on SHRM. Furthermore, it presents empirical data from a survey of 1,000 white-collar employees in Polish organisations, examining their attitudes towards SWW. The findings suggest that a reduction in work hours can positively influence the social, economic, and environmental pillars of SHRM. Considering the varied preferences for SWW based on factors such as gender, family status, and company size, the paper recommends that managers consider flexible scheduling alternatives to the conventional Free Fridays model.
Słowa kluczowe
Szczegóły artykułu
Autor (Autorzy) artykułu oświadcza, że przesłane opracowanie nie narusza praw autorskich osób trzecich. Wyraża zgodę na poddanie artykułu procedurze recenzji oraz dokonanie zmian redakcyjnych. Przenosi nieodpłatnie na Oficynę Wydawniczą SGH autorskie prawa majątkowe do utworu na polach eksploatacji wymienionych w art. 50 Ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych – pod warunkiem, że praca została zaakceptowana do publikacji i opublikowana.
Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH posiada autorskie prawa majątkowe do wszystkich treści czasopisma. Zamieszczenie tekstu artykuły w repozytorium, na stronie domowej autora lub na innej stronie jest dozwolone o ile nie wiąże się z pozyskiwaniem korzyści majątkowych, a tekst wyposażony będzie w informacje źródłowe (w tym również tytuł, rok, numer i adres internetowy czasopisma).
Osoby zainteresowane komercyjnym wykorzystaniem zawartości czasopisma proszone są o kontakt z Redakcją.
Referencje
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- Andersson, L., Jackson, S. E., Russell, S. V. (2013). Greening Organizational Behavior: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34 (2), 151–155.
- Anttila, T., Oinas, T., Tammelin, M., Natti, J. (2015). Working-Time Regimes and WorkLife Balance in Europe. European Sociological Review, 31 (6), 6.
- Atom Bank (2021, 23 November). Atom Becomes Largest Company in Britain to Introduce
- Four‑Day Working Week and Reduced Hours for All Employees, with No Reduction in Salary. Retrieved from https://www.atombank.co.uk/newsroom/four-day-working-week/ (accessed: 10.05.2023).
- Augustyńska-Śmietało, I. (2023). Wybrane wyzwania stojące przed managerami w organizacji dążącej do wprowadzenia czterodniowego tygodnia pracy. Przykłady polskich firm. Edukacja Ekonomistów i Menedżerów, 68 (2), 9–20.
- Aust, I., Matthews, B., Muller-Camen, M. (2019). Common Good HRM: A Paradigm Shift in Sustainable HRM? Human Resource Management Review, 30, p. 100705. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100705.
- Autonomy Research. (2023). The 4 Day Week UK Pilot Programme Results – 4 Day Week Global. Retrieved from: https://www.4dayweek.com/uk-pilot-results (accessed: 10.11.2023).
- Barnes, A., Jones, S. (2020). The 4 Day Week. London: Piatkus.
- Barrena-Martinez, J., Lopez-Fernandez, M., Romero-Fernandez, P. M. (2019). The Link Between Socially Responsible Human Resource Management and Intellectual Capital. Corporate Social Responsible. Environment Management, 26 (1), 71–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1658.
- BBC (2017, 8 February). What Really Happened When Swedes Tried Six‑Hour Days? Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38843341 (accessed: 10.10.2023).
- BBC News (2021, 6 July). Four‑Day Week “An Overwhelming Success” in Iceland. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57724779 (accessed: 10.10.2023).
- Bush, J. T. (2019). Win-Win-Lose? Sustainable HRM and the Promotion of Unsustainable Employee Outcomes. Human Resource Management Review, 30 (3), 100676. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.11.004.
- Clarke, M. (Ed.) (2011). Readings in HRM and Sustainability. Prahan: Tilde University Press.
- Collewet, M., de Grip, A., de Koning, J. (2017) Conspicuous Work: Peer Working Time, Labour Supply, and Happiness. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 68 (4), 79–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2017.04.002.
- De Prins, P., Van Beirendonck, L., De Vos, A., Segers, J. (2014). Sustainable HRM: Bridging Theory and Practice Through the ‘Respect Openness Continuity (ROC)’ – Model. Management Revue, 25 (4), 263–284. DOI: 10.1688/mrev-2014-04-Prins.
- Delaney, H., Casey, C. (2022). The Promise of a Four-Day Week? A Critical Appraisal of a Management-Led Initiative. Employee Relations, 44 (1), 176–190. DOI: 10.1108/ ER-02-2021-0056.
