Treść głównego artykułu
Abstrakt
Migracja międzynarodowa miała istotny wpływ na społeczny i gospodarczy rozwój narodów. Zdecydowana większość populacji świata nadal jednak mieszka w kraju swojego urodzenia. Z jednej strony różnice w dochodach i zamożności państw stanowią siłę odśrodkową motywującą do migracji, z drugiej strony utrudnienia w swobodnym przenoszeniu się kapitału ludzkiego, finansowego, fizycznego jak i społecznego stanowią siłę dośrodkową, motywującą do pozostania w miejscu. W niniejszym artykule dokonano przeglądu znacznej części literatury na temat migracji międzynarodowej pod kątem wpływu czynników ekonomicznych na decyzje dotyczące międzynawowej mobilności i jej braku. Artykuł ma na celu udoskonalenie i rozszerzenie neoklasycznych podstaw teorii migracji, nakreślenie, w jaki sposób ekonomiczni agenci (potencjalni migranci) starają się uprościć skomplikowane mechanizmy decyzyjne oraz pokazanie, jak w przypadku niezdecydowania domyślną decyzją staje się pozostanie w miejscu.
Słowa kluczowe
Szczegóły artykułu
Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Arango, J. (2000). Explaining Migration: A Critical View. International Social Science Journal, 52 (165): 283–96.
- Barth, J., Kraft, J. Wiest, P. (1975). A Portfolio Theoretic Approach to Industrial Diversification and Regional Employment. Journal of Regional Science, 15 (1): 9–15.
- Becker, G. (1974). A Theory of Social Interaction. Journal of Political Economy, 82.
- Becker, G. (1975). Human Capital. 2nd ed. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
- Bodvarsson, Ö. B., Van den Berg, H. (2009). The Economics of Immigration: Theory and Policy. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Borjas, G. J. (1992). Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1): 123–50.
- Borjas, G. J. (1989). Economic Theory and International Migration. The International Migration Review, 23 (3): 457–485.
- Borjas, G. J. (2015). Immigration and Globalization: A Review Essay. Journal of Economic Literature, 53 (4): 961–974.
- Borjas, G. J. (1987). Self-Selection and Earnings of Immigrants. American Economic Review, 77 (4): 531–553.
- Borjas, G. J. (1991). Immigration and Self-Selection. In: Immigration, Trade and the Labour Market. J. Abowd, R. Freeman (Eds.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Borjas, G. J. (1994). The Economics of Immigration. Journal of Economic Literature, 32 (4).
- Bourdieu, P. (2006). The Forms of Capital. In: Education, Globalisation and Social Change. H. Lauder, P. Brown, J. A. Dollabough, A. H. Halsey (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 105–119.
- Bourdieu, P. (2006). The Forms of Capital. In: Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. J. G. Richardson (Ed.). New York: Greenwood.
- Bourdieu, P. (1985). Social Space and the Genesis of Groups. Theory and Society, 16 (6).
- Bourdieu, P., Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity.
- Bowman, E. H. (1963). Consistency and Optimality in Managerial Decision Making. Management Science, 9.
- Bowman, E. H., Moskowitz, G. T. (2001). Real Options Analysis and Strategic Decision Making. Organization Science, 12 (6).
- Boxman, E. A. W., De Graaf, P. M., Flap, H. D. (1991). The Impact of Social and Human Capital on the Income Attainment of Dutch Managers. Social Networks, 13: 51–73.
- Buchanan, J. M. (1965). An Economic Theory of Clubs. Economica, 32 (125): 1.
- Burda, M. C. (1993). The Determinants of East-West German Migration. European Economic Review, 37.
- Burda, M. C. (1995). Migration and the Option Value of Waiting. Economic and Social Review, 27 (1): 1–19.
- Castles, S. (2010). Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36 (10): 1565–1586.
- Castles, S. (2013). The Forces Driving Global Migration. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 34 (2): 122–140.
