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Od czasu kryzysu uchodźczego z 2015 r. instytucje UE i rządy państw członkowskich wzmocniły działania na rzecz lepszego zarządzania migracją oraz ochrony zewnętrznych granic UE. W wymiarze zewnętrznym Unia zastosowała wiele różnych środków gospodarczych i politycznych, a także rozwiązań o charakterze odstraszającym, aby odzyskać kontrolę nad przepływami migracyjnymi. Chociaż współpraca na rzecz rozwoju została uznana za jedno z ważnych narzędzi eliminowania pierwotnych przyczyn migracji, to eksternalizacja zarządzania migracją do krajów tranzytowych stała się głównym filarem strategii antykryzysowej. Choć polityka ta pozwoliła zasadniczo zmniejszyć liczbę nielegalnych przekroczeń europejskiej granicy, nie można jej traktować jako rozwiązania długoterminowego. Aby lepiej się przygotować na wyzwania migracyjne w przyszłości, UE powinna przemyśleć współpracę na rzecz rozwoju z krajami pochodzenia i tranzytu oraz włączyć do swojej strategii zarówno działania wobec migrantów przymusowych, jak i ekonomicznych. Pomoc rozwojowa może być przydatnym narzędziem dla UE, jeżeli będzie wykorzystywana raczej do zarządzania niż do blokowania migracji.
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Referencje
- Abebe, T.T. (2019, December 20). Securitisation of migration in Africa. The Case if Agadez in Niger. Institute for Security Studies, Africa Report.
- AIDWATCH (2018). Aid and Migration The externalisation of Europe's responsibilities. Brussels: Concord.
- Boas, M., Rieker, P. (2019). Executive Summary of the Final Report and Selected Policy Recommendations. Retrieved from: EUNPACK.eu (accessed: 29.07.2020).
- Brito, R. (2019). Migrant arrivals plunge in Spain after deals with Morocco. Retrieved from: www.apnews.com (accessed: 29.07.2020).
- Carayol, R. (2019, July 5). What Happened when the EU Moved its Fight to Stop Migration to Niger. The Nation.
- Clemens, M.A., Postel, H.M. (2018). Deterring Emigration with Foreign Aid: an Overview of Evidence from Low-Income Countries. CGD Policy Paper 119.
- Dempsey, J. (2020). Judy Asks: Is Europe Betraying Refugees? Brussels: Carnegie Europe.
- EC (European Commission) (2005, October 12). European Commission adopts European Union Strategy for Africa.
- EC (European Commission) (2015). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions A European Agenda on Migration, COM(2015) 240 final.
- EC (European Commission) (2019, October 16). Progress report on the Implementation of the European Agenda on Migration Brussels, COM(2019) 481 final.
- EC (European Commission) (2020). Complete statistics on short-stay visas issued by the Schengen States.
- EPSC (European Political Strategy Centre) (2019). 10 trends shaping migration. Brussels: EPSC.
- Eurostat (2019a). Residence permits - statistics on first permits issued during the year (accessed: 07.09.2019).
- Eurostat (2019b). Non-EU citizens: 4.4% of the EU population in 2018 (accessed: 15.03.2019). Eurostat (2020a). Asylum Statistics (accessed: 15.05.2020; 26.05.2020).
- Eurostat (2020b). All valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship on 31 December of each year (accessed: 24.02.2020).
- Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (2017). Africa and Europe - A new partnership for development, peace and a better future. Cornerstones of a Marshall Plan with Africa. Bonn.
- Frontex (2019). Number of irregular crossings at Europe's borders at lowest level in 5 years. Retrieved from: www.frontex.europa.eu (accessed: 29.07.2020).
- Frontex (2020). Migratory Routes. Retrieved from: www.frontex.europa.eu (accessed: 29.07.2020).
- ICMPD (International Centre for Migration Policy Development) (2020). ICMPD Migration Outlook 2019. Austria.
- IOM (International Organization for Migration) (2020). International Organization for Migration. Retrieved from: www.iom.int (accessed: 29.07.2020).
- Kugiel, P., Erstad, H.U., B0as, M., Szymańska, J. (2020). Can Aid Solve the Root Causes of Migration? A Framework for Future Research on the Development-Migration Nexus. PISM Policy Paper 1(176).
- Lebovich, A. (2018). Halting Ambition: EU Migration and Security Policy in the Sahel. EU Council of Foreign Relations.
- Lehne, S. (2016). Upgrading the EU's Migration Partnerships. Brussels: Carnegie Europe.
- Michalska, K., Pawłowski, M. (2020). Libya Agreement's Impact on Italy's Migration Policy. PISM Bulletin 20(1450).
- Morthorst, L.J., (2019). EU Policies Don't Tackle Root Causes of Migration: They Risk Aggravating Them. Copenhagen: IPS News Agency.
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2020). Aid (ODA) commitments to countries and regions. Retrieved from: https://stats.oecd.org (accessed: 29.07.2020).
