Treść głównego artykułu
Abstrakt
Artykuł poświęcony jest strategiom polityki zagranicznej Unii Europejskiej (UE) po kryzysie uchodźczym 2015 r., a jego celem jest zbadanie, do jakiego stopnia polityka migracyjna UE jest częścią europejskiej polityki zagranicznej. Wskazano, że polityka migracyjna w wymiarze wewnętrznym nie została przygotowana na nieskuteczność wspólnego działania. Aby tę nieskuteczność przełamać, zdecydowano o przeniesieniu polityki migracyjnej do wymiaru zewnętrznego UE. Tym samym postuluje się, aby migracje, które wcześniej uznawano za domenę polityki wewnętrznej państw członkowskich, z problemu polityki wewnętrznej stały się problemem polityki zagranicznej. W związku z tym autorzy badają wzajemne powiązania między migracjami a bezpieczeństwem jako kluczowym elementem zrozumienia tego procesu "zagranicznienia". Rozwój bliskiej współpracy z państwami trzecimi w obszarze regulacji dotyczącej migracji stał się jednym z priorytetów w całej polityce migracyjnej Unii Europejskiej, jednak nie odnotowała ona na tym polu większych sukcesów. Zarazem kryzys migracyjny jeszcze wyraźniej wskazał na konieczność rozwoju wymiaru zewnętrznego zarządzania procesem migracji, lecz tym razem zastosowano bardziej pragmatyczne podejście gwarantujące zabezpieczenie interesów UE w zakresie bezpieczeństwa. Podstawą zewnętrznego wymiaru europejskiej polityki migracyjnej są stosunki z państwami trzecimi i powiązanie pomocy rozwojowej z kwestiami bezpieczeństwa i ochrony granic. W artykule analizowane są debaty w Parlamencie Europejskim, które toczyły się przed i po kryzysie uchodźczym 2015 r., co służy ocenie powiązania kwestii migracyjnych i bezpieczeństwa, tym samym pogłębiając rozumienie procesu "zagranicznienia" europejskiej polityki migracyjnej.
Słowa kluczowe
Szczegóły artykułu
Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Anholt, R., Sinatti, G. (2019). Under the guise of resilience: The EU approach to migration and forced displacement in Jordan and Lebanon. Contemporary Security Policy, 41 (2): 311-335. DOI:10.1080/13523260.2019.1698182.
- Boswell, C. (2003). The 'external dimension' of EU immigration and asylum policy. International Affairs, 79(3): 619-638. DOI:10.1111/1468-2346.00326.
- Caballero Velez, D., Pachocka, M. (2020). Producing public goods in the EU: European integration processes in the fields of refugee protection and climate stability. European Politics and Society. DOI:10.1080/23745118.2020.1791458.
- Carbone, M. (2007). Supporting or resisting global public goods. Global Governance, 13 (2): 179-198. DOI:10.2307/27800653.
- Council of the European Union (2003, December 12). A secure Europe in a better world. European Security Strategy, Brussels. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/reports/78367.pdf (accessed: 27.07.2020).
- Council of the European Union (2015a). Council Decision (EU) 2015/1523 of 14 September 2015 Establishing Provisional Measures in the Area of International Protection for the Benefit of Italy and of Greece. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32015D1523 (accessed: 27.07.2020).
- Council of the European Union (2015b). Council Decision (EU) 2015/1601 of 22 September 2015 establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and Greece. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri= uriserv:OJ.L_.2015.248.01.0080.01. ENG (accessed: 27.07.2020).
- Council of the European Union (2016a, March 18). EU-Turkey statement. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/ (accessed: 27.07.2020).
- Council of the European Union (2016b, November 14). Implementation Plan on Security and Defence, Brussels, 14392/16. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/22460/eugs-implementation-plan-st14392en16.pdf (accessed: 27.07.2020).
- European Commission (2015a). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - 'A European Agenda on Migration', 13.05.2015, COM(2015) 240 final. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/docs/communication_on_the_european_agenda_on_migration_en.pdf (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- European Commission (2015b). Proposal for a Council Decision establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and Greece, 27.05.2015, COM(2015) 286 final. Retrieved from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/556884004.html (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- European Commission (2015c). Proposal for a Council Decision establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy, Greece and Hungary, 9.09.2015, COM(2015) 451 final. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid= 1513339315874&uri=CELEX:52015PC0451 (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- European Commission (2015d, October 15). EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan, Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_15_5860 (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- European Commission (2015e, November 3). Joint letter to EU Heads of State or Government. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/AGENDA_15_5994 (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- European External Action Service (EEAS). (2016, June). Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe - A Global Strategy for the European Union's Foreign and Security Policy, Brussels. Retrieved from: http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- European Council (2020). EU migration policy. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa. eu/en/policies/migratory-pressures/# (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- Fedorov, M. (2017). The EU Common Security and Defence Policy. The EU activity in the context of global strategy. Observer, 8: 29-40.
