Generation learning framework: Applying Margaret Mead's typology to agenda-setting stage of policy diffusion

Palina Prysmakova

doi:10.33119/KSzPP/2020.2.2

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Szybki rozwój globalnego Południa i stagnacja rozwoju na globalnej Północy zmieniły kierunki dyfuzji polityki publicznej. Do tej pory w literaturze przedmiotu brakuje jasnych tez, które wyjaśniałyby te zmiany. Niniejszy artykuł przyczynia się do rozwoju badań, oferując ramy międzypokoleniowego uczenia się do badania nowych ścieżek rozpowszechniania polityki publicznej i technologii na świecie. Propozycje antropologiczne Margaret Mead zostały dostosowane do większego popytu i popularności transferów na linii Południe-Południe w porównaniu z rzadszymi transferami na linii Południe-Północ. W artykule na przykładzie doświadczeń z Korei Południowej stwierdzono, że era transferu wiedzy wyłącznie z Północy na Południe dobiegła końca. Proponowane ramy można dalej zastosować do szybko rozwijających się doświadczeń i praktyk uczenia się w Ameryce Łacińskiej, Europie Wschodniej i Afryce.

Słowa kluczowe

uczenie się od przeszłości analiza porównawcza transfer wiedzy uczenie się instytucjonalne i organizacyjne lesson-drawing benchmarking knowledge transfer institutional and organizational learning

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Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).

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Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"

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Prysmakova, P. (2020) „Ramy międzypokoleniowego uczenia się. Zastosowanie typologii Margaret Mead do etapu ustanawiania agendy w dyfuzji polityki publicznej”, Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 7(2(26), s. 33–57. doi: 10.33119/KSzPP/2020.2.2.

