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Od wybuchu pandemii COVID-19 w marcu 2020 r. w prawie każdym kraju świata systemy opieki zdrowotnej są zagrożone bezprecedensowym kryzysem. W odpowiedzi na tę sytuację w wielu krajach zaprojektowano i uruchomiono własne unikalne aplikacje, aby informować swoich obywateli o COVID-19 i śledzić ich sytuację zdrowotną. Podczas gdy Korea Południowa skutecznie walczy z COVID-19, Turcja jest jednym z krajów najbardziej dotkniętych koronawirusem. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zidentyfikowanie kluczowych różnic i podobieństw między aplikacjami do śledzenia kontaktów używanymi w Turcji i Korei Południowej podczas epidemii COVID-19. Omówiono to, w jaki sposób dwa kraje członkowskie Organizacji Współpracy Gospodarczej i Rozwoju (OECD) - kraj rozwijający się (Turcja) i kraj rozwinięty (Korea Południowa) - integrowały swoją politykę publiczną, reagowały w sytuacji kryzysowej, wprowadzając aplikacje na telefony komórkowe, i jak duży był sukces, który odniosły w tej dziedzinie. W niniejszym artykule zbadano również, w jaki sposób różnice i podobieństwa między aplikacjami wykorzystywanymi w analizowanych krajach wpłynęły na ich funkcjonowanie w pandemii. W związku z tym zostały omówione procesy kształtowania polityki, różnice technologiczne, strategie wobec śledzenia kontaktów oraz rekomendacje polityczne dla innych krajów.
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Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Ahn, P. D., & Wickramasinghe, D. (2021). Pushing the limits of accountability: big data analytics containing and controlling COVID-19 in South Korea. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 34 (6), 1320-1331. DOI: 10.1108/AAAJ-08-2020-4829
- Anglemyer, A. (2020). Digital contact tracing technologies in epidemics: A rapid review. Saudi Medical Journal, 41 (9), 1028. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD013699
- Barriga, A. do C., Martins, A. F., Simoes, M. J., & Faustino, D. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Yet another catalyst for governmental mass surveillance? Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2 (1), 100096. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100096
- BBC News Türkçe (2020, May 13). Koronavirüs: Türkiye ve dünyadaki temas takip uygulamalari güvenli mi, hak ve mahremiyet ihlallerine yol açar mi?, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-52638919 (accessed: 25.10.2021).
- Boudreaux, B., DeNardo, M. A., Denton, S. W., Sanchez, R., & Feistel, K. (2020). Data privacy during pandemics. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. DOI: 10.7249/RRA365-1
- Directorate of Communications; The Republic of Türkiye (2020). Pandemic isolation tracking project developed against COVID-19, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/duyurular/detay/pandemic-isolation-tracking-project-developed-against-covid-19 (accessed: 17.10.2021).
- Filyasyon ve izolasyon takibi (1.4.1) (2020). [Mobile app]. Google Play, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.gov.saglik.fitas (accessed: 26.09.2021).
- FITAS (2020, Oct 2). Saglik Bilgi Sistemleri Genel Müdürlügü, https://sbsgm.saglik.gov.tr/TR,73584/fitas.html (accessed: 26.09.2021).
- Google (2020, May 20). Exposure notification API launches to support public health agencies. Google, https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/apple-google-exposure-notification-api-launches/ (accessed: 24.10.2021).
- Government of the Republic of Korea (2020). All About Korea's Response to COVID-19. Seoul: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- Hayat eve sigar (2020a). https://hayatevesigar.saglik.gov.tr (accessed: 26.09.2021).
- Hayat eve sigar (2.3.8) (2020b). [Mobile app]. Google Play, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.gov.saglik.hayatevesigar&hl=tr&gl=US (accessed: 20.10.2021).
- Hayat eve sigar (2020c). Privacy policy, https://hayatevesigar.saglik.gov.tr/gizlilik_politikasi_index.html (accessed: 17.10.2021).