- G20 Leaders' Communique Antalya Summit (2015, November 15-16). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/23729/g20-antalya-leaders-summit-communique.pdf (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- Gattinara, P.C., Morales, L. (2017). The politicization and securitization of migration in Western Europe: Public opinion, political parties and the immigration issue. In: P. Bourbeau (Ed.), Handbook on Migration and Security: 273-295. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Habermas, J. (1993). Justification and Application. Remarks on Discourse Ethics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Harding, L., Oltermann, P., Watt, N. (2015, September 2). Refugees welcome? How UK and Germany compare on migration. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian. com/world/2015/sep/02/refugees-welcome-uk-germany-compare-migration (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- Helbling, M. (2014). Framing Immigration in Western Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(1): 21-41. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2013.830888.
- Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the Securitization of Migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5): 751-777. DOI:10.1111/1468-5965.00263.
- International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2016). Mediterranean migrant, refugee arrivals top 100,000. Retrieved from: http://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-refugee-arrivals-top-100000 (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- Kok, M., Brons, J., Witmer, M. (2011). A global public goods perspective on environment and poverty reduction Implications for Dutch foreign policy. The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
- Lodge, J. (1993). Internal Security and Judicial Cooperation. In: J. Lodge (Ed.), The European Community and the Challenge of the Future (2nd ed.): 315-339. London: Pinter.
- Michael Smith, M. (2003). The framing of European foreign and security policy: towards a post-modern policy framework? Journal of European Public Policy, 10(4): 556-575. DOL10.1080/1350176032000101253.
- Nagy, B. (2017). Sharing the responsibility or shifting the focus? The responses of the EU and the Visegrad countries to the Post-2015 Arrival of Migrants and Refugees. Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper, 17: 1-20.
- Nougayrede, N. (2015, August 21). Angela Merkel is right: the migration crisis will define this decade. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/21/angela-merkel-migration-crisis-europes-biggest-challenge (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- Oliveira Martins, B.O., Strange, M. (2019). Rethinking EU external migration policy: contestation and critique. Global Affairs, 5(3): 195-202. DOI:10.1080/23340460.2019.1641128.
- Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action: public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Pachocka, M. (2016). Understanding the Visegrad Group States' Response to the Migrant and Refugee Crisis 2014+ in the European Union. Yearbook of Polish European Studies, 19: 101-132.
- Pachocka, M., Visvizi, A. (2018). Rethinking the Twin Migration and Refugee Crises in Europe through the Lens of Safety and Security. In: C.E. Pacheco Amaral, V. Cucerescu, G. Gabrichidze, I. Horga, A. Kruglashov, E. Latoszek, M. Pachocka (Eds.), The European Union and the Eastern Partnership: Security Challenges: 453-470. Chisinau, Tbilisi, Cernauti: Tipografia Print-Caro.
- Papademetriou, D.G. (2015). Top 10 of 2015 - Issue #1: Migration crisis tests European consensus and governance. Migration Policy Institute (MPI). Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-crisis-tests-european-consensus-and-governance (accessed: 26.07.2020).
- Scipioni, M. (2018). Failing forward in EU migration policy? EU integration after the 2015 asylum and migration crisis, Journal of European Public Policy, 25(9): 1357-1375. DOI:10.1080/13501763.2017.1325920.
- Watt, N. (2015). David Cameron: battle for EU reform is not "mission impossible". The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/10/david-cameron-prepares-for-battle-with-eu-allies-over-resolvable-aims (accessed: 26.07.2020).
Referencje
Anholt, R., Sinatti, G. (2019). Under the guise of resilience: The EU approach to migration and forced displacement in Jordan and Lebanon. Contemporary Security Policy, 41 (2): 311-335. DOI:10.1080/13523260.2019.1698182.
Boswell, C. (2003). The 'external dimension' of EU immigration and asylum policy. International Affairs, 79(3): 619-638. DOI:10.1111/1468-2346.00326.
Caballero Velez, D., Pachocka, M. (2020). Producing public goods in the EU: European integration processes in the fields of refugee protection and climate stability. European Politics and Society. DOI:10.1080/23745118.2020.1791458.
Carbone, M. (2007). Supporting or resisting global public goods. Global Governance, 13 (2): 179-198. DOI:10.2307/27800653.
Council of the European Union (2003, December 12). A secure Europe in a better world. European Security Strategy, Brussels. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/reports/78367.pdf (accessed: 27.07.2020).
Council of the European Union (2015a). Council Decision (EU) 2015/1523 of 14 September 2015 Establishing Provisional Measures in the Area of International Protection for the Benefit of Italy and of Greece. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32015D1523 (accessed: 27.07.2020).
Council of the European Union (2015b). Council Decision (EU) 2015/1601 of 22 September 2015 establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and Greece. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri= uriserv:OJ.L_.2015.248.01.0080.01. ENG (accessed: 27.07.2020).
Council of the European Union (2016a, March 18). EU-Turkey statement. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/ (accessed: 27.07.2020).