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Referencje

Amsden, A. (1989). Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Assaf, A.G. (2012). Benchmarking the Asia Pacific tourism industry: A Bayesian combination of DEA and stochastic frontier. Tourism Management, 33(5): 1122-1127.
Arrighi, G., Silver, B.J., Brewer, B.D. (2003). Industrial convergence, globalization, and the persistence of the North-South divide. Studies in Comparative International Development, 38 (1): 3.
Bennett, C. (1997). Understanding Ripple Effects: The Cross-National Adoption of Policy Instruments for Bureaucratic Accountability. Governance, 19: 213-233.
Borkman, T. (1999). Understanding self-help/mutual aid: Experiential learning in the commons. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Busch P.O., Jorgens, H. (2005). The international sources of policy convergence: explaining the spread of environmental policy innovations. Journal of European Public Policy, 12: 860-884.
Butler, D.M., Volden, C., Dynes, A.M., Shor, B. (2017). Ideology, learning, and policy diffusion: Experimental evidence. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1): 37-49.
Callander, S. (2011). Searching for good policies. American Political Science Review, 105 (4): 643-662.
Cardoso, F.H. (2009). New paths: Globalization in historical perspective. Studies in Comparative International Development, 44: 296-317.
Castles F.G. (1993). Introduction. In: F.G. Castles (ed.). Families of Nations. Patterns of Public Policy in Western Democracies. Aldershot: Dartmouth: xiii-xxiii.
City of Los Angeles (2015). International. Available from: http://www.lariver.org/Partners/Government/index.htm (1 November 2015).
Common, R. (2004). Organisational Learning in a Political Environment: Improving policymaking in UK government. Pol St 25: 35-49.
Desmarais, B.A., Harden, J.J., Boehmke, F.J. (2015). Persistent policy pathways: Inferring diffusion networks in the American states. American Political Science Review, 109(2): 392-406.
Dobbin, F., Simmons, B., Garrett, G. (2007). The global diffusion of public policies: Social construction, coercion, competition, or learning? Annual Review Sociol., 33: 449-472.
Dolowitz, D. Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from abroad: the role of policy transfer in contemporary policymaking. Governance, 13: 5-24.
Dolowitz, D., Marsh, D. (1996). Who learns what from whom: a review of the policy transfer literature. Political Studies 44: 343-357.
Dolowitz, D. (2000). Policy transfer and British social policy: learning from the USA? Open Univ Pr.
Evans, P. (2004). Development as institutional change: the pitfalls of monocropping and the potentials of deliberation. St in Comp Intern Dev, 38: 30.
Fuglister, K. (2012). Where does learning take place? The role of intergovernmental cooperation in policy diffusion. European Journal of Political Research, 51(3): 316-349.
Gasiorowski, M.J., Poptani, Z. (2006). The macroeconomic consequences of democratic transition: Learning processes in the third and fourth waves of democratization. Studies in Comparative International Development, 41: 33-61.
Gilardi, F. (2016). Four ways we can improve policy diffusion research. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 16(1): 8-21.
Gómez-Mera, L. (2011). Markets, Politics, and Learning: Explaining Monetary Policy Innovations in Brazil. Studies in Comparative International Development, 46: 243-269.
Hockenos, P. (2014). 8 Things that were Better in East Germany, For Pol. Available from: http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/11/07/8-things-that-were-better-in-east-germany/ (1 November 2016).
Hong, T., Koo, C., Lee, S. (2014). Benchmarks as a tool for free allocation through comparison with similar projects: focused on multi-family housing complex. Applied energy, 114: 663-675.
Honolulu Government (2011). Chinatown Riverwalk Revitalization and Downtown Connectivity Study. Available from: http://www.honolulu.gov/rep/site/ohou/ohou_docs/Chinatown_ Riverwalk_Study_Final_Report_Dec2011.pdf (1 November 2015).
Ivanova, V., Evans, M. (2004). Policy transfer in transition state: the case of local government reform in the Ukraine. In: M. Evans (ed.), Policy Transfer in Global Perspective. Aldershot: Ashgate: 95-112.
Jakobi, A.P. (2012). International organisations and policy diffusion: the global norm of lifelong learning. Journal of International Relations and Development, 15(1): 31-64.
Karch, A. (2007). Democratic laboratories: Policy diffusion among the American states. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Karch, A., Nicholson-Crotty, S.C., Woods, N.D., Bowman, A.O.M. (2016). Policy diffusion and the pro-innovation bias. Political Research Quarterly, 69(1): 83-95.
Kim, S. (2011). Personal interview at Korean University, May.
Libaque-Saenz, C.F. (2016). Strategies for bridging the Internet digital divide in Peru: A benchmarking of South Korea and Chile. In: International Conference on Information Resources Management (CONF-IRM). Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL).
Loveless, M. (2009). The theory of international media diffusion: Political socialization and international media in transitional democracies. Studies in Comparative International Development, 44: 118-136.
March, J.G., Olsen, J.P. (1975). The uncertainty of the past: organizational learning under ambiguity. Eur J of Pol Re, 3: 147-171.
March, J.G., Simon, H. (1958). Organizations. HA. Oxford, England: Wiley.
Mead, M. (1970). Culture and Commitment. New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
Min, H., Min, H. (2013). Cross-cultural competitive benchmarking of fast-food restaurant services. Benchmarking: An International Journal.
Min, H., Mitra, A., Oswald, S. (1997). Competitive benchmarking of health care quality using the analytic hierarchy process: An example from Korean cancer clinics. Socio-economic Planning Sciences, 31(2): 147-159.
Mossberger, K., Wolman, H. (2003). Policy transfer as a form of prospective policy evaluation: Challenges and recommendations. Public Administration Review, 63: 428-440.