- Dyllick, T., Muff, K. (2016). Clarifying the Meaning of Sustainable Business. Organization & Environment, 29 (2), 156–174. DOI: 10.1177/1086026615575176.
- Ehnert, I. (2009). Sustainable Human Resource Management. A Conceptual and Exploratory Analysis from a Paradox Perspective. Heidelberg: Springer.
- Ehnert, I. (2014). Paradox as a Lens for Theorizing Sustainable HRM. In: Ehnert, I., Harry, W., Zink, K. J. (Eds.), Sustainability and Human Resource Management. Heidelberg: Springer, 247–271.
- Elkington, J. (1997). Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of the 21st Century. Oxford: Capstone.
- Estevão, M., Sá, F. (2008). The 35-Hour Workweek in France: Straightjacket or Welfare Improvement? Economic Policy, 23 (55), 417–463. DOI: 10.1111/J.14680327.2008.00204. X.
- Eurofound. (2020). New Forms of Employment: 2020 Update. Luxembourg: Publications Office. Retrieved from: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2806/278670 (accessed: 10.05.2023).
- Eurofound. (2022). Living and Working in Europe 2021. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2806/880965 (accessed: 10.05.2023).
- European Commission (2021). Social Situation Monitor: Working Time and Working Time Reduction. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2767/822377.
- Eurostat (2023, 20 September) How Much Time per Week Do Europeans Usually Work? Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230920-1. (accessed: 10.10.2023).
- Fagan, C., Lyonette, C., Smith, M., Saldana-Tejeda, A. (2012). The Influences of Working Time Arrangements on Work‑Life Integration or ‘Balance’: A Review of the International Evidence. Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 32. Geneva: International Labour Office.
- Four Day Week Global. (2023, 15 March). Research – 4 Day Week Global. Retrieved from: https://www.4dayweek.com/research (accessed: 10.08.2023).
- Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., Wicks, A. C. (2007). Managing for Stakeholders. Survival, Reputation and Success. New Heaven: Yale University Press.
- Gibson, P., Papa, M. (2000). The Mud, the Blood, and the Beer Guys: Organizational Osmosis in Blue-Collar Work Groups. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 28 (1), 68–88. DOI: 10.1080/00909880009365554.
- Gomes, P. (2022). The Recent Movement Towards a Four-Day Working Week. In: Goulart, P., Ramos, R., Ferrittu, G. (Eds.), Global Labour in Distress, Volume II. Palgrave Readers in Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 471–475.
- Grawitch, M. J., Gottschalk, M., Munz, D. C. (2006). The Path to a Healthy Workplace: A Critical Review Linking Healthy Workplace Practices, Employee Well-Being, and Organizational Improvements. Consulting Psychology Journal Practice and Research, 58 (3), 129–147.
- Hays. (2021). Czterodniowy tydzień pracy. Retrieved from: https://www.hays.pl/4-dnipracy (accessed: 10.08.2023).
- Heap, S. H. (1992). Homo Economicus, Homo Sociologicus. In: Heap, S. H., Hollis, M., Lyons, B., Sugden, R., Weale, A., The Theory of Choice: A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Blackwell Press, 62–71.
- Henley Business School. (2021). The Pandemic and the Evolution of Flexible Working.
- A White Paper from Henley Business School. Retrieved from: https://assets.henley.
- ac.uk/v3/fileUploads/Four-day-week-white-paper-FINAL.pdf (accessed: 10.08.2023).
- Hu, X., Kaplan, S., Dalal, R. S. (2010). An Examination of Blue- Versus White-Collar Workers’ Conceptualizations of Job Satisfaction Facets. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76 (2), 317–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.10.014.
- Hunnicutt, B. K. (1984). The End of Shorter Hours. Labor History, 25 (3), 373–404.
- Infor (2024, 18 April). Czterodniowy tydzień pracy w Polsce – od kiedy? Pracownicy są na TAK. Rząd analizuje warianty. Retrieved from: https://kadry.infor.pl/kodeks-pracy/czas-pracy/6578429,czterodniowy-tydzien-pracy-w-polsce-pracownicy-sa-na-takrzad-analizuje-warianty-ale-czy-da-sie-wykonac-obowiazki-w-4-dni-wazny-tematproduktywnosc.html (accessed: 20.04.2024).
- Jackson, S. E., Renwick, D. W., Jabbour, C. J., Muller-Camen, M. (2011). State-of-theArt and Future Directions for Green Human Resource Management: Introduction to the Special Issue. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 25 (2), 99–116.