Council of the European Union (2016b, November 14). Implementation Plan on Security and Defence, Brussels, 14392/16. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/22460/eugs-implementation-plan-st14392en16.pdf (accessed: 27.07.2020).
European Commission (2015a). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - 'A European Agenda on Migration', 13.05.2015, COM(2015) 240 final. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/docs/communication_on_the_european_agenda_on_migration_en.pdf (accessed: 26.07.2020).
European Commission (2015b). Proposal for a Council Decision establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and Greece, 27.05.2015, COM(2015) 286 final. Retrieved from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/556884004.html (accessed: 26.07.2020).
European Commission (2015c). Proposal for a Council Decision establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy, Greece and Hungary, 9.09.2015, COM(2015) 451 final. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid= 1513339315874&uri=CELEX:52015PC0451 (accessed: 26.07.2020).
European Commission (2015d, October 15). EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan, Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_15_5860 (accessed: 26.07.2020).
European Commission (2015e, November 3). Joint letter to EU Heads of State or Government. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/AGENDA_15_5994 (accessed: 26.07.2020).
European External Action Service (EEAS). (2016, June). Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe - A Global Strategy for the European Union's Foreign and Security Policy, Brussels. Retrieved from: http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf (accessed: 26.07.2020).
European Council (2020). EU migration policy. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa. eu/en/policies/migratory-pressures/# (accessed: 26.07.2020).
Fedorov, M. (2017). The EU Common Security and Defence Policy. The EU activity in the context of global strategy. Observer, 8: 29-40.
G20 Leaders' Communique Antalya Summit (2015, November 15-16). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/23729/g20-antalya-leaders-summit-communique.pdf (accessed: 26.07.2020).
Gattinara, P.C., Morales, L. (2017). The politicization and securitization of migration in Western Europe: Public opinion, political parties and the immigration issue. In: P. Bourbeau (Ed.), Handbook on Migration and Security: 273-295. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Habermas, J. (1993). Justification and Application. Remarks on Discourse Ethics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Harding, L., Oltermann, P., Watt, N. (2015, September 2). Refugees welcome? How UK and Germany compare on migration. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian. com/world/2015/sep/02/refugees-welcome-uk-germany-compare-migration (accessed: 26.07.2020).
Helbling, M. (2014). Framing Immigration in Western Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(1): 21-41. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2013.830888.
Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the Securitization of Migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5): 751-777. DOI:10.1111/1468-5965.00263.
International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2016). Mediterranean migrant, refugee arrivals top 100,000. Retrieved from: http://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-refugee-arrivals-top-100000 (accessed: 26.07.2020).
Kok, M., Brons, J., Witmer, M. (2011). A global public goods perspective on environment and poverty reduction Implications for Dutch foreign policy. The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
Lodge, J. (1993). Internal Security and Judicial Cooperation. In: J. Lodge (Ed.), The European Community and the Challenge of the Future (2nd ed.): 315-339. London: Pinter.
Michael Smith, M. (2003). The framing of European foreign and security policy: towards a post-modern policy framework? Journal of European Public Policy, 10(4): 556-575. DOL10.1080/1350176032000101253.
Nagy, B. (2017). Sharing the responsibility or shifting the focus? The responses of the EU and the Visegrad countries to the Post-2015 Arrival of Migrants and Refugees. Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper, 17: 1-20.
Nougayrede, N. (2015, August 21). Angela Merkel is right: the migration crisis will define this decade. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/21/angela-merkel-migration-crisis-europes-biggest-challenge (accessed: 26.07.2020).
Oliveira Martins, B.O., Strange, M. (2019). Rethinking EU external migration policy: contestation and critique. Global Affairs, 5(3): 195-202. DOI:10.1080/23340460.2019.1641128.
Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action: public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pachocka, M. (2016). Understanding the Visegrad Group States' Response to the Migrant and Refugee Crisis 2014+ in the European Union. Yearbook of Polish European Studies, 19: 101-132.
Pachocka, M., Visvizi, A. (2018). Rethinking the Twin Migration and Refugee Crises in Europe through the Lens of Safety and Security. In: C.E. Pacheco Amaral, V. Cucerescu, G. Gabrichidze, I. Horga, A. Kruglashov, E. Latoszek, M. Pachocka (Eds.), The European Union and the Eastern Partnership: Security Challenges: 453-470. Chisinau, Tbilisi, Cernauti: Tipografia Print-Caro.
Papademetriou, D.G. (2015). Top 10 of 2015 - Issue #1: Migration crisis tests European consensus and governance. Migration Policy Institute (MPI). Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-crisis-tests-european-consensus-and-governance (accessed: 26.07.2020).
Scipioni, M. (2018). Failing forward in EU migration policy? EU integration after the 2015 asylum and migration crisis, Journal of European Public Policy, 25(9): 1357-1375. DOI:10.1080/13501763.2017.1325920.
Watt, N. (2015). David Cameron: battle for EU reform is not "mission impossible". The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/10/david-cameron-prepares-for-battle-with-eu-allies-over-resolvable-aims (accessed: 26.07.2020).