Moynihan, D.P., Landuyt, N. (2009). How do public organizations learn? Bridging cultural and structural perspectives. Public Administration Review, 69: 1097-1105.
Moynihan, D.P. (2005). Goal-Based learning and the Future of Performance Management. Public Administration Review, 65: 203-16.
Nicholson-Crotty, S., Carley, S. (2016). Effectiveness, implementation, and policy diffusion: Or "Can we make that work for us?" State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 16(1): 78-97.
Pacheco, J., Boushey, G. (2014). Public health and agenda setting: Determinants of state attention to tobacco and vaccines. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 39(3): 565-589.
Prysmakova, P. (2013). When the Son Becomes Smarter Than the Father: Reversing the Direction of Learning, PA Times. Available from: http://patimes.org/son-smarter-father-reversing-direction-learning/ (1 November 2015).
Prysmakova, P. (2016). Breaking Iron Channels of International Learning: Adopting Mead's Typology to the Seoul Metropolitan Government. Public Administration Issues, 5: 111-128
Quah, J.S. (2009). Benchmarking for excellence: A comparative analysis of seven Asian anticorruption agencies. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 31(2): 171-195.
Randma-Liiv, T. (2005). Demand- and supply-based policy transfer in Estonian public administration. Journal of Baltic Studies, 36.
Randma-Liiv, T. (2007). From Policy Transfer to Policy Learning in Central and Eastern Europe. In: D. Coombes, L. Vass (eds.). Post-Communist Public Administration: Restoring Professionalism and Accountability. Bratislava: NISPAcee: 27-36.
Randma-Liiv, T., Kruusenberg, R. (2016). Policy transfer in immature policy environments: motives, scope, role models and agents. Public Administration and Development, 32: 154-166.
Rose, R. (2005). Learning from comparative Public Policy: A Practical Guide. London, New York: Routledge.
Rose, R. (2002). Ten steps in learning lessons from abroad. European University Institute, Working paper RSC 2002/5.
Rose, R. (1991). What is Lesson Drawing?. J of Pub Pol, 11: 3-30.
Schiff, M. Wang, Y. (2008). North-south and south-south trade-related technology diffusion: How important are they in improving growth?. Journal of Developmental Studies, 44: 49-59.
Senge, P.M. (1990; 2006). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Crown Pub.
Shipan, C.R., Volden, C. (2006). Bottom-up federalism: The diffusion of antismoking policies from US cities to states. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4): 825-843.
Shipan, C.R., Volden, C. (2014). When the smoke clears: expertise, learning and policy diffusion. Journal of Public Policy, 34(3): 357-387.
Simon, H.A. (1991). Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning. Organizational Science, 2: 1.
SMG (2010a). Seoul Metropolitan Government. Infinitely yours, Seoul. Seoul: Global Marketing Division.
SMG (2010b). Achievements by Seoul City in overseas marketing. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/achievements-by-seoul-city-in-overseas-marketing/ (1 November 2015).
SMG (2010c). Mayor Oh attends ceremony for telephone service for elderly people living alone. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/mayor-oh-attends-ceremony-for-telephone-service-forelderly-people-living-alone/ (1 November 2015).
SMG (2011). Number of Seoul Public Bicycle Trips Tops 100,000. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/number-of-seoul-public-bicycle-trips-tops-100000/ (1 November 2015).
SMG (2012). The city of Seoul exchanges energy policies with Singapore. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/the-city-of-seoul-exchanges-energy-policies-with-singapore/ (1 November 2015).
SMG (2013). Seoul Awarded the First. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-awarded-the-first/ (1 November 2015).
SMG (2014a). Seoul Metropolitan Government to Increase the Number of Overseas Reporters to 300. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-metropolitan-government-increase-number-overseas-reporters-300/ (1 November 2015).
SMG (2014b). Mayor Park Won Soon visits a city and two provinces in China for "shishiqiushi". Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/mayor-park-won-soon-visits-city-two-provinces-china-shishiqiushi-seeking-truth-facts/ (1 November 2015).
SMG (2014c). Seoul Waterworks Benchmarked in Trinidad and Tobago. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-waterworks-benchmarked-trinidad-tobago/ (1 November 2015).
SMG (2015a). 1,000 More Public Daycare Centers to be Built by 2018, 21 January 2015. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/1000-public-daycare-centers-built-2018/ (1 November 2015).
SMG (2015b). Park Won Soon Act, Six Months after its Implementation. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/park-won-soon-act-six-months-implementationabout-81-citizens-said-improved-level-integrity-public-sector/ (1 November 2015).
Study Abroad Program by Type of the Program and by Country (2011). Seoul Metropolitan Government.
Therien, J.P. (1999). Beyond the North-South divide: the two tales of world poverty. Third World Quarterly, 20(4): 723-742.
UN-Habitat (2015). The State of Asian and Pacific Cities 2015. United Nations ESCAP. Available from: http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20State%20of%20Asian%20and%20Pacific%20Cities%202015.pdf (1 November 2016).
WeGo (2014). Seoul's E-Government Best Practices and Challenges. Available from: http://www.we-gov.org/index.php?mid=Members_at_a_Glance&page=14&document_srl=3897 (1 November 2015).
Weyland, K.G. (2004). Learning from foreign models in Latin American policy reform. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wolman, H., Page, E. (2002). Policy transfer among local governments: an information-theory approach. Governance, 15: 447-501.
Wolman, H. (1992). Understanding cross national policy transfers: the case of Britain and the US. Governance, 5: 27-45.