- Oxfam International (2020, January). The EU Trust Fund for Africa Trapped between aid policy and migration politics. Oxfam Briefing Paper.
- Radford, J., Connor, P. (2019). Canada now leads the world in refugee resettlement, surpassing the U. S. Washington, DC: Pew Research Centre.
- Sasnal, P. (2019). Six Takeaways on European Migration Management since the Adoption of the Global Compact for Migration. PISM Strategic File 2(90).
- Slagter, J. (2019). An "Informal" Turn in the European Union's Migrant Returns Policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
- UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2020). Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward flows and stock. UNCTADStat.
- UNDESA (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2019, September). Population facts, International migrants numbered 272 m in 2019 continuing an upward trend in all major world regions, 4.
Referencje
Abebe, T.T. (2019, December 20). Securitisation of migration in Africa. The Case if Agadez in Niger. Institute for Security Studies, Africa Report.
AIDWATCH (2018). Aid and Migration The externalisation of Europe's responsibilities. Brussels: Concord.
Boas, M., Rieker, P. (2019). Executive Summary of the Final Report and Selected Policy Recommendations. Retrieved from: EUNPACK.eu (accessed: 29.07.2020).
Brito, R. (2019). Migrant arrivals plunge in Spain after deals with Morocco. Retrieved from: www.apnews.com (accessed: 29.07.2020).
Carayol, R. (2019, July 5). What Happened when the EU Moved its Fight to Stop Migration to Niger. The Nation.
Clemens, M.A., Postel, H.M. (2018). Deterring Emigration with Foreign Aid: an Overview of Evidence from Low-Income Countries. CGD Policy Paper 119.
Dempsey, J. (2020). Judy Asks: Is Europe Betraying Refugees? Brussels: Carnegie Europe.
EC (European Commission) (2005, October 12). European Commission adopts European Union Strategy for Africa.
EC (European Commission) (2015). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions A European Agenda on Migration, COM(2015) 240 final.
EC (European Commission) (2019, October 16). Progress report on the Implementation of the European Agenda on Migration Brussels, COM(2019) 481 final.
EC (European Commission) (2020). Complete statistics on short-stay visas issued by the Schengen States.
EPSC (European Political Strategy Centre) (2019). 10 trends shaping migration. Brussels: EPSC.
Eurostat (2019a). Residence permits - statistics on first permits issued during the year (accessed: 07.09.2019).
Eurostat (2019b). Non-EU citizens: 4.4% of the EU population in 2018 (accessed: 15.03.2019). Eurostat (2020a). Asylum Statistics (accessed: 15.05.2020; 26.05.2020).
Eurostat (2020b). All valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship on 31 December of each year (accessed: 24.02.2020).
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (2017). Africa and Europe - A new partnership for development, peace and a better future. Cornerstones of a Marshall Plan with Africa. Bonn.
Frontex (2019). Number of irregular crossings at Europe's borders at lowest level in 5 years. Retrieved from: www.frontex.europa.eu (accessed: 29.07.2020).
Frontex (2020). Migratory Routes. Retrieved from: www.frontex.europa.eu (accessed: 29.07.2020).
ICMPD (International Centre for Migration Policy Development) (2020). ICMPD Migration Outlook 2019. Austria.
IOM (International Organization for Migration) (2020). International Organization for Migration. Retrieved from: www.iom.int (accessed: 29.07.2020).
Kugiel, P., Erstad, H.U., B0as, M., Szymańska, J. (2020). Can Aid Solve the Root Causes of Migration? A Framework for Future Research on the Development-Migration Nexus. PISM Policy Paper 1(176).
Lebovich, A. (2018). Halting Ambition: EU Migration and Security Policy in the Sahel. EU Council of Foreign Relations.
Lehne, S. (2016). Upgrading the EU's Migration Partnerships. Brussels: Carnegie Europe.
Michalska, K., Pawłowski, M. (2020). Libya Agreement's Impact on Italy's Migration Policy. PISM Bulletin 20(1450).
Morthorst, L.J., (2019). EU Policies Don't Tackle Root Causes of Migration: They Risk Aggravating Them. Copenhagen: IPS News Agency.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2020). Aid (ODA) commitments to countries and regions. Retrieved from: https://stats.oecd.org (accessed: 29.07.2020).
Oxfam International (2020, January). The EU Trust Fund for Africa Trapped between aid policy and migration politics. Oxfam Briefing Paper.
Radford, J., Connor, P. (2019). Canada now leads the world in refugee resettlement, surpassing the U. S. Washington, DC: Pew Research Centre.
Sasnal, P. (2019). Six Takeaways on European Migration Management since the Adoption of the Global Compact for Migration. PISM Strategic File 2(90).
Slagter, J. (2019). An "Informal" Turn in the European Union's Migrant Returns Policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2020). Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward flows and stock. UNCTADStat.
UNDESA (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2019, September). Population facts, International migrants numbered 272 m in 2019 continuing an upward trend in all major world regions, 4.