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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza kryzysu humanitarnego Wenezueli ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem znaczenia problemów migracji regionalnej i zaangażowania społeczności międzynarodowej. Wstęp do rozważań koncentruje się na preludium obecnego kryzysu uchodźczego oraz na głównych założeniach merytoryczno-metodologicznych. Następnie skupiono się na dwóch głównych obszarach badawczych: a) najważniejszych społecznych, gospodarczych oraz politycznych przyczynach kryzysu migracyjnego Wenezueli, b) zaangażowaniu społeczności międzynarodowej w problemy migracyjne Wenezueli ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem działań Unii Europejskiej, Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych, Organizacji Państw Amerykańskich, rządów państw Ameryki Łacińskiej oraz Stanów Zjednoczonych. Biorąc pod uwagę wskazane założenia, hipoteza artykułu wskazuje, że kryzys migracyjny Wenezueli zarówno jest spowodowany kryzysem humanitarnym państwa, jak i pogłębia go, wywołując efekt sprzężenia zwrotnego. W artykule zastosowano metody: instytucjonalno-prawną, systemową, analizę treści oraz metodę statystyki opisowej.
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Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Bahar, D., Dooley, M. (2019). Venezuela refugee crisis to become the largest and most underfunded in modern history. Brookings Institution. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/12/09/venezuela-refugee-crisis-to-become-the-largest-and-most-underfunded-in-modern-history/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Biller, D., Laya, P. (2019). Venezuela Unemployment Nears That of War-Ruined Bosnia, IMF Says. Bloomberg. Retrieved from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-09/venezuela-unemploymentnears-that-of-war-ruined-bosnia-imf-says (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Congressional Research Service (2018). Venezuela's Economic Crisis: Issues for Congress. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
- Congressional Research Service (2019). Venezuela: Political Crisis and U. S. Policy. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
- Congressional Research Service (2020). Venezuela: Background and U. S. Relations 2020. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
- Coronel, G. (2008, March 4). The Corruption of Democracy in Venezuela. Cato Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/corruption-democracy-venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- European Council (2019). Venezuela: Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the latest developments. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa. eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/06/16/venezuela-declaration-by-the-high-representative-on-behalf-of-the-european-union-on-the-latest-developments/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- European Union External Action (2020). Statement by the International Contact Group on Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/health/69780/statement-international-contact-group-venezuela_en (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Gallardo, L.H., Batalova, J. (2020). Venezuelan Immigrants in the United States. Migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/venezuelan-immigrants-united-states (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Hernandez, J.I., (2019). Venezuela's Presidential Crisis and the Transition to Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
- Human Rights Watch (2019a). Venezuela: Events of 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw. org/worldreport/2019/country-chapters/venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Human Rights Watch (2019b). World Report 2019. Venezuela. Events of 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- ICRC (2020). Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.icrc.org/en/where-we-work/americas/venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- International Monetary Fund (2019a, October). Inflation rate, average consumer prices in Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/WEOWORLD/VEN (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- International Monetary Fund (2019b). World Economic Outlook of 2019. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
- International Monetary Fund (2020). Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VEN (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Johnson, K. (2018). How Venezuela Struck it Poor. The Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from: https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/16/how-venezuela-struck-it-poor-oil-energy-chavez/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Johnson, S. (2019, October/December 1-10). Neorealism and the Organization of American States (OAS): An Examination of CARICOM Rationality Toward Venezuela and the United States. New York: Sage Publications.
- Lima Group Declaration (2019). Santiago de Chile: Secretaria De Relaciones Exteriores y Cooperacion Internacional.
- Margesson, R., Ribando, S.C. (2019). The Venezuela Regional Migration Crisis. Washington D. C.: Congressional Research Service.
- McCarthy, M. (2017, February). Venezuela's Manmade Disaster. Current History: A Journal of Contemporary World Affairs, 787(116): 61-67.