Referencje

Amsden, A. (1989). Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. New York: Oxford University Press.

Assaf, A.G. (2012). Benchmarking the Asia Pacific tourism industry: A Bayesian combination of DEA and stochastic frontier. Tourism Management, 33(5): 1122-1127.

Arrighi, G., Silver, B.J., Brewer, B.D. (2003). Industrial convergence, globalization, and the persistence of the North-South divide. Studies in Comparative International Development, 38 (1): 3.

Bennett, C. (1997). Understanding Ripple Effects: The Cross-National Adoption of Policy Instruments for Bureaucratic Accountability. Governance, 19: 213-233.

Borkman, T. (1999). Understanding self-help/mutual aid: Experiential learning in the commons. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Busch P.O., Jorgens, H. (2005). The international sources of policy convergence: explaining the spread of environmental policy innovations. Journal of European Public Policy, 12: 860-884.

Butler, D.M., Volden, C., Dynes, A.M., Shor, B. (2017). Ideology, learning, and policy diffusion: Experimental evidence. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1): 37-49.

Callander, S. (2011). Searching for good policies. American Political Science Review, 105 (4): 643-662.

Cardoso, F.H. (2009). New paths: Globalization in historical perspective. Studies in Comparative International Development, 44: 296-317.

Castles F.G. (1993). Introduction. In: F.G. Castles (ed.). Families of Nations. Patterns of Public Policy in Western Democracies. Aldershot: Dartmouth: xiii-xxiii.

City of Los Angeles (2015). International. Available from: http://www.lariver.org/Partners/Government/index.htm (1 November 2015).

Common, R. (2004). Organisational Learning in a Political Environment: Improving policymaking in UK government. Pol St 25: 35-49.

Desmarais, B.A., Harden, J.J., Boehmke, F.J. (2015). Persistent policy pathways: Inferring diffusion networks in the American states. American Political Science Review, 109(2): 392-406.

Dobbin, F., Simmons, B., Garrett, G. (2007). The global diffusion of public policies: Social construction, coercion, competition, or learning? Annual Review Sociol., 33: 449-472.

Dolowitz, D. Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from abroad: the role of policy transfer in contemporary policymaking. Governance, 13: 5-24.

Dolowitz, D., Marsh, D. (1996). Who learns what from whom: a review of the policy transfer literature. Political Studies 44: 343-357.

Dolowitz, D. (2000). Policy transfer and British social policy: learning from the USA? Open Univ Pr.

Evans, P. (2004). Development as institutional change: the pitfalls of monocropping and the potentials of deliberation. St in Comp Intern Dev, 38: 30.

Fuglister, K. (2012). Where does learning take place? The role of intergovernmental cooperation in policy diffusion. European Journal of Political Research, 51(3): 316-349.

Gasiorowski, M.J., Poptani, Z. (2006). The macroeconomic consequences of democratic transition: Learning processes in the third and fourth waves of democratization. Studies in Comparative International Development, 41: 33-61.

Gilardi, F. (2016). Four ways we can improve policy diffusion research. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 16(1): 8-21.

Gómez-Mera, L. (2011). Markets, Politics, and Learning: Explaining Monetary Policy Innovations in Brazil. Studies in Comparative International Development, 46: 243-269.

Hockenos, P. (2014). 8 Things that were Better in East Germany, For Pol. Available from: http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/11/07/8-things-that-were-better-in-east-germany/ (1 November 2016).