- Chandra, S. (2002). A Test of the Regional Growth-Instability Frontier Using State Data. Land Economics, 78 (3): 442–62.
- Chandra, S. (2003). Regional Economy Size and the Growth-Instability Frontier: Evidence from Europe. Journal of Regional Science, 43 (1): 95–122.
- Chandra, S., Shadel W. G. (2007). Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: Applying Financial Portfolio Theory to Model the Organization of the Self-Concept. Journal of Research in Personality, 41 (2): 346–73.
- Chen, K. P., Chiang, S. H. (1998). Migration as Portfolio Selection. York: Mimeo.
- Clark, X., Hatton, T. J., Williamson, J. G. (2007). Explaining U. S. Immigration, 1971–1998. Review of Economics and Statistics, 89 (2): 359–73.
- Clemens, M. A. (2011). Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25 (3): 83–106.
- Coleman, J. S. (1990). The Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP.
- Conroy, M. (1975). Regional Economic Diversification. New York: Praeger.
- Constant, A. F., Zimmermann, K. F. (2013). International Handbook on the Economics of Migration. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Corden, W. M., Findlay, R. (1975). Urban Unemployment, Intersectoral Capital Mobility and Development Policy. Economica, 42 (165): 59–78.
- Cornut, J. (2015). Analytic Eclecticism in Practice: A Method for Combining International Relations Theories. International Studies Perspectives, 16 (1): 50–66.
- Cox, D., Eser, Z., Jimenez, E. (1998). Motives for Private Transfers over the Life Cycle: An Analytical Framework and Evidence for Peru. Journal of Development Economics, 55 (1): 57–80.
- Cox, D., Jimenez, E. (1992). Social Security and Private Transfers in Developing Countries: The Case of Peru. World Bank Economic Review, 6 (1): 155–69.
- Da Vanzo, J. S. (1981). Microeconomic Approaches to Studying Migration Decisions. In: Migration Decision Making: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. G. F. De Jong, R. W. Gardner (Eds.). New York: Pergamon Press.
- Dasgupta, P. (1990). Well-Being and the Extent of Its Realisation in Poor Countries. The Economic Journal, 100 (400): 1–32.
- De Jong, G. F., Abad, R. G., Arnold, F., Carino, B. V., Fawcett, J. T. (1983). International and Internal Migration Decision Making: A Value-Expectancy Based Analytical Framework of Intentions to Move from a Rural Philippine Province. International Migration Review, 17 (3).
- De Jong, G. F., Fawcett, J. T. (1981). Motivations for Migration: An Assessment and a Value- Expectancy Research Model. In Migration Decision Making: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. New York: Pergamon Press.
- De Jong, G. F., Johnson. A. G., Richter. K. (1996). Determinants of Migration Values and Expectations in Rural Thailand. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 5 (4): 399–416.
- De Jong, G. F. (2000). Expectations, Gender and Norms in Migration Decision Making. Population Studies, 54 (3): 307–19.
- De Jong, G. F., Gardner. R. W. (Eds.) (1981). Migration Decision Making. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. New York: Pergamon Press.
- Dixit, A., Pindyck, S. (1994). Investment Under Uncertainty. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Dustmann, C. (1997). Return Migration, Uncertainty and Precautionary Savings. Journal of Development Economics, 52 (2): 295–316.
- Dustmann, C. Görlach, J.‑S. (2016). The Economics of Temporary Migrations. Journal of Economic Literature, 54 (1): 98–136.
- Elton, E. J., Gruber, M. J. (1997). Modern Portfolio Theory, 1950 to Date. Journal of Banking and Finance.
- Foster, A. D., Rosenzweig, M. R. (2001). Imperfect Commitment, Altruism, and the Family: Evidence from Transfer Behavior in Low-Income Rural Areas. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83 (3): 389–407.
