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Abstrakt
Artykuł analizuje, w jaki sposób środowisko polityczne Ghany wpływa na nierówności w dostępie do dobrobytu osób w starszym wieku. Badanie opiera się na wykorzystaniu jakościowych i ilościowych zbiorów danych uzyskanych od osób w wieku 50+ (n = 230). Wyniki badań z udziałem osób starszych pokazują (70%), że polityka wobec starzenia się w znacznym stopniu wyklucza te osoby. Oznacza to niezrozumiałą dziedzinę polityki obejmującą konstytucję, politykę ochrony socjalnej, Ustawę o krajowej ankiecie dotyczącej wywiadu zdrowotnego (ang. National Health Interview Survey - NHIS) oraz krajową politykę dotyczącą starzenia się ludności. Wyzwanie polega na tym, że obowiązkowy wiek emerytalny wynosi 60 lat, podczas gdy zaszeregowanie bezpłatnej opieki zdrowotnej przez NHIS dotyczy osób w wieku 70+, a karta opieki społecznej (EBAN) zapewnia dostęp do udogodnień socjalnych, w tym transportu dla osób starszych w wieku 65+ ze zniżką 50%. Jednak starsi dorośli nie stanowią jednorodnej grupy. Polityka ta uwzględnia potrzeby osób starszych w sposób niespójny, przy czym obejmuje obszary wykluczenia społecznego i integracji. Polityka jest jednak kluczowym zasobem, którego ograniczenie może mieć poważne konsekwencje, w tym wzmacnianie dyskryminacji ze względu na wiek. Ma to szersze implikacje dla wykluczenia społecznego, gospodarczego i politycznego w odniesieniu do wielowymiarowych aspektów opieki zdrowotnej i uczestnictwa w zasobach siły roboczej. Są one omawiane w świetle trzech filarów polityki społecznej wobec starzenia się, a mianowicie opieki zdrowotnej, pracy zarobkowej i opieki społecznej. Artykuł stawia tezę, że polityka rządu jest ukierunkowana na dzieci i młodzież oraz jest wypaczona pod względem płci i wykształcenia, pomimo rosnącej populacji osób starszych, bez docenienia konkretnych i wybranych dziedzin polityki.
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Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Aboderin, I. (2006). Intergenerational support and old age in Africa. New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions.
- Anum, A., Akotia, C.S., de-Graft Aikins, A. (2019). Ageing in Ghana: A psychological study the multifaceted needs of the elderly. 5th School of Social Sciences International Conference proceedings on the theme "Africa on the move: Harnessing socio-economic and environmental resources for sustainable transformation". Accra: University of Ghana Printing Press.
- Ayalon, L., Tesch-Romer, C. (eds.) (2018). Contemporary perspectives on ageism. Berlin: Springer.
- Ayalon, L., Tesch-Romer, C. (2017). Taking a closer look at ageism: Self- and other-directed ageist attitudes and discrimination. European Journal of Ageing, 14(1): 1-4.
- Ayee, J. (2000). Saints, wizards, demons, and systems: Explaining the success or failure of public policies and programmes. Accra: Ghana Universities Press.
- Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., Scharf, T. (2013). Experiences of neighbourhood exclusion and inclusion among older people living in deprived inner-city areas in Belgium and England. Ageing & Society, 33(1): 89-109.
- De-Graft Aikins, A., Kushitor, M., Sanuade, O., Dakey, S., Dovie, D., Kwabena-Adade, J. (2016). Research on Ageing in Ghana from the 1950s to 2016: A Bibliography and Commentary. Ghana Studies Journal, 19: 173-189.
- Doh, D., Afranie, S., Bortei-Doku Aryeetey, E. (2014). Expanding social protection opportunities for older people in Ghana: A case for strengthening traditional family systems and community institutions. Ghana Social Science Journal, 11(1): 26-52.
- Dovie, D.A., Dzorgbo, D.B.S., Mate-Kole, C.C., Mensah, H.N., Agbe, A.F., Attiogbe, A., Dzokoto, G. (2020). Generational perspective of digital literacy among Ghanaians in the 21st century: Wither now?. Media Studies J., 11(20). DOI: 10.20901/ms.10.20.7.
- Dovie, D.A. (2018a). Leveraging healthcare opportunities for improved access among Ghanaian retirees: The case of active ageing. Journal of Social Science, 7: 92. DOI: 10.3390/socsci7060092.
- Dovie, D.A. (2018b). Systematic preparation process and resource mobilisation towards postretirement life in urban Ghana: an exploration. Ghana Social Science Journal, 15(1): 64-97.
- Dovie, D.A. (2019a). The status of older adult care in contemporary Ghana: A Profile of Some Emerging Issues. Frontiers in Sociology, 4:25. DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00025.
- Dovie, D.A. (2019b). The influence of MIPAA in formal support infrastructure development for the Ghanaian elderly. International Journal of Ageing in Developing Countries, 3: 47-59.