Hong, T., Koo, C., Lee, S. (2014). Benchmarks as a tool for free allocation through comparison with similar projects: focused on multi-family housing complex. Applied energy, 114: 663-675.

Honolulu Government (2011). Chinatown Riverwalk Revitalization and Downtown Connectivity Study. Available from: http://www.honolulu.gov/rep/site/ohou/ohou_docs/Chinatown_ Riverwalk_Study_Final_Report_Dec2011.pdf (1 November 2015).

Ivanova, V., Evans, M. (2004). Policy transfer in transition state: the case of local government reform in the Ukraine. In: M. Evans (ed.), Policy Transfer in Global Perspective. Aldershot: Ashgate: 95-112.

Jakobi, A.P. (2012). International organisations and policy diffusion: the global norm of lifelong learning. Journal of International Relations and Development, 15(1): 31-64.

Karch, A. (2007). Democratic laboratories: Policy diffusion among the American states. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Karch, A., Nicholson-Crotty, S.C., Woods, N.D., Bowman, A.O.M. (2016). Policy diffusion and the pro-innovation bias. Political Research Quarterly, 69(1): 83-95.

Kim, S. (2011). Personal interview at Korean University, May.

Libaque-Saenz, C.F. (2016). Strategies for bridging the Internet digital divide in Peru: A benchmarking of South Korea and Chile. In: International Conference on Information Resources Management (CONF-IRM). Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL).

Loveless, M. (2009). The theory of international media diffusion: Political socialization and international media in transitional democracies. Studies in Comparative International Development, 44: 118-136.

March, J.G., Olsen, J.P. (1975). The uncertainty of the past: organizational learning under ambiguity. Eur J of Pol Re, 3: 147-171.

March, J.G., Simon, H. (1958). Organizations. HA. Oxford, England: Wiley.

Mead, M. (1970). Culture and Commitment. New York: The American Museum of Natural History.

Min, H., Min, H. (2013). Cross-cultural competitive benchmarking of fast-food restaurant services. Benchmarking: An International Journal.

Min, H., Mitra, A., Oswald, S. (1997). Competitive benchmarking of health care quality using the analytic hierarchy process: An example from Korean cancer clinics. Socio-economic Planning Sciences, 31(2): 147-159.

Mossberger, K., Wolman, H. (2003). Policy transfer as a form of prospective policy evaluation: Challenges and recommendations. Public Administration Review, 63: 428-440.

Moynihan, D.P., Landuyt, N. (2009). How do public organizations learn? Bridging cultural and structural perspectives. Public Administration Review, 69: 1097-1105.

Moynihan, D.P. (2005). Goal-Based learning and the Future of Performance Management. Public Administration Review, 65: 203-16.

Nicholson-Crotty, S., Carley, S. (2016). Effectiveness, implementation, and policy diffusion: Or "Can we make that work for us?" State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 16(1): 78-97.

Pacheco, J., Boushey, G. (2014). Public health and agenda setting: Determinants of state attention to tobacco and vaccines. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 39(3): 565-589.

Prysmakova, P. (2013). When the Son Becomes Smarter Than the Father: Reversing the Direction of Learning, PA Times. Available from: http://patimes.org/son-smarter-father-reversing-direction-learning/ (1 November 2015).

Prysmakova, P. (2016). Breaking Iron Channels of International Learning: Adopting Mead's Typology to the Seoul Metropolitan Government. Public Administration Issues, 5: 111-128

Quah, J.S. (2009). Benchmarking for excellence: A comparative analysis of seven Asian anticorruption agencies. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 31(2): 171-195.

Randma-Liiv, T. (2005). Demand- and supply-based policy transfer in Estonian public administration. Journal of Baltic Studies, 36.

Randma-Liiv, T. (2007). From Policy Transfer to Policy Learning in Central and Eastern Europe. In: D. Coombes, L. Vass (eds.). Post-Communist Public Administration: Restoring Professionalism and Accountability. Bratislava: NISPAcee: 27-36.