- Graves, P. E. (1983). Migration with a Composite Amenity: The Role of Rents. Journal of Regional Science, 23 (4): 541–46.
- Greenwood, M. J. (1997). Internal Migration in Developed Countries. In: Handbook of Population and Family Economics. M. Rosenzweig, O. Stark (Eds.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Harbison, S. F. (1981). Family Structure and Family Strategy in Migration Decision Making. In: Migration Decision Making, Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. G. F. De Jong, R. W. Gardner (Eds.). New York: Pergamon Press: 225–51.
- Harrington, A. (2005). Modern Social Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Harris, J., Todaro, M. (1970). Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis. American Economic Review, 60.
- Hatton, T. J., Williamson, J. G. (2005). What Fundamentals Drive World Migration? In: Poverty, International Migration and Asylum. G. Borjas, J. Crisp (Eds.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Haug, S. (2008). Migration Networks and Migration Decision-Making. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34 (4): 585–605.
- Hester, D. D., Tobin, J. (1967). Risk Aversion and Portfolio Choice 19. New York: John Wiley.
- Hicks, J. (1932). The Theory of Wages. London: Macmillan.
- Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Kennan, J., Walker, J. R. (2011). The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions. Econometrica, 79 (1).
- Kogut, B., Kulatilaka, N. (2001). Capabilities as Real Options. Organization Science, 12 (6): 744–58.
- Levitt, P. (2007). God Needs No Passport. New York: The New Press.
- Levitt, P. (2001). The Transnational Villagers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Levitt, P. (1998). Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion. International Migration Review, 32 (4): 926.
- Markowitz, H M. (1959). Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments. New York: John Wiley.
- Markowitz, H. M. (1952). Portfolio Selections. Journal of Finance, 7.
- Massey, D. S., García España, F. (1987). The Social Process of International Migration. Science, 237: 733–38.
- Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., Taylor, J. E. (2008). Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino A., Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19 (3): 431–66.
- McCall, B. P., McCall, J. J. (1987). A Sequential Study of Migration and Job Search. Journal of Labor Economics, 5 (4): 452–76.
- Mincer, J. (1978). Family Migration Decisions. Journal of Political Economy, 86 (5): 749–73.
- OECD (2017). International Migration Outlook 2017. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- OECD (2019). International Migration Outlook 2019. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- Olson, M. (1996). Big Bills Left on the Sidewalk: Why Some National Are Rich and Others Poor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (2): 3–24.
- Pickles, A, Rogerson, P. (1984). Wage Distribution and Spatial Preferences in Competitive Job Search and Migration. Regional Science, 18.
- Poirine, B. (1997). A Theory of Remittances as an Implicit Family Loan Arrangement. World Development, 25 (4): 589–611.
- Polachek, S. W., Horvath, F. W. (2012). A Life Cycle Approach to Migration: Analysis of the Perspicacious Peregrinator. In: Research in Labor Economics (35th Anniversary Retrospective). S. W. Polachek, K. Tatsiramos (Eds.). Emerald Group Publishing Limited: 349–95.
- Portes, A. (1995). The Economic Sociology of Immigration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Rapoport, H., Docquier, F. (2006). The Economics of Migrants’ Remittances. In: Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity. S. C. Kolm, J. M. Ythier (Eds.) Amsterdam: North Holland: 1135–1198.
- Roback, J. (1988). Wages, Rents, and Amenities: Differences Among Workers and Regions. Economic Inquiry, 26 (1): 23–41.
- Roberts, K. D., Morris, M. D. S. (2003). Fortune, Risk, and Remittances: An Application of Option Theory to Participation in Village-Based Migration Networks. Source: The International Migration Review, 37 (4): 1252–81.
- Rosenzweig, M. (1988). Risk, Implicit Contracts and the Family in Rural Areas of Low-Income Countries. Economic Journal, 393 (98).