- Neuman, W., Casey, N., (2018). Venezuela Election Won by Maduro Amid Widespread Disillusionment. NY Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/20/world/americas/venezuela-election.html (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- O'Brien, A. (2019). Venezuela and Russia: Geopolitical Allies in the 21st Century. The Yale Review of International Studies. Retrieved from: http://yris.yira.org/essays/3088 (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- O'Neil, S. (2019). Instability in Venezuela, Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/interactive/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/instability-venezuela 4 (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- OAS (2020). OAS Permanent Council Agrees to not recognize - the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term". Retrieved from: https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-001/19 (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Oppman, P. (2019). The Venezuelan radio host leading an armed 'colectivo' in support of Maduro. CNN. Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/24/americas/venezuela-colectivos-oppman-intl/index.html (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Quito Process (2019). Latin American countries agree road map for integration of Venezuelans, UNHCR. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/7/5d230a254/latin-american-countries-agree-road-map-integration-venezuelans.html (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Rendon, M. (2018). When Investment Hurts: Chinese Influence in Venezuela. Center for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/when-investment-hurts-chinese-influencevenezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Rendon, M., Schneider, M. (2018). Venezuela's Crisis Is Now a Regional Humanitarian Disaster.
- Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
- Ribando Seelke, C. (2020). Venezuela: Political Crisis and U. S. Policy, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
- The Economist (2013). The not-so-strong bolivar. The Economist. Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2013/02/venezuela%E2%80%99s-currency (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- The U.S. Department of State (2019). U. S. relation with Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://2009 2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- The U.S. Energy Information Administration (2019). Country Analysis Executive Summary: Venezuela. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
- The UN Refugee Agency (2019). Venezuela Humanitarian Crisis. Retrieved from: https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/venezuela/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- The World Factbook CIA (2019). Crude oil - proved reserves. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#264 (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- U.S. Department of State (2019). U. S. and International Community Actions on Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.state.gov/u-s-and-international-community-actions-on-venezuela/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- UNHCR (2019a). Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights On the Situation of Human Rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. New York: The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
- UNHCR (2019b). Venezuela situation. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/venezuela-emergency. html?gclid=Cj0KCQjwoub3BRC6ARIsABGhnya7AiD6Nt5iDXxX9SmOM0tsy9W38sm FbZLplP70EnCx4E2H 2182omAaAmlTEALw_wcB (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- United Nations (2020a). Real Negotiation among Venezuela's Main Political Actors, 'Only Way Forward' to Resolving Protracted Crisis, Under-Secretary-General Tells Security Council. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14193.doc.htm (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- United Nations (2020b). Refugee and Migrant Response Plan. New York: United Nations.
- UNOCHA (2020). Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.unocha.org/venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
- Wiseman, C., Beland, D. (2010). The Politics of Institutional Change in Venezuela: Oil Policy During The Presidency of Hugo Chavez. Canadian Journal of Latin American And Caribbean Studies, 35(70): 141-164.
Referencje
Bahar, D., Dooley, M. (2019). Venezuela refugee crisis to become the largest and most underfunded in modern history. Brookings Institution. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/12/09/venezuela-refugee-crisis-to-become-the-largest-and-most-underfunded-in-modern-history/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Biller, D., Laya, P. (2019). Venezuela Unemployment Nears That of War-Ruined Bosnia, IMF Says. Bloomberg. Retrieved from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-09/venezuela-unemploymentnears-that-of-war-ruined-bosnia-imf-says (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Congressional Research Service (2018). Venezuela's Economic Crisis: Issues for Congress. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Congressional Research Service (2019). Venezuela: Political Crisis and U. S. Policy. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Congressional Research Service (2020). Venezuela: Background and U. S. Relations 2020. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Coronel, G. (2008, March 4). The Corruption of Democracy in Venezuela. Cato Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/corruption-democracy-venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
European Council (2019). Venezuela: Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the latest developments. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa. eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/06/16/venezuela-declaration-by-the-high-representative-on-behalf-of-the-european-union-on-the-latest-developments/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
European Union External Action (2020). Statement by the International Contact Group on Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/health/69780/statement-international-contact-group-venezuela_en (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Gallardo, L.H., Batalova, J. (2020). Venezuelan Immigrants in the United States. Migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/venezuelan-immigrants-united-states (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Hernandez, J.I., (2019). Venezuela's Presidential Crisis and the Transition to Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Human Rights Watch (2019a). Venezuela: Events of 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw. org/worldreport/2019/country-chapters/venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Human Rights Watch (2019b). World Report 2019. Venezuela. Events of 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
ICRC (2020). Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.icrc.org/en/where-we-work/americas/venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
International Monetary Fund (2019a, October). Inflation rate, average consumer prices in Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/WEOWORLD/VEN (accessed: 1.06.2020).