- Keynes, J. M. (2010). Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren. In: Keynes, J. M., Essays in Persuasion. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 321–332. DOI: 10.1007/978-1349-59072-8_25.
- Kotłowska, A. (2020). 10 prawd o pandemii. Społecznoekonomiczne skutki. Cracow: Wydawnictwo JAK.
- Kotłowska, A. (2021). Jak zapobiegać cyfrowemu wypaleniu pracowników zdalnych? ICAN Management Review. Retrieved from https://www.ican.pl/a/jak-zapobiegaccyfrowemu-wypaleniu-pracownikow-zdalnych/DMbFZZGvN.
- Kramar, R. (2014). Beyond Strategic Human Resource Management: Is Sustainable Human Resource Management the Next Approach? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25 (8), 1069–1089.
- Lott, Y. (2015). Working-Time Flexibility and Autonomy: A European Perspective on Time Adequacy. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 21 (3), 259–274.
- Lott, Y. (2018). Does Flexibility Help Employees Switch Off from Work? Flexible WorkingTime Arrangements and Cognitive Work-to-Home Spillover for Women and Men in Germany. Social Indicators Research, 151, 471–494.
- Mariappanadar, S. (2020). Do HRM Systems Impose Restrictions on Employee Quality of Life? Evidence from a Sustainable HRM Perspective. Journal of Business Research, 118, 38–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.039.
- Mariappanadar, S. (2003). Sustainable Human Resource Strategy: The Sustainable and Unsustainable Dilemmas of Retrenchment. International Journal of Social Economics, 30 (8), 906–923.
- Marzec, M., Szczudlińska-Kanoś, A., Freund, B., Miceikienė, A. (2023). Innovative WorkLife Balance after COVID-19. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 59 (3), 32–64. DOI: 10.2478/ijcm-2022-0017.
- Mazur, B. (2017). Sustainable Human Resource Management and Its Models. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 16 (3), 211–223. DOI: 10.4467/24498939IJ CM.17.029.7549.
- Pang, A. S. K. (2020). Shorter: How Smart Companies Work Less, Embrace Flexibility and Boost Productivity. London: Penguin.
- Paul, K. (2019, 4 November). Microsoft Japan Tested a Four-Day Work Week and Productivity Jumped by 40%. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2019/nov/04/microsoft-japan-four-day-work-week-productivity (accessed: 2.10.2023).
- Personnel Service. (2021). Pracownicy chcą czterodniowego tygodnia pracy. To wszystko dla zdrowia. Retrieved from: https://personnelservice.pl/pracownicy-chca-czterodniowego-tygodnia pracy-to-wszystko-dla-zdrowia/ (accessed: 2.10.2023).
- Pfeffer, J. (2010). Building Sustainable Organizations: The Human Factor. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24 (1), 34–45.
- Piwowar-Sulej, K., Bąk-Grabowska, D. (2020). Non-Permanent Employment and Employees’ Health in the Context of Sustainable HRM with a Focus on Poland. Social Sciences, 9 (7), 117.
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Referencje
A4BEE (2022). 4 Day Work Week Report. Retrieved from: https://a4bee.com/wp-content/ uploads/A4DAYS_Report-2022.pdf (10.05.2023).
Andersson, L., Jackson, S. E., Russell, S. V. (2013). Greening Organizational Behavior: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34 (2), 151–155.
Anttila, T., Oinas, T., Tammelin, M., Natti, J. (2015). Working-Time Regimes and WorkLife Balance in Europe. European Sociological Review, 31 (6), 6.
Atom Bank (2021, 23 November). Atom Becomes Largest Company in Britain to Introduce
Four‑Day Working Week and Reduced Hours for All Employees, with No Reduction in Salary. Retrieved from https://www.atombank.co.uk/newsroom/four-day-working-week/ (accessed: 10.05.2023).
Augustyńska-Śmietało, I. (2023). Wybrane wyzwania stojące przed managerami w organizacji dążącej do wprowadzenia czterodniowego tygodnia pracy. Przykłady polskich firm. Edukacja Ekonomistów i Menedżerów, 68 (2), 9–20.
Aust, I., Matthews, B., Muller-Camen, M. (2019). Common Good HRM: A Paradigm Shift in Sustainable HRM? Human Resource Management Review, 30, p. 100705. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100705.