- Rosenzweig, M., Stark, O. (1989). Consumption Smoothing, Migration, and Marriage: Evidence from Rural India. Journal of Political Economy, 97 (4): 905–926.
- Sanders, J. M., Nee, V. (1996). Immigrant Self-Employment: The Family as Social Capital and the Value of Human Capital. American Sociological Review, 61 (2).
- Sandler, T., Tschirhart, J. T. (1980). The Economic Theory of Clubs: An Evaluation Survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 18 (4).
- Sharpe, W. F. (1970). Portfolio Theory and Capital Markets. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Shields, G. M., Shields, M. P. (1989). The Emergence of Migration Theory and a Suggested New Direction. Journal of Economic Surveys, 3 (4): 277–304.
- Siegel, P. B., Johnson, T. G., Alwang, J. (1995). A Structural Decomposition of Regional Economic Instability: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Regional Science, 35.
- Simon, H. A. (2008). Rationality, Bounded. In: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. S. N. Durlauf, E. L. Blume (Eds.), 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Sjaastad, L. A. (1962). The Costs and Returns of Human Migration. Journal of Political Economy, 70 (5): 80–93.
- Solimano, A. (2010). International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Stark, O. (1991). The Migration of Labour. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Stark, O. (2009). Reasons for Remitting. World Economics, 10 (3).
- Stark, O., Bloom, D. E. (1985). The New Economics of Labour Migration. The American Economic Review, 75.
- Stark, O., Levhari, D. (1982). On Migration and Risk in LDCs. In Economic Development and Cultural Change, 31: 191–96.
- Tabor, A. S. (2010). A Framework of Voluntary Migration: Understanding Modern British Migration to New Zealand. (Unpublished doctoral thesis) University of Wellington.
- Taylor, J. (1986). Differential Migration, Networks, Information and Risk. In: Research in Human Capital and Development. O. Stark (Ed.). Vol. 4. Greenwich CN: JAI Press.
- Tiebout, C. (1956). A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, 64 (5).
- Todaro, M. (1969). A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. American Economic Review, 59.
- UN (2015). World Population Prospect: The 2015 Revision Key Findings and Advance Tables. New York: United Nations.
- UN (2016). International Migration Report 2015: Highlights. New York: United Nations.
- Vallejo, J. A., Keister, L. A. (2019). Immigrants and wealth attainment: migration, inequality, and integration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2019.1592872
- Weintraub, E. R. (2007). Neoclassical Economics. The Concise Encyclopaedia of Economics. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/NeoclassicalEconomics.html
- Williams, A. M., Baláž, V. (2011). Migration, Risk, and Uncertainty. Population, Space, Place, 18.
- Zimmermann, K. F., Bauer, T. (2002). The Economics of Migration. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Referencje
Arango, J. (2000). Explaining Migration: A Critical View. International Social Science Journal, 52 (165): 283–96.
Barth, J., Kraft, J. Wiest, P. (1975). A Portfolio Theoretic Approach to Industrial Diversification and Regional Employment. Journal of Regional Science, 15 (1): 9–15.
Becker, G. (1974). A Theory of Social Interaction. Journal of Political Economy, 82.
Becker, G. (1975). Human Capital. 2nd ed. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Bodvarsson, Ö. B., Van den Berg, H. (2009). The Economics of Immigration: Theory and Policy. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Borjas, G. J. (1992). Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1): 123–50.
Borjas, G. J. (1989). Economic Theory and International Migration. The International Migration Review, 23 (3): 457–485.
Borjas, G. J. (2015). Immigration and Globalization: A Review Essay. Journal of Economic Literature, 53 (4): 961–974.
Borjas, G. J. (1987). Self-Selection and Earnings of Immigrants. American Economic Review, 77 (4): 531–553.
Borjas, G. J. (1991). Immigration and Self-Selection. In: Immigration, Trade and the Labour Market. J. Abowd, R. Freeman (Eds.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Borjas, G. J. (1994). The Economics of Immigration. Journal of Economic Literature, 32 (4).