- Dovie, D.A., Ohemeng, F. (2019). Exploration of Ghana's older people's life-sustaining needs in the 21st century and the way forward. In: Tomczyk Ł., Klimczuk A. (eds.). Between successful and unsuccessful ageing: selected aspects and contexts. Kraków: Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie: 79-120. DOI: 10.24917/9788395373718.4.
- GHS (2010). Center for Health Information Management Systems.
- GOG (2008). National Pensions Act (Act, 766). Ghana.
- GOG (2010). National ageing policy: Ageing with security and dignity. Creative Alliance, Accra.
- Gooding, P., Anderson, J., NcVilly, K. (2017). Disability and social inclusion 'Down Under': A systematic literature review. Journal of Social Inclusion, 8 (2): 5-26.
- GSS (2013). 2010 Population and housing census: National analytical report. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.
- Hulko, W., Wilson, D., Balestrery, J. (2020). New Understandings of Memory Loss and Memory Care. Indigenous Peoples and Dementia.
- Luhmann, N. (1997). Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft [The society of society]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
- Luhmann, N. (1988). Die Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft [The economy of society]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
- Luhmann, N. (2000a). Die Politik der Gesellschaft [The polity of society]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
- Luhmann, N. (2000b). Organisation und entscheidung [Organization and decision]. Opladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag.
- Luhmann, N. (2005c). Inklusion und exklusion [Inclusion and exclusion]. In: Luhmann N. (ed.). Soziologische Aufklarung 6 [Sociological enlightenment 6]: 226-251. Wiesbaden, Germany: VS-Verlag.
- MIPAA (2007). Ghana country report on the implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. Accra: MIPAA.
- MIPAA (2012). Ghana Country Report on the Implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action. Accra: MIPAA.
- Nassehi, A. (2002). Exclusion individuality or individualization by inclusion. Soziale Systeme, 8: 124-135.
- Parmar, D., Williams, G., Dkhimi, F., Ndiaye, A., Asante, F.A., Arhinful, D.K., Mladovsky, P. (2014). Enrolment of older people in social health protection programs in West Africa - Does social exclusion play a part? Social Science & Medicine, 119: 36-44.
- Peeters, H., De Tavernier, W. (2015). Lifecourses, pensions and poverty among elderly women in Belgium: Interactions between family history, work history and pension regulations. Ageing & Society, 35(6): 1171-1199.
- Rudisill, J.R., Edwards, J.M., Hershberger, P.J., Jadwin, J.E., McKee, J.M. (2010). Coping with job transition over the work life. In: Miller, T.W. (ed.). Handbook of stressful transitions across lifespan. New York: Springer, 111-131.
- Walker, A. (2002). A strategy for active ageing. International Social Security Review, 55(1): 121-139.
- Walsh, K., O'Shea, E., Scharf, T., Shucksmith, M. (2014). Exploring the impact of informal practices on social exclusion and age-friendliness for older people in rural communities. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24(1): 37-49.
- Walsh, K., Scharf, T., Keating, N. (2017). Social exclusion of older persons: A scoping review and conceptual framework. European Journal of Ageing, 14(1): 81-98.
- Wilde, M.J., Tevington, P., Shen, W. (2018). Religious Inequality in America. Social Inclusion, 6(2): 107-126. DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1447.
- WHO (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Zaidi, A. (2012). Exclusion from material resources: Poverty and deprivation among older people in Europe. In: Scharf T. , Keating N.C. (eds.). From exclusion to inclusion in old age: A global challenge. Bristol: Policy Press: 71-88.
Referencje
Aboderin, I. (2006). Intergenerational support and old age in Africa. New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions.
Anum, A., Akotia, C.S., de-Graft Aikins, A. (2019). Ageing in Ghana: A psychological study the multifaceted needs of the elderly. 5th School of Social Sciences International Conference proceedings on the theme "Africa on the move: Harnessing socio-economic and environmental resources for sustainable transformation". Accra: University of Ghana Printing Press.
Ayalon, L., Tesch-Romer, C. (eds.) (2018). Contemporary perspectives on ageism. Berlin: Springer.
Ayalon, L., Tesch-Romer, C. (2017). Taking a closer look at ageism: Self- and other-directed ageist attitudes and discrimination. European Journal of Ageing, 14(1): 1-4.
Ayee, J. (2000). Saints, wizards, demons, and systems: Explaining the success or failure of public policies and programmes. Accra: Ghana Universities Press.
Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., Scharf, T. (2013). Experiences of neighbourhood exclusion and inclusion among older people living in deprived inner-city areas in Belgium and England. Ageing & Society, 33(1): 89-109.
De-Graft Aikins, A., Kushitor, M., Sanuade, O., Dakey, S., Dovie, D., Kwabena-Adade, J. (2016). Research on Ageing in Ghana from the 1950s to 2016: A Bibliography and Commentary. Ghana Studies Journal, 19: 173-189.