- Hayat eve sigar (2021, June 10). [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/_hayatevesigar/status/1402976230882881540 (accessed: 20.10.2021).
- HealthPass (1.0.6) (2021). [Mobile app]. Google Play, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.healthpass.global (accessed: 26.09.2021).
- Hogan, K., Macedo, B., Macha, V., Barman, A., & Jiang, X. (2021). Contact Tracing Apps: Lessons Learned on Privacy, Autonomy, and the Need for Detailed and Thoughtful Implementation. JMIR Medical Informatics, 9 (7), e27449. DOI: 10.2196/27449
- Joo, J., & Shin, M. M. (2020). Resolving the tension between full utilization of contact tracing app services and user stress as an effort to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Service Business, 14 (4), 461-478. DOI: 10.1007/s11628-020-00424-7
- Kaya, E. K. (2020). Safety and Privacy in the Time of Covid-19: Contact Tracing Applications. Istanbul: Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26089 (accessed: 26.01.2022).
- Kim, J., Ah-Reum An, J., Oh, S., Oh, J., & Lee, J. (2021, March 5). Emerging COVID-19 success story: South Korea learned the lessons of MERS. Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/covid-exemplar-south-korea (accessed: 26.01.2022).
- Kim, Y., Chen, Y., & Liang, F. (2021). Engineering care in pandemic technogovernance: The politics of care in China and South Korea's COVID-19 tracking apps. New Media and Society. OnlineFirst. DOI: 10.1177/14614448211020752.
- Kocaeli Il Saglik Müdürlügü (2020). Koronada izolasyona uymayanlara para cezasi, https://kocaeliism.saglik.gov.tr/TR,188491/koronada-izolasyona-uymayanlara-para-cezasi.html (accessed: 19.10.2021).
- Korona Önlem (1.0.3). (2020). [Mobile app]. Google Play, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.gov.saglik.koronaonlem (accessed: 26.01.2022).
- Lee, C. S. (2021). Contact tracing apps for self-quarantine in South Korea: rethinking datafication and dataveillance in the COVID-19 age. Online Information Review, 45 (4), 810-829. DOI: 10.1108/OIR-08-2020-0377
- McDonnell, T. (2020, Sept 2). How Finland got 20% of its population to download a contact tracing app in one day. Quartz, https://qz.com/1898960/whats-behind-finlands-contact-tracing-app-success-user-privacy/ (accessed: 26.01.2022).
- Ministry of Economy and Finance (2020, April). How Korea responded to a pandemic using ICT flattening the curve on COVID 19. The Government of the Republic of Korea, https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/policies/view?articleId=184486 (accessed: 26.01.2022).
- Ministry of the Interior and Safety (2020, May). COVID-19, testing time for resilience in recovering from COVID-19: Korean experience. The Government of the Republic of Korea, https://www.mois.go.kr/eng/bbs/type002/commonSelectBoardArticle.do;jsessionid=isaxyqXeyT-uwLpN+1Md3WXQ.node40?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000022&nttId=77016 (accessed:26.01.2022).
- Ng, P. C., Spachos, P., Gregori, S., & Plataniotis, K. (2021). Personal Devices for Contact Tracing: Smartphones and Wearables to Fight Covid-19. ArXiv.org, June, 1-7, http://arxiv.org/abs/2108.02008 (accessed: 26.01.2022).
- NHRCK (National Human Rights Commission of Korea) (2020, April 16). https://www.humanrights.go.kr/site/program/board/basicboard/view?boardtypeid=7003&boardid=7605315&menuid=002002001 (accessed: 26.07.2021).