Bourdieu, P. (2006). The Forms of Capital. In: Education, Globalisation and Social Change. H. Lauder, P. Brown, J. A. Dollabough, A. H. Halsey (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 105–119.
Bourdieu, P. (2006). The Forms of Capital. In: Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. J. G. Richardson (Ed.). New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (1985). Social Space and the Genesis of Groups. Theory and Society, 16 (6).
Bourdieu, P., Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity.
Bowman, E. H. (1963). Consistency and Optimality in Managerial Decision Making. Management Science, 9.
Bowman, E. H., Moskowitz, G. T. (2001). Real Options Analysis and Strategic Decision Making. Organization Science, 12 (6).
Boxman, E. A. W., De Graaf, P. M., Flap, H. D. (1991). The Impact of Social and Human Capital on the Income Attainment of Dutch Managers. Social Networks, 13: 51–73.
Buchanan, J. M. (1965). An Economic Theory of Clubs. Economica, 32 (125): 1.
Burda, M. C. (1993). The Determinants of East-West German Migration. European Economic Review, 37.
Burda, M. C. (1995). Migration and the Option Value of Waiting. Economic and Social Review, 27 (1): 1–19.
Castles, S. (2010). Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36 (10): 1565–1586.
Castles, S. (2013). The Forces Driving Global Migration. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 34 (2): 122–140.
Chandra, S. (2002). A Test of the Regional Growth-Instability Frontier Using State Data. Land Economics, 78 (3): 442–62.
Chandra, S. (2003). Regional Economy Size and the Growth-Instability Frontier: Evidence from Europe. Journal of Regional Science, 43 (1): 95–122.
Chandra, S., Shadel W. G. (2007). Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: Applying Financial Portfolio Theory to Model the Organization of the Self-Concept. Journal of Research in Personality, 41 (2): 346–73.
Chen, K. P., Chiang, S. H. (1998). Migration as Portfolio Selection. York: Mimeo.
Clark, X., Hatton, T. J., Williamson, J. G. (2007). Explaining U. S. Immigration, 1971–1998. Review of Economics and Statistics, 89 (2): 359–73.
Clemens, M. A. (2011). Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25 (3): 83–106.
Coleman, J. S. (1990). The Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP.
Conroy, M. (1975). Regional Economic Diversification. New York: Praeger.
Constant, A. F., Zimmermann, K. F. (2013). International Handbook on the Economics of Migration. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Corden, W. M., Findlay, R. (1975). Urban Unemployment, Intersectoral Capital Mobility and Development Policy. Economica, 42 (165): 59–78.
Cornut, J. (2015). Analytic Eclecticism in Practice: A Method for Combining International Relations Theories. International Studies Perspectives, 16 (1): 50–66.
Cox, D., Eser, Z., Jimenez, E. (1998). Motives for Private Transfers over the Life Cycle: An Analytical Framework and Evidence for Peru. Journal of Development Economics, 55 (1): 57–80.
Cox, D., Jimenez, E. (1992). Social Security and Private Transfers in Developing Countries: The Case of Peru. World Bank Economic Review, 6 (1): 155–69.
Da Vanzo, J. S. (1981). Microeconomic Approaches to Studying Migration Decisions. In: Migration Decision Making: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. G. F. De Jong, R. W. Gardner (Eds.). New York: Pergamon Press.
Dasgupta, P. (1990). Well-Being and the Extent of Its Realisation in Poor Countries. The Economic Journal, 100 (400): 1–32.
De Jong, G. F., Abad, R. G., Arnold, F., Carino, B. V., Fawcett, J. T. (1983). International and Internal Migration Decision Making: A Value-Expectancy Based Analytical Framework of Intentions to Move from a Rural Philippine Province. International Migration Review, 17 (3).