Randma-Liiv, T., Kruusenberg, R. (2016). Policy transfer in immature policy environments: motives, scope, role models and agents. Public Administration and Development, 32: 154-166.

Rose, R. (2005). Learning from comparative Public Policy: A Practical Guide. London, New York: Routledge.

Rose, R. (2002). Ten steps in learning lessons from abroad. European University Institute, Working paper RSC 2002/5.

Rose, R. (1991). What is Lesson Drawing?. J of Pub Pol, 11: 3-30.

Schiff, M. Wang, Y. (2008). North-south and south-south trade-related technology diffusion: How important are they in improving growth?. Journal of Developmental Studies, 44: 49-59.

Senge, P.M. (1990; 2006). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Crown Pub.

Shipan, C.R., Volden, C. (2006). Bottom-up federalism: The diffusion of antismoking policies from US cities to states. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4): 825-843.

Shipan, C.R., Volden, C. (2014). When the smoke clears: expertise, learning and policy diffusion. Journal of Public Policy, 34(3): 357-387.

Simon, H.A. (1991). Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning. Organizational Science, 2: 1.

SMG (2010a). Seoul Metropolitan Government. Infinitely yours, Seoul. Seoul: Global Marketing Division.

SMG (2010b). Achievements by Seoul City in overseas marketing. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/achievements-by-seoul-city-in-overseas-marketing/ (1 November 2015).

SMG (2010c). Mayor Oh attends ceremony for telephone service for elderly people living alone. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/mayor-oh-attends-ceremony-for-telephone-service-forelderly-people-living-alone/ (1 November 2015).

SMG (2011). Number of Seoul Public Bicycle Trips Tops 100,000. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/number-of-seoul-public-bicycle-trips-tops-100000/ (1 November 2015).

SMG (2012). The city of Seoul exchanges energy policies with Singapore. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/the-city-of-seoul-exchanges-energy-policies-with-singapore/ (1 November 2015).

SMG (2013). Seoul Awarded the First. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-awarded-the-first/ (1 November 2015).

SMG (2014a). Seoul Metropolitan Government to Increase the Number of Overseas Reporters to 300. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-metropolitan-government-increase-number-overseas-reporters-300/ (1 November 2015).

SMG (2014b). Mayor Park Won Soon visits a city and two provinces in China for "shishiqiushi". Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/mayor-park-won-soon-visits-city-two-provinces-china-shishiqiushi-seeking-truth-facts/ (1 November 2015).

SMG (2014c). Seoul Waterworks Benchmarked in Trinidad and Tobago. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-waterworks-benchmarked-trinidad-tobago/ (1 November 2015).

SMG (2015a). 1,000 More Public Daycare Centers to be Built by 2018, 21 January 2015. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/1000-public-daycare-centers-built-2018/ (1 November 2015).

SMG (2015b). Park Won Soon Act, Six Months after its Implementation. Available from: http://english.seoul.go.kr/park-won-soon-act-six-months-implementationabout-81-citizens-said-improved-level-integrity-public-sector/ (1 November 2015).

Study Abroad Program by Type of the Program and by Country (2011). Seoul Metropolitan Government.

Therien, J.P. (1999). Beyond the North-South divide: the two tales of world poverty. Third World Quarterly, 20(4): 723-742.

UN-Habitat (2015). The State of Asian and Pacific Cities 2015. United Nations ESCAP. Available from: http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20State%20of%20Asian%20and%20Pacific%20Cities%202015.pdf (1 November 2016).

WeGo (2014). Seoul's E-Government Best Practices and Challenges. Available from: http://www.we-gov.org/index.php?mid=Members_at_a_Glance&page=14&document_srl=3897 (1 November 2015).

Weyland, K.G. (2004). Learning from foreign models in Latin American policy reform. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Wolman, H., Page, E. (2002). Policy transfer among local governments: an information-theory approach. Governance, 15: 447-501.

Wolman, H. (1992). Understanding cross national policy transfers: the case of Britain and the US. Governance, 5: 27-45.

Ramy międzypokoleniowego uczenia się. Zastosowanie typologii Margaret Mead do etapu ustanawiania agendy w dyfuzji polityki publicznej

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