Autonomy Research. (2023). The 4 Day Week UK Pilot Programme Results – 4 Day Week Global. Retrieved from: https://www.4dayweek.com/uk-pilot-results (accessed: 10.11.2023).
Barnes, A., Jones, S. (2020). The 4 Day Week. London: Piatkus.
Barrena-Martinez, J., Lopez-Fernandez, M., Romero-Fernandez, P. M. (2019). The Link Between Socially Responsible Human Resource Management and Intellectual Capital. Corporate Social Responsible. Environment Management, 26 (1), 71–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1658.
BBC (2017, 8 February). What Really Happened When Swedes Tried Six‑Hour Days? Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38843341 (accessed: 10.10.2023).
BBC News (2021, 6 July). Four‑Day Week “An Overwhelming Success” in Iceland. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57724779 (accessed: 10.10.2023).
Bush, J. T. (2019). Win-Win-Lose? Sustainable HRM and the Promotion of Unsustainable Employee Outcomes. Human Resource Management Review, 30 (3), 100676. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.11.004.
Clarke, M. (Ed.) (2011). Readings in HRM and Sustainability. Prahan: Tilde University Press.
Collewet, M., de Grip, A., de Koning, J. (2017) Conspicuous Work: Peer Working Time, Labour Supply, and Happiness. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 68 (4), 79–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2017.04.002.
De Prins, P., Van Beirendonck, L., De Vos, A., Segers, J. (2014). Sustainable HRM: Bridging Theory and Practice Through the ‘Respect Openness Continuity (ROC)’ – Model. Management Revue, 25 (4), 263–284. DOI: 10.1688/mrev-2014-04-Prins.
Delaney, H., Casey, C. (2022). The Promise of a Four-Day Week? A Critical Appraisal of a Management-Led Initiative. Employee Relations, 44 (1), 176–190. DOI: 10.1108/ ER-02-2021-0056.
Dyllick, T., Muff, K. (2016). Clarifying the Meaning of Sustainable Business. Organization & Environment, 29 (2), 156–174. DOI: 10.1177/1086026615575176.
Ehnert, I. (2009). Sustainable Human Resource Management. A Conceptual and Exploratory Analysis from a Paradox Perspective. Heidelberg: Springer.
Ehnert, I. (2014). Paradox as a Lens for Theorizing Sustainable HRM. In: Ehnert, I., Harry, W., Zink, K. J. (Eds.), Sustainability and Human Resource Management. Heidelberg: Springer, 247–271.
Elkington, J. (1997). Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of the 21st Century. Oxford: Capstone.
Estevão, M., Sá, F. (2008). The 35-Hour Workweek in France: Straightjacket or Welfare Improvement? Economic Policy, 23 (55), 417–463. DOI: 10.1111/J.14680327.2008.00204. X.
Eurofound. (2020). New Forms of Employment: 2020 Update. Luxembourg: Publications Office. Retrieved from: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2806/278670 (accessed: 10.05.2023).
Eurofound. (2022). Living and Working in Europe 2021. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2806/880965 (accessed: 10.05.2023).
European Commission (2021). Social Situation Monitor: Working Time and Working Time Reduction. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2767/822377.
Eurostat (2023, 20 September) How Much Time per Week Do Europeans Usually Work? Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230920-1. (accessed: 10.10.2023).
Fagan, C., Lyonette, C., Smith, M., Saldana-Tejeda, A. (2012). The Influences of Working Time Arrangements on Work‑Life Integration or ‘Balance’: A Review of the International Evidence. Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 32. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Four Day Week Global. (2023, 15 March). Research – 4 Day Week Global. Retrieved from: https://www.4dayweek.com/research (accessed: 10.08.2023).
Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., Wicks, A. C. (2007). Managing for Stakeholders. Survival, Reputation and Success. New Heaven: Yale University Press.
Gibson, P., Papa, M. (2000). The Mud, the Blood, and the Beer Guys: Organizational Osmosis in Blue-Collar Work Groups. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 28 (1), 68–88. DOI: 10.1080/00909880009365554.
Gomes, P. (2022). The Recent Movement Towards a Four-Day Working Week. In: Goulart, P., Ramos, R., Ferrittu, G. (Eds.), Global Labour in Distress, Volume II. Palgrave Readers in Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 471–475.
Grawitch, M. J., Gottschalk, M., Munz, D. C. (2006). The Path to a Healthy Workplace: A Critical Review Linking Healthy Workplace Practices, Employee Well-Being, and Organizational Improvements. Consulting Psychology Journal Practice and Research, 58 (3), 129–147.