- Park, J., Han, J., Kim, Y., & Rho, M. J. (2021). Development, acceptance, and concerns surrounding app-based services to overcome the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea: Web-based survey study. JMIR Medical Informatics, 9 (7), 1-15. DOI: 10.2196/29315
- Park, S., Choi, G. J., & Ko, H. (2021). Privacy in the Time of COVID-19: Divergent Paths for Contact Tracing and Route-Disclosure Mechanisms in South Korea. IEEE Security and Privacy, 19 (3), 51-56. DOI: 10.1109/MSEC.2021.3066024
- Radanliev, P., De Roure, D., Walton, R., Van Kleek, M., Montalvo, R. M., Santos, O., Maddox, L. T., & Cannady, S. (2020). COVID-19 what have we learned? The rise of social machines and connected devices in pandemic management following the concepts of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine. EPMA Journal, 11 (3), 311-332. DOI: 10.1007/s13167-020-00218-x
- Rahimi, F., & Talebi Bezmin Abadi, A. (2020). Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic. Archives of Medical Research, 51 (5), 468-470. DOI: 10.1016/J. ARCMED.2020.04.012
- Rahman, M. (2021, Feb 25). Here are the countries using google and apple's COVID-19 contact tracing API. Xda-Developers, https://www.xda-developers.com/google-apple-covid-19-contact-tracing-exposure-notifications-api-app-list-countries/ (accessed: 24.10.2021).
- Sato, M. (2020). Why some countries suspended, replaced, or relaunched their covid apps. MIT Technology Review, https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/12/23/1015557/covid-apps-contact-tracing-suspended-replaced-or-relaunched/ (accessed: 12.07.2021).
- Shahroz, M., Ahmad, F., Younis, M. S., Ahmad, N., Kamel Boulos, M. N., Vinuesa, R., & Qadir, J. (2021, Jan). COVID-19 digital contact tracing applications and techniques: A review post initial deployments. Transportation Engineering, 5, 100072. DOI: 10.1016/j.treng.2021.100072
- SimilarWeb (2021). Top Google Play apps - most popular apps in Turkey, https://www.similarweb.com/apps/top/google/store-rank/tr/medical/top-free/ (accessed: 24.10.2021).
- Şimşek, A. Ç., Kara, A., Baran-Aksakal, F. N., Gülüm, M., Ilter, B., Ender, L., Bulut, Y. E., Gül, H., Irmak, H., Altunay, K., Çakmak, D., Tosun, E., Gülegen, E. C., & Demirkasimoglu, M. (2020). Contact tracing management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 77 (3), 269-280. DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2020.80688
- Statista (2021a, June 24). Smartphone users by country worldwide 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/748053/worldwide-top-countries-smartphone-users/#main-content (accessed: 24.10.2021).
- Statista (2021b, July 6). COVID-19 contact tracing app adoption rate 2020, by country, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1134669/share-populations-adopted-covid-contact-tracing-apps-countries/#statisticContainer (accessed: 24.10.2021).
- Statista (2021c, August 2). COVID-19 self-diagnosis and self-quarantine app usage rate South Korea 2020, by age, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1253062/south-korea-covid-19-self-diagnosis-and-self-quarantine-app-usage-by-age/ (accessed: 24.10.2021).
- T24 (2012, Aug 24). Deprem vergisi 13 yaşina basti, https://t24.com.tr/haber/deprem-vergisi-13-yasina-basti,211504 (accessed: 29.10.2021).
- TC Antalya Valiligi (2021). Il umumi hifzissihha kurulu 2021/21 karari - coronavirüs (covid-19) salginindan korumak ve yayilmasini engellemek Için alinmasi gereken tedbirler, http://www.antalya.gov.tr/il-umumi-hifzissihha-kurulu-202121-karari (accessed: 19.10.2021).
- TC Bornova Kaymakamligi (2021). Ilçe hifzisihha kurulu karari. 2021, http://bornova.gov.tr/ilce-hifzissihha-kurulu-karari-10062021---202106-6 (accessed: 26.09.2021).
- Thomas, M. J., Lal, V., Baby, A. K., Rabeeh VP,M., James, A., & Raj, A. K. (2021). Can technological advancements help to alleviate COVID-19 pandemic? A review. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 117, 103787. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103787
- Thuraisingham, B., Wang, X., Yegneswaran, V. (Eds.). (2015). Security and Privacy in Communication Networks: 11th International Conference. SecureComm 2015, Dallas, TX, USA, October 26-29, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. Cham: Springer.