De Jong, G. F., Fawcett, J. T. (1981). Motivations for Migration: An Assessment and a Value- Expectancy Research Model. In Migration Decision Making: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. New York: Pergamon Press.
De Jong, G. F., Johnson. A. G., Richter. K. (1996). Determinants of Migration Values and Expectations in Rural Thailand. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 5 (4): 399–416.
De Jong, G. F. (2000). Expectations, Gender and Norms in Migration Decision Making. Population Studies, 54 (3): 307–19.
De Jong, G. F., Gardner. R. W. (Eds.) (1981). Migration Decision Making. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. New York: Pergamon Press.
Dixit, A., Pindyck, S. (1994). Investment Under Uncertainty. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Dustmann, C. (1997). Return Migration, Uncertainty and Precautionary Savings. Journal of Development Economics, 52 (2): 295–316.
Dustmann, C. Görlach, J.‑S. (2016). The Economics of Temporary Migrations. Journal of Economic Literature, 54 (1): 98–136.
Elton, E. J., Gruber, M. J. (1997). Modern Portfolio Theory, 1950 to Date. Journal of Banking and Finance.
Foster, A. D., Rosenzweig, M. R. (2001). Imperfect Commitment, Altruism, and the Family: Evidence from Transfer Behavior in Low-Income Rural Areas. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83 (3): 389–407.
Graves, P. E. (1983). Migration with a Composite Amenity: The Role of Rents. Journal of Regional Science, 23 (4): 541–46.
Greenwood, M. J. (1997). Internal Migration in Developed Countries. In: Handbook of Population and Family Economics. M. Rosenzweig, O. Stark (Eds.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Harbison, S. F. (1981). Family Structure and Family Strategy in Migration Decision Making. In: Migration Decision Making, Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. G. F. De Jong, R. W. Gardner (Eds.). New York: Pergamon Press: 225–51.
Harrington, A. (2005). Modern Social Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harris, J., Todaro, M. (1970). Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis. American Economic Review, 60.
Hatton, T. J., Williamson, J. G. (2005). What Fundamentals Drive World Migration? In: Poverty, International Migration and Asylum. G. Borjas, J. Crisp (Eds.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Haug, S. (2008). Migration Networks and Migration Decision-Making. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34 (4): 585–605.
Hester, D. D., Tobin, J. (1967). Risk Aversion and Portfolio Choice 19. New York: John Wiley.
Hicks, J. (1932). The Theory of Wages. London: Macmillan.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kennan, J., Walker, J. R. (2011). The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions. Econometrica, 79 (1).
Kogut, B., Kulatilaka, N. (2001). Capabilities as Real Options. Organization Science, 12 (6): 744–58.
Levitt, P. (2007). God Needs No Passport. New York: The New Press.
Levitt, P. (2001). The Transnational Villagers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Levitt, P. (1998). Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion. International Migration Review, 32 (4): 926.
Markowitz, H M. (1959). Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments. New York: John Wiley.
Markowitz, H. M. (1952). Portfolio Selections. Journal of Finance, 7.
Massey, D. S., García España, F. (1987). The Social Process of International Migration. Science, 237: 733–38.
Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., Taylor, J. E. (2008). Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino A., Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19 (3): 431–66.
McCall, B. P., McCall, J. J. (1987). A Sequential Study of Migration and Job Search. Journal of Labor Economics, 5 (4): 452–76.
Mincer, J. (1978). Family Migration Decisions. Journal of Political Economy, 86 (5): 749–73.
OECD (2017). International Migration Outlook 2017. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (2019). International Migration Outlook 2019. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Olson, M. (1996). Big Bills Left on the Sidewalk: Why Some National Are Rich and Others Poor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (2): 3–24.
Pickles, A, Rogerson, P. (1984). Wage Distribution and Spatial Preferences in Competitive Job Search and Migration. Regional Science, 18.
Poirine, B. (1997). A Theory of Remittances as an Implicit Family Loan Arrangement. World Development, 25 (4): 589–611.