Hays. (2021). Czterodniowy tydzień pracy. Retrieved from: https://www.hays.pl/4-dnipracy (accessed: 10.08.2023).
Heap, S. H. (1992). Homo Economicus, Homo Sociologicus. In: Heap, S. H., Hollis, M., Lyons, B., Sugden, R., Weale, A., The Theory of Choice: A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Blackwell Press, 62–71.
Henley Business School. (2021). The Pandemic and the Evolution of Flexible Working.
A White Paper from Henley Business School. Retrieved from: https://assets.henley.
ac.uk/v3/fileUploads/Four-day-week-white-paper-FINAL.pdf (accessed: 10.08.2023).
Hu, X., Kaplan, S., Dalal, R. S. (2010). An Examination of Blue- Versus White-Collar Workers’ Conceptualizations of Job Satisfaction Facets. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76 (2), 317–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.10.014.
Hunnicutt, B. K. (1984). The End of Shorter Hours. Labor History, 25 (3), 373–404.
Infor (2024, 18 April). Czterodniowy tydzień pracy w Polsce – od kiedy? Pracownicy są na TAK. Rząd analizuje warianty. Retrieved from: https://kadry.infor.pl/kodeks-pracy/czas-pracy/6578429,czterodniowy-tydzien-pracy-w-polsce-pracownicy-sa-na-takrzad-analizuje-warianty-ale-czy-da-sie-wykonac-obowiazki-w-4-dni-wazny-tematproduktywnosc.html (accessed: 20.04.2024).
Jackson, S. E., Renwick, D. W., Jabbour, C. J., Muller-Camen, M. (2011). State-of-theArt and Future Directions for Green Human Resource Management: Introduction to the Special Issue. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 25 (2), 99–116.
Keynes, J. M. (2010). Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren. In: Keynes, J. M., Essays in Persuasion. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 321–332. DOI: 10.1007/978-1349-59072-8_25.
Kotłowska, A. (2020). 10 prawd o pandemii. Społecznoekonomiczne skutki. Cracow: Wydawnictwo JAK.
Kotłowska, A. (2021). Jak zapobiegać cyfrowemu wypaleniu pracowników zdalnych? ICAN Management Review. Retrieved from https://www.ican.pl/a/jak-zapobiegaccyfrowemu-wypaleniu-pracownikow-zdalnych/DMbFZZGvN.
Kramar, R. (2014). Beyond Strategic Human Resource Management: Is Sustainable Human Resource Management the Next Approach? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25 (8), 1069–1089.
Lott, Y. (2015). Working-Time Flexibility and Autonomy: A European Perspective on Time Adequacy. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 21 (3), 259–274.
Lott, Y. (2018). Does Flexibility Help Employees Switch Off from Work? Flexible WorkingTime Arrangements and Cognitive Work-to-Home Spillover for Women and Men in Germany. Social Indicators Research, 151, 471–494.
Mariappanadar, S. (2020). Do HRM Systems Impose Restrictions on Employee Quality of Life? Evidence from a Sustainable HRM Perspective. Journal of Business Research, 118, 38–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.039.
Mariappanadar, S. (2003). Sustainable Human Resource Strategy: The Sustainable and Unsustainable Dilemmas of Retrenchment. International Journal of Social Economics, 30 (8), 906–923.
Marzec, M., Szczudlińska-Kanoś, A., Freund, B., Miceikienė, A. (2023). Innovative WorkLife Balance after COVID-19. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 59 (3), 32–64. DOI: 10.2478/ijcm-2022-0017.
Mazur, B. (2017). Sustainable Human Resource Management and Its Models. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 16 (3), 211–223. DOI: 10.4467/24498939IJ CM.17.029.7549.
Pang, A. S. K. (2020). Shorter: How Smart Companies Work Less, Embrace Flexibility and Boost Productivity. London: Penguin.
Paul, K. (2019, 4 November). Microsoft Japan Tested a Four-Day Work Week and Productivity Jumped by 40%. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2019/nov/04/microsoft-japan-four-day-work-week-productivity (accessed: 2.10.2023).
Personnel Service. (2021). Pracownicy chcą czterodniowego tygodnia pracy. To wszystko dla zdrowia. Retrieved from: https://personnelservice.pl/pracownicy-chca-czterodniowego-tygodnia pracy-to-wszystko-dla-zdrowia/ (accessed: 2.10.2023).
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