- World Bank (2019). Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) - Korea, Rep., Turkey, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?locations=KR-TR (accessed: 10.10.2021).
- Worldometer (2021, Sept 9). Reported cases and deaths by country or territory, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries (accessed: 10.09.2021).
Referencje
Ahn, P. D., & Wickramasinghe, D. (2021). Pushing the limits of accountability: big data analytics containing and controlling COVID-19 in South Korea. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 34 (6), 1320-1331. DOI: 10.1108/AAAJ-08-2020-4829
Anglemyer, A. (2020). Digital contact tracing technologies in epidemics: A rapid review. Saudi Medical Journal, 41 (9), 1028. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD013699
Barriga, A. do C., Martins, A. F., Simoes, M. J., & Faustino, D. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Yet another catalyst for governmental mass surveillance? Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2 (1), 100096. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100096
BBC News Türkçe (2020, May 13). Koronavirüs: Türkiye ve dünyadaki temas takip uygulamalari güvenli mi, hak ve mahremiyet ihlallerine yol açar mi?, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-52638919 (accessed: 25.10.2021).
Boudreaux, B., DeNardo, M. A., Denton, S. W., Sanchez, R., & Feistel, K. (2020). Data privacy during pandemics. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. DOI: 10.7249/RRA365-1
Directorate of Communications; The Republic of Türkiye (2020). Pandemic isolation tracking project developed against COVID-19, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/duyurular/detay/pandemic-isolation-tracking-project-developed-against-covid-19 (accessed: 17.10.2021).
Filyasyon ve izolasyon takibi (1.4.1) (2020). [Mobile app]. Google Play, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.gov.saglik.fitas (accessed: 26.09.2021).
FITAS (2020, Oct 2). Saglik Bilgi Sistemleri Genel Müdürlügü, https://sbsgm.saglik.gov.tr/TR,73584/fitas.html (accessed: 26.09.2021).
Google (2020, May 20). Exposure notification API launches to support public health agencies. Google, https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/apple-google-exposure-notification-api-launches/ (accessed: 24.10.2021).
Government of the Republic of Korea (2020). All About Korea's Response to COVID-19. Seoul: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Hayat eve sigar (2020a). https://hayatevesigar.saglik.gov.tr (accessed: 26.09.2021).
Hayat eve sigar (2.3.8) (2020b). [Mobile app]. Google Play, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.gov.saglik.hayatevesigar&hl=tr&gl=US (accessed: 20.10.2021).
Hayat eve sigar (2020c). Privacy policy, https://hayatevesigar.saglik.gov.tr/gizlilik_politikasi_index.html (accessed: 17.10.2021).
Hayat eve sigar (2021, June 10). [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/_hayatevesigar/status/1402976230882881540 (accessed: 20.10.2021).
HealthPass (1.0.6) (2021). [Mobile app]. Google Play, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.healthpass.global (accessed: 26.09.2021).
Hogan, K., Macedo, B., Macha, V., Barman, A., & Jiang, X. (2021). Contact Tracing Apps: Lessons Learned on Privacy, Autonomy, and the Need for Detailed and Thoughtful Implementation. JMIR Medical Informatics, 9 (7), e27449. DOI: 10.2196/27449
Joo, J., & Shin, M. M. (2020). Resolving the tension between full utilization of contact tracing app services and user stress as an effort to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Service Business, 14 (4), 461-478. DOI: 10.1007/s11628-020-00424-7
Kaya, E. K. (2020). Safety and Privacy in the Time of Covid-19: Contact Tracing Applications. Istanbul: Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26089 (accessed: 26.01.2022).
Kim, J., Ah-Reum An, J., Oh, S., Oh, J., & Lee, J. (2021, March 5). Emerging COVID-19 success story: South Korea learned the lessons of MERS. Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/covid-exemplar-south-korea (accessed: 26.01.2022).
Kim, Y., Chen, Y., & Liang, F. (2