Motywacja w gospodarce gig. Rola platform cyfrowych w motywowaniu pracowników. Przegląd literatury
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstrakt
Głównym celem artykułu jest identyfikacja czynników motywujących pracowników zatrudnionych w gospodarce gig oraz stwierdzenie, czy motywatory stosowane w gospodarce tradycyjnej mają zastosowanie również w gospodarce cyfrowej. Koncentrujemy się na bodźcach zewnętrznych. Przeprowadzono przegląd literatury: zarówno tej dotyczącej teorii motywacji, jak i badań odnoszących się do motywowania w gospodarce cyfrowej. Badano, jakie motywatory są stosowane na platformach cyfrowych i jak one działają. Wyniki wskazują, że mimo różnorodności charakterystycznej dla pracy typu gig, tradycyjne koncepcje motywowania i bodźców zewnętrznych mogą być stosowane także na platformach cyfrowych. Wykazano, że platformy cyfrowe są nie tylko pośrednikami między pracownikami gig a użytkownikami końcowymi, ale przejęły istotną część roli zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, stając się aktywnym aktorem w gospodarce gig. Artykuł zawiera listę zewnętrznych bodźców, które motywują pracowników gig, która stanowi oryginalny wkład w literaturę na temat motywacji i motywowania w gospodarce cyfrowej.
Downloads
Article Details
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Autor (Autorzy) artykułu oświadcza, że przesłane opracowanie nie narusza praw autorskich osób trzecich. Wyraża zgodę na poddanie artykułu procedurze recenzji oraz dokonanie zmian redakcyjnych. Przenosi nieodpłatnie na Oficynę Wydawniczą SGH autorskie prawa majątkowe do utworu na polach eksploatacji wymienionych w art. 50 Ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych – pod warunkiem, że praca została zaakceptowana do publikacji i opublikowana.
Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH posiada autorskie prawa majątkowe do wszystkich treści czasopisma. Zamieszczenie tekstu artykuły w repozytorium, na stronie domowej autora lub na innej stronie jest dozwolone o ile nie wiąże się z pozyskiwaniem korzyści majątkowych, a tekst wyposażony będzie w informacje źródłowe (w tym również tytuł, rok, numer i adres internetowy czasopisma).
Osoby zainteresowane komercyjnym wykorzystaniem zawartości czasopisma proszone są o kontakt z Redakcją.
Bibliografia
Adams A., Freedman J., Prassl J. [2018], Rethinking legal taxonomies for the gig economy, “Oxford Review of Economic Policy”, vol. 34 (3), pp. 475–494.
Adams J. S. [1963], Toward an understanding of inequity, “Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology”, vol. 67, pp. 422–436.
Alderfer C. P. [1969], New Theory of Human Needs, An empirical test of a new theory of human needs, “Organizational Behavior and Human Performance”, vol. 4 (2), pp. 142–175.
Alkhatib A., Bernstein M. S., Levi M. [2017], Examining crowd work and gig work through the historical lens of piecework, in: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 4599–4616.
Aranguiz A., Bednarowicz B. [2018], Adapt or perish: Recent developments on social protection in the EU under a gig deal of pressure, “European Labour Law Journal”, vol. 9 (4), pp. 329–345.
Asih S. N., Sucahyo Y. G., Gandhi A., Ruldeviyani Y. [2019], Inhibiting motivating factors on online gig economy client in Indonesia 2019 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems, ICACSIS, art. no. 8979703, pp. 349–356.
Atkinson J. W. [1957], Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior, “Psychological Review”, vol. 64 (6), pp. 359–372.
Atkinson J. W., Feather N. T. (eds.) [1966], A theory of achievement motivation, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
Behl A., Jayawardena N., Ishizaka A., Gupta M., Shankar A. [2022], Gamification and gigification: A multidimensional theoretical approach, “Journal of Business Research”, vol. 139, pp. 1378–1393.
Bellotti V., Ambard A., Turner D., Gossmann K., Demkova K., Carroll J. M. [2015], A Muddle of Models of Motivation for Using Peer-to-Peer Economy Systems, in: Proceedings of the 33 rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’15). ACM, pp. 1085–1094.
Benlian A., Wiener M., Cram W. A., Krasnova H., Maedche A., Mohlmann M., Remus U. [2022], Algorithmic Management Bright and Dark Sides, Practical Implications, and Research Opportunities, “Business & Information Systems Engineering”.
Benoit S., Baker T. L., Bolton R. N., Gruber T., Kandampully J. [2017], A triadic framework for collaborative consumption (CC): motives, activities, and resources & capabilities of actors, “Journal of Business Research”, vol. 79, October, pp. 219–227.