International Monetary Fund (2019b). World Economic Outlook of 2019. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
International Monetary Fund (2020). Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VEN (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Johnson, K. (2018). How Venezuela Struck it Poor. The Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from: https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/16/how-venezuela-struck-it-poor-oil-energy-chavez/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Johnson, S. (2019, October/December 1-10). Neorealism and the Organization of American States (OAS): An Examination of CARICOM Rationality Toward Venezuela and the United States. New York: Sage Publications.
Lima Group Declaration (2019). Santiago de Chile: Secretaria De Relaciones Exteriores y Cooperacion Internacional.
Margesson, R., Ribando, S.C. (2019). The Venezuela Regional Migration Crisis. Washington D. C.: Congressional Research Service.
McCarthy, M. (2017, February). Venezuela's Manmade Disaster. Current History: A Journal of Contemporary World Affairs, 787(116): 61-67.
Neuman, W., Casey, N., (2018). Venezuela Election Won by Maduro Amid Widespread Disillusionment. NY Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/20/world/americas/venezuela-election.html (accessed: 1.06.2020).
O'Brien, A. (2019). Venezuela and Russia: Geopolitical Allies in the 21st Century. The Yale Review of International Studies. Retrieved from: http://yris.yira.org/essays/3088 (accessed: 1.06.2020).
O'Neil, S. (2019). Instability in Venezuela, Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/interactive/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/instability-venezuela 4 (accessed: 1.06.2020).
OAS (2020). OAS Permanent Council Agrees to not recognize - the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term". Retrieved from: https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-001/19 (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Oppman, P. (2019). The Venezuelan radio host leading an armed 'colectivo' in support of Maduro. CNN. Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/24/americas/venezuela-colectivos-oppman-intl/index.html (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Quito Process (2019). Latin American countries agree road map for integration of Venezuelans, UNHCR. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/7/5d230a254/latin-american-countries-agree-road-map-integration-venezuelans.html (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Rendon, M. (2018). When Investment Hurts: Chinese Influence in Venezuela. Center for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/when-investment-hurts-chinese-influencevenezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Rendon, M., Schneider, M. (2018). Venezuela's Crisis Is Now a Regional Humanitarian Disaster.
Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Ribando Seelke, C. (2020). Venezuela: Political Crisis and U. S. Policy, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
The Economist (2013). The not-so-strong bolivar. The Economist. Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2013/02/venezuela%E2%80%99s-currency (accessed: 1.06.2020).
The U.S. Department of State (2019). U. S. relation with Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://2009 2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm (accessed: 1.06.2020).
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (2019). Country Analysis Executive Summary: Venezuela. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
The UN Refugee Agency (2019). Venezuela Humanitarian Crisis. Retrieved from: https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/venezuela/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
The World Factbook CIA (2019). Crude oil - proved reserves. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#264 (accessed: 1.06.2020).
U.S. Department of State (2019). U. S. and International Community Actions on Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.state.gov/u-s-and-international-community-actions-on-venezuela/ (accessed: 1.06.2020).
UNHCR (2019a). Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights On the Situation of Human Rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. New York: The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
UNHCR (2019b). Venezuela situation. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/venezuela-emergency. html?gclid=Cj0KCQjwoub3BRC6ARIsABGhnya7AiD6Nt5iDXxX9SmOM0tsy9W38sm FbZLplP70EnCx4E2H 2182omAaAmlTEALw_wcB (accessed: 1.06.2020).
United Nations (2020a). Real Negotiation among Venezuela's Main Political Actors, 'Only Way Forward' to Resolving Protracted Crisis, Under-Secretary-General Tells Security Council. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14193.doc.htm (accessed: 1.06.2020).
United Nations (2020b). Refugee and Migrant Response Plan. New York: United Nations.
UNOCHA (2020). Venezuela. Retrieved from: https://www.unocha.org/venezuela (accessed: 1.06.2020).
Wiseman, C., Beland, D. (2010). The Politics of Institutional Change in Venezuela: Oil Policy During The Presidency of Hugo Chavez. Canadian Journal of Latin American And Caribbean Studies, 35(70): 141-164.