Doh, D., Afranie, S., Bortei-Doku Aryeetey, E. (2014). Expanding social protection opportunities for older people in Ghana: A case for strengthening traditional family systems and community institutions. Ghana Social Science Journal, 11(1): 26-52.
Dovie, D.A., Dzorgbo, D.B.S., Mate-Kole, C.C., Mensah, H.N., Agbe, A.F., Attiogbe, A., Dzokoto, G. (2020). Generational perspective of digital literacy among Ghanaians in the 21st century: Wither now?. Media Studies J., 11(20). DOI: 10.20901/ms.10.20.7.
Dovie, D.A. (2018a). Leveraging healthcare opportunities for improved access among Ghanaian retirees: The case of active ageing. Journal of Social Science, 7: 92. DOI: 10.3390/socsci7060092.
Dovie, D.A. (2018b). Systematic preparation process and resource mobilisation towards postretirement life in urban Ghana: an exploration. Ghana Social Science Journal, 15(1): 64-97.
Dovie, D.A. (2019a). The status of older adult care in contemporary Ghana: A Profile of Some Emerging Issues. Frontiers in Sociology, 4:25. DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00025.
Dovie, D.A. (2019b). The influence of MIPAA in formal support infrastructure development for the Ghanaian elderly. International Journal of Ageing in Developing Countries, 3: 47-59.
Dovie, D.A., Ohemeng, F. (2019). Exploration of Ghana's older people's life-sustaining needs in the 21st century and the way forward. In: Tomczyk Ł., Klimczuk A. (eds.). Between successful and unsuccessful ageing: selected aspects and contexts. Kraków: Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie: 79-120. DOI: 10.24917/9788395373718.4.
GHS (2010). Center for Health Information Management Systems.
GOG (2008). National Pensions Act (Act, 766). Ghana.
GOG (2010). National ageing policy: Ageing with security and dignity. Creative Alliance, Accra.
Gooding, P., Anderson, J., NcVilly, K. (2017). Disability and social inclusion 'Down Under': A systematic literature review. Journal of Social Inclusion, 8 (2): 5-26.
GSS (2013). 2010 Population and housing census: National analytical report. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.
Hulko, W., Wilson, D., Balestrery, J. (2020). New Understandings of Memory Loss and Memory Care. Indigenous Peoples and Dementia.
Luhmann, N. (1997). Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft [The society of society]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
Luhmann, N. (1988). Die Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft [The economy of society]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
Luhmann, N. (2000a). Die Politik der Gesellschaft [The polity of society]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
Luhmann, N. (2000b). Organisation und entscheidung [Organization and decision]. Opladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Luhmann, N. (2005c). Inklusion und exklusion [Inclusion and exclusion]. In: Luhmann N. (ed.). Soziologische Aufklarung 6 [Sociological enlightenment 6]: 226-251. Wiesbaden, Germany: VS-Verlag.
MIPAA (2007). Ghana country report on the implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. Accra: MIPAA.
MIPAA (2012). Ghana Country Report on the Implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action. Accra: MIPAA.
Nassehi, A. (2002). Exclusion individuality or individualization by inclusion. Soziale Systeme, 8: 124-135.
Parmar, D., Williams, G., Dkhimi, F., Ndiaye, A., Asante, F.A., Arhinful, D.K., Mladovsky, P. (2014). Enrolment of older people in social health protection programs in West Africa - Does social exclusion play a part? Social Science & Medicine, 119: 36-44.
Peeters, H., De Tavernier, W. (2015). Lifecourses, pensions and poverty among elderly women in Belgium: Interactions between family history, work history and pension regulations. Ageing & Society, 35(6): 1171-1199.
Rudisill, J.R., Edwards, J.M., Hershberger, P.J., Jadwin, J.E., McKee, J.M. (2010). Coping with job transition over the work life. In: Miller, T.W. (ed.). Handbook of stressful transitions across lifespan. New York: Springer, 111-131.
Walker, A. (2002). A strategy for active ageing. International Social Security Review, 55(1): 121-139.
Walsh, K., O'Shea, E., Scharf, T., Shucksmith, M. (2014). Exploring the impact of informal practices on social exclusion and age-friendliness for older people in rural communities. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24(1): 37-49.
Walsh, K., Scharf, T., Keating, N. (2017). Social exclusion of older persons: A scoping review and conceptual framework. European Journal of Ageing, 14(1): 81-98.
Wilde, M.J., Tevington, P., Shen, W. (2018). Religious Inequality in America. Social Inclusion, 6(2): 107-126. DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1447.
WHO (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zaidi, A. (2012). Exclusion from material resources: Poverty and deprivation among older people in Europe. In: Scharf T. , Keating N.C. (eds.). From exclusion to inclusion in old age: A global challenge. Bristol: Policy Press: 71-88.