Berger T., Frey C., Levin G., Rao Danda S. [2019], Uber happy? Work and well-being in the ‘gig economy, Economic Policy, vol. 34 (99), pp. 429–477.
Bergvall-Kåreborn B., Howcroft D. [2014], Amazon Mechanical Turk and the commodification of labour, “New Technology, Work and Employment”, vol. 29, pp. 213–223.
Boeri T., Giupponi G., Krueger A. B., Machin S. J. [2018], Social protection for independent workers in the Digital Age, in: XX European Conference of the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti, Pavia, May 26th.
Burbano V. C. [2021], Getting gig workers to do more by doing good: Field experimental evidence from online platform labor marketplaces, “Organization & Environment”, vol. 34 (3), pp. 387–412.
Burbano V. C., Chiles B. [2022], Mitigating gig and remote worker misconduct: Evidence from a real effort experiment, “Organization Science”, vol. 33 (4), pp. 1273–1299.
Caza A. [2020], The Gig Economy’s Implications for Management Education, “Journal of Management Education”, vol. 44 (5), pp. 594–604.
Chan N. K., Humphreys L. [2018], Mediatization of social space and the case of Uber drivers, “Media and Communication”, no. 6, pp. 29–38.
Chinoracky R., Corejova T. [2019], Impact of Digital Technologies on Labor Market and the Transport Sector,13th International scientific conference on sustainable, modern and safe transport, no. 40, pp. 994–1001.
Chiu H. H., Palupi G. S., Zhu Y. Q. [2022], Workers’ Affective Commitment in The Gig Economy: The Role of IS Quality, Organizational Support, and Fairness, “Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems”, vol. 14 (3), p. 3.
Churchill B., Craig L. [2019], Gender in the gig economy: Men and women using digital platforms to secure work in Australia, “Journal of Sociology”, vol. 55 (4), pp. 741–761.
Dale S. [2014], Gamification: Making work fun, or making fun of work? “Business Information Review”, vol. 31, pp. 82–90.
De Stefano V. [2015], The rise of the just-in-time workforce: On-demand work, crowdwork, and labor protection in the gig-economy, “Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal”, vol. 37, p. 471.
Doucette M. H., Bradford W. D. [2019], Dual job holding and the gig economy: Allocation of effort across primary and gig jobs, “Southern Economic Journal”, vol. 85 (4), pp. 1217–1242.
Dungca A. [2020], Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy, “Osgoode Hall Law Journal”, vol. 6, pp. 677–682.
Dunn M. [2020], Making gigs work: digital platforms, job quality and worker motivations, “New Technology, Work and Employment”, vol. 35 (2), pp. 232–249.
Edwards J. R. [1991], Person-job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique, “International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology”, no. 6, pp. 283–357.
Elkin-Koren N. [2011], Tailoring copyright to social production, “Theoretical Inquiries in Law”, vol. 12 (1), pp. 309–347.
ETF [2013], Work-based learning: benefits and obstacles: a literature review for policy makers and social partners in ETF partner countries, European Training Foundation.
Fest S., Kvaløy O., Nieken P., Schöttner A. [2021], How (not) to motivate online workers: Two controlled field experiments on leadership in the gig economy, “The Leadership Quarterly”, vol. 32 (6), p. 101514.
Fishbein M., Ajzen I. [2010], Predicting and changing behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach, Taylor & Francis, New York.
Frenken K., Schor J. [2019], Putting the sharing economy into perspective, in: A research agenda for sustainable consumption governance, vol. 100 (23), Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 3–10.
Frenzel A., Trenz M., Veit D. [2019], Work in the gig economy: how platform design and governance shape work success and satisfaction.
Friedman G. [2014], Workers without employers: shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy, “Review of Keynesian Economics”, vol. 2 (2), pp. 171–188.
Gandhi A., Hidayanto A. N., Sucahyo Y. G., Ruldeviyani Y. [2018], Exploring People’s Intention to Become Platform-based Gig Workers: An Empirical Qualitative Study, in: 2018 International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation, ICITSI 2018 – Proceedings, art. no. 8696017, pp. 266–271.
Gandini A. [2019], Labour process theory and the gig economy, “Human Relations”, vol. 72 (6), pp. 1039–1056.
Gleim M. R., Johnson C., Lawson S. [2019], Sharers and Sellers: A Multi-group Examination of Gig Economy Workers’ Perceptions, “Journal of Business Research”, vol. 98 (C), pp. 142–52.