Polachek, S. W., Horvath, F. W. (2012). A Life Cycle Approach to Migration: Analysis of the Perspicacious Peregrinator. In: Research in Labor Economics (35th Anniversary Retrospective). S. W. Polachek, K. Tatsiramos (Eds.). Emerald Group Publishing Limited: 349–95.
Portes, A. (1995). The Economic Sociology of Immigration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Rapoport, H., Docquier, F. (2006). The Economics of Migrants’ Remittances. In: Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity. S. C. Kolm, J. M. Ythier (Eds.) Amsterdam: North Holland: 1135–1198.
Roback, J. (1988). Wages, Rents, and Amenities: Differences Among Workers and Regions. Economic Inquiry, 26 (1): 23–41.
Roberts, K. D., Morris, M. D. S. (2003). Fortune, Risk, and Remittances: An Application of Option Theory to Participation in Village-Based Migration Networks. Source: The International Migration Review, 37 (4): 1252–81.
Rosenzweig, M. (1988). Risk, Implicit Contracts and the Family in Rural Areas of Low-Income Countries. Economic Journal, 393 (98).
Rosenzweig, M., Stark, O. (1989). Consumption Smoothing, Migration, and Marriage: Evidence from Rural India. Journal of Political Economy, 97 (4): 905–926.
Sanders, J. M., Nee, V. (1996). Immigrant Self-Employment: The Family as Social Capital and the Value of Human Capital. American Sociological Review, 61 (2).
Sandler, T., Tschirhart, J. T. (1980). The Economic Theory of Clubs: An Evaluation Survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 18 (4).
Sharpe, W. F. (1970). Portfolio Theory and Capital Markets. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Shields, G. M., Shields, M. P. (1989). The Emergence of Migration Theory and a Suggested New Direction. Journal of Economic Surveys, 3 (4): 277–304.
Siegel, P. B., Johnson, T. G., Alwang, J. (1995). A Structural Decomposition of Regional Economic Instability: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Regional Science, 35.
Simon, H. A. (2008). Rationality, Bounded. In: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. S. N. Durlauf, E. L. Blume (Eds.), 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan.
Sjaastad, L. A. (1962). The Costs and Returns of Human Migration. Journal of Political Economy, 70 (5): 80–93.
Solimano, A. (2010). International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stark, O. (1991). The Migration of Labour. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stark, O. (2009). Reasons for Remitting. World Economics, 10 (3).
Stark, O., Bloom, D. E. (1985). The New Economics of Labour Migration. The American Economic Review, 75.
Stark, O., Levhari, D. (1982). On Migration and Risk in LDCs. In Economic Development and Cultural Change, 31: 191–96.
Tabor, A. S. (2010). A Framework of Voluntary Migration: Understanding Modern British Migration to New Zealand. (Unpublished doctoral thesis) University of Wellington.
Taylor, J. (1986). Differential Migration, Networks, Information and Risk. In: Research in Human Capital and Development. O. Stark (Ed.). Vol. 4. Greenwich CN: JAI Press.
Tiebout, C. (1956). A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, 64 (5).
Todaro, M. (1969). A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. American Economic Review, 59.
UN (2015). World Population Prospect: The 2015 Revision Key Findings and Advance Tables. New York: United Nations.
UN (2016). International Migration Report 2015: Highlights. New York: United Nations.
Vallejo, J. A., Keister, L. A. (2019). Immigrants and wealth attainment: migration, inequality, and integration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2019.1592872
Weintraub, E. R. (2007). Neoclassical Economics. The Concise Encyclopaedia of Economics. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/NeoclassicalEconomics.html
Williams, A. M., Baláž, V. (2011). Migration, Risk, and Uncertainty. Population, Space, Place, 18.
Zimmermann, K. F., Bauer, T. (2002). The Economics of Migration. Edward Elgar Publishing.