Gol E. S., Stein M. K., Avital M. [2018], Why Take the Risk? Motivations of Highly Skilled Workers to Participate in Crowd Working Platforms, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), AIS, San Francisco.
Graham M., Hjorth I., Lehdonvirta V. [2017], Digital labour and development: Impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods, “European Review of Labour and Research”, vol. 23 (2), pp. 135–162.
Guda H., Subramaniana U. [2019], Your Uber is arriving: Managing on-demand workers through surge pricing, forecast communication, and worker incentives, “Management Science”, vol. 65 (5), pp. 1995–2014.
Hackman J. R., Oldham G. R. [1980], Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey, “Journal of Applied Psychology”, vol. 60, 1975, pp. 161; Work redesign, 1980, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Harari Y. N. [2018], 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, Jonathan Cape, London.
Heaphy E., Byron K., Ballinger G. A., Gittell J. H., Leana C., Sluss D. M. [2018], The changing nature of work relationships, “Academy of Management Review”, vol. 43, pp. 558–569.
Holland J. L. [1997], Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments, 3d ed., Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa.
Holtum P., Irannezhad E., Marston G., Mahadevan R. [2022], Business or pleasure? A comparison of migrant and non-migrant Uber drivers in Australia, “Work, Employment and Society”, vol. 36 (2), pp. 290–309.
Howell D. R., Kalleberg A. L. [2019], Declining Job Quality in the United States: Explanations and Evidence, “The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences”, vol. 5 (4), pp. 1–53.
Huang M. H., Rust R., Maksimovic V. [2019], The Feeling Economy: Managing in the Next Generation of Artificial Intelligence (AI), “California Management Review”, vol. 61 (4), pp. 43–65.
Huotari K., Hamari J. [2012], Defining Gamification – A Service Marketing Perspective, “ACM Journal”.
Jabagi N., Croteau A. M., Audebrand L. K. [2019], Gig-workers’ motivation: thinking beyond carrots and sticks, “Journal of Managerial Psychology”, vol. 34 (4), pp. 192–213.
Kaganer E., Carmel E., Hirschheim R., Olsen T. [2012], Managing the human cloud, “MIT Sloan Management Review”.
Kaine S., Josserand E. [2019], The organisation and experience of work in the gig economy, “Journal of Industrial Relations”, vol. 61 (4), pp. 479–501.
Karlsson K., Wranne J. [2019], Motivation in the Gig Economy: A Case Study of Gig Workers in the IT and Business Consulting Industry.
Kessler S. [2018], Gigged: The End of the Job and The Future of Work, St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Kilhoffer Z., Lenaerts Beblavý M. [2017], The platform economy and industrial relations applying the old framework to the new reality, Research Report no. 12, European Centre for Political Studies (CEPS), Brussels.
Kim S., Marquis E., Alahmad R., Pierce C. S., Robert L. P. Jr. [2018], The impacts of platform quality on gig workers’ autonomy and job satisfaction, Conference Paper, 21st ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, CSCW.
Kis V., Windisch H. C. [2018], Making skills transparent: Recognising vocational skills acquired through work-based learning, Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/5830c400‑en.pdf?expires=1675268354&id=id&accname=ocid54014699&checksum=DE1DC0061D15B4FB08AC278E69033EF3 (accessed: 8.02.2023).
Kittur A., Nickerson J. V., Bernstein M. S., Gerber E. M., Shaw A., Zimmerman J., Horton J. J. [2013], The future of crowd work. Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp. 1301–1318.
Kosonen M., Gan C., Vanhala M., Blomqvist K. [2014], User motivation and knowledge sharing in idea crowdsourcing, “International Journal of Innovation Management”, vol. 18 (5).
Kost D., Fieseler C., Wong S. I. [2019], Boundaryless careers in the gig economy: An oxymoron? “Human Resource Management Journal” vol. 30 (1), pp. 100–111.
Kovenklioglu G., Greenhaus J. H. [1978], Causal attributions, expectations, and task performance, “Journal of Applied Psychology”, vol. 63, pp. 698–705.
Kristof A. L. [1996], Person – organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications, “Personnel Psychology”, vol. 49, pp. 1–49.
Kuckertz A., Block J. [2021], Reviewing systematic literature reviews: ten key questions and criteria for reviewers, “Management Review Quarterly”, vol. 71, pp. 519–524.
Lawrence P., Nohria N. [2002], Driven: How human nature shapes our choices, San Francisco.
Lehdonvirta V. [2018], Flexibility in the gig economy: managing time on three online piecework platforms, “New Technology, Work and Employment”, vol. 33 (1), pp. 13–29.
Leighton P. [2016], Professional self-employment, new power and the sharing economy: Some cautionary tales from Uber, “Journal of Management & Organization”, vol. 22, pp. 859–874.
Liu M., Brynjolfsson E., Dowlatabadi J. [2018], Technology, incentives, and service quality: the case of taxis and Uber, Working Paper.
Locke E. A. [1968], Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives, “Organizational Behavior and Human Performance”, vol. 3 (2), pp. 157–189.
Locke E. A., Latham G. P. [1990], A theory of goal setting and task performance, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
Marquis E. B., Kim S., Alahmad R., Pierce C. S., Robert L. P. Jr. [2018], Impacts of perceived behavior control and emotional labor on gig workers, in: Companion of the 2018 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing, pp. 241–244.
Maslow A. [1954], Motivation and Personality, Harper&Row, Nev York.
McClelland D. C. [1961], The Achieving Society, D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton.
Mitchell R., Schuster L., Jin H. S. [2020], Gamification and the impact of extrinsic motivation on needs satisfaction: Making work fun? “Journal of Business Research”, vol. 106, pp. 323–330.
Möhlmann M., Zalmanson L. [2017], Hands on the wheel: Navigating algorithmic management and uber drivers’ autonomy, Proc. Internat. Conf. Inform. Systems (ICIS 2017), Seoul, South Korea.
Mollick E., Werbach K. [2015], Gamification and the enterprise, in: The Gameful World: Approaches, issues, applications, MIT Press, pp. 439–538.
Mukhopadhyay B., Chatwin Ch. [2020], Your Driver is DiDi and Minutes Away from Your Pickup Point’: Understanding Employee Motivation in the Gig Economy of China, “International Journal of Developing and Emerging Economies”, vol. 8 (1), pp. 1–16.
Muller Z. [2020], Algorithmic harms to workers in the platform economy: The case of Uber, “Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems”, vol. 53 (2), pp. 167–210.
Nohria N., Groysberg B., Lee L.‑E. [2008], Employee Motivation. A Powerful New Model, “Harvard Business Review”, vol. 86 (7/8), pp. 78–84.
Norlander P., Jukic N., Varma A., Nestorov S. [2020], The effects of technological supervision on gig workers: organizational control and motivation of Uber, taxi, and limousine drivers, “International Journal of Human Resource Management”, vol. 32 (19), pp. 4053–4077.
OECD [2019a], OECD Employment Outlook 2019. The Future of Work, Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2019_9ee00155‑en (accessed: 8.02.2023).
OECD [2019b], Measuring platform mediated workers, “OECD Digital Economy Papers”, no. 282,
OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/170a14d9‑en.
Olson E. L. [2009], The impact of intra-brand platform sharing on brand attractiveness, “The Journal of Product and Brand Management”, vol. 18 (3), pp. 212–217.
Paton J. [2010], Labour as a (Fictitious) Commodity: Polanyi and the Capitalist ‘Market Economy’, “Economic and Labour Relations Review”, vol. 21 (1), pp. 77–87.
Pereira V., Behl A., Jayawardena N., Laker B., Dwivedi Y. K., Bhardwaj S. [2022], The art of gamifying digital gig workers: a theoretical assessment of evaluating engagement and motivation, “Production Planning & Control”, pp. 1–17.
Pesole A., Urzì-Brancati M. C., Fernández-Macías E., Biagi F., González-Vázquez I. [2018], Platform Workers in Europe: Evidence from the Colleem Survey, JRC European Commission.
Prabowo R., Sucahyo Y. G., Gandhi A., Ruldeviyani R. [2019], Does Gamification Motivate Gig Workers? A Critical Issue in Ride-Sharing Industries 2019 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS), DOI: 10.1109/ICACSIS47736.2019.8979938.
Prassl J. [2018], Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Ravenelle A. J. [2019], We’re not Uber: control, autonomy, and entrepreneurship in the gig economy, “Journal of Managerial Psychology”, vol. 34 (4), pp. 69–285.
Raworth K. [2017], Doughnut economics: seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist, Chelsea Green Publishing, White River Junction 2017.
Rosenblat A. [2016], What motivates gig economy workers? Retrieved from Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2016/11/what-motivates-gig-economy-workers (accessed: 8.02.2023).
Rosenblat A., Stark L. [2016], Algorithmic labor and information asymmetries: A case study of Uber’s drivers, “International Journal of Communication”, vol. 10, pp. 3758–3784.
Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. [2000], Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions, “Contemporary Educational Psychology”, vol. 25 (1), pp. 54–67.
Rzeszotarski J., Kittur A. [2012], CrowdScape: Interactively Visualizing User Behavior and Output, in: Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’12), ACM, pp. 55–62.
Schmidt F. A. [2017], Digital labour markets in the platform economy mapping the political challenges of crowd work and gig work, Available at: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/wiso/13164.pdf (accessed: 8.03.2023).
Schwab K. [2016], The fourth industrial revolution, World Economic Forum, Geneva.
Scully-Russ E., Torraco R. [2020], The changing nature and organization of work: An integrative review of the literature, “Human Resource Development Review”, vol. 19 (1), pp. 66–93.
Shevchuk A., Strebkov D., Bögenhold D. [2022], Work values and hybrid careers in the gig economy: The evidence from an online labor market, “Economic and Industrial Democracy”, 0143831X221140153.
Sirota D., Mischkind L. A., Meltzer M. I. [2005], The Enthusiastic Employee: How Companies Profit by Giving Workers What They Want, Pearson Education, Inc., New York.
Skinner B. F. [1953], Science and Human Behaviour, Macmillan, New York.
Skrzek-Lubasińska M., Szaban J. M. [2019], Nomenclature and harmonised criteria for the selfemployment categorisation. An approach pursuant to a systematic review of the literature, “European Management Journal”, vol. 37 (3), pp. 376–386.
Song A. K. [2019], The Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem – a critique and reconfiguration, “Small Business Economics”, vol. 53 (3), pp. 569–590.
Spindeldreher K., Schlagwein D. [2016], What Drives the Crowd? A Meta-Analysis of the Motivation of Participants in Crowdsourcing, “PACIS”, vol. 119.
Stewart A., Stanford J. [2017], Regulating Work in the Gig Economy: What Are the Options? “The Economic and Labour Relations Review”, vol. 28 (3), p. 420–437.
Tikkanen T., Hovdhaugen E., Støren L. A. [2018], Work-related training and workplace learning Nordic perspectives and European comparisons, “International Journal of Lifelong Education”, vol. 37 (5), pp. 523–526, DOI: 10.1080/02601370.2018.1554721.
Toxtli C., Richmond-Fuller A., Savage S. [2020], Reputation agent: Prompting fair reviews in gig markets, in: Proceedings of The Web Conference 2020, pp. 1228–1240.
Vallas S., Christin A. [2018], Work and identity in an era of precarious employment: How workers respond to “personal branding” discourse, “Work and Occupations”, vol. 45 (1), pp. 3–37.
Vallas S., Schor J. B. [2020], What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy, “Annual Review of Sociology”, vol. 46, pp. 273–294.
Vroom V. [1964], Work and motivation, John Wiley, New York.
Vroom V. H., Deci E. L. (eds.) [1970], Management and Motivation: Selected Readings, Harmondsworth, Penguin.
Waldkirch M., Bucher E., Schou P. K., Grünwald E. [2021], Controlled by the algorithm, coached by the crowd – how HRM activities take shape on digital work platforms in the gig economy, “The International Journal of Human Resource Management”, vol. 32 (12), pp. 2643–2682.
Weiner B. [1974], Achievement motivation and attribution theory, General Learning Press, Morristown, New Jersey.
Wheelahan L., Moodie G. [2021], Gig qualifications for gig economy: micro-credentials and the “hungry mile”, “Higher Education”, vol. 83 (6), pp. 1279–1295.
Wiesenfeld B. M., Raghuram S., Garud R. [2001], Organizational identification among virtual workers: The role of need for affiliation and perceived work-based social support, “Journal of Management”, vol. 27 (2), pp. 213–229.
Wood A. J., Lehdonvirta V., Graham M. [2018], Workers of the Internet unite? Online freelancer organisation among remote gig economy workers in six Asian and African countries, “New Technology, Work and Employment”, vol. 33 (2), pp. 95–112.
Wu Q., Zhang H., Li Z., Liu K. [2019], Labor control in the gig economy: Evidence from Uber in China, “Journal of Industrial Relations”, vol. 61 (4), pp. 574–596.
Zaman U., Nawaz S., Javed A. [2020], Having a whale of a time: Linking self-determination theory (SDT), job characteristics model (JCM) and motivation to the joy of gig work, “Cogent Business & Management”, vol. 7 (1).
Zhang Y.‑D., Liu M.‑J. [2020], Analysis of the influencing factors of enterprise management on employee loyalty in gig economy, in: Proceedings – 2020 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Smart Grid, ICWCSG 2020, art. no. 9182017, pp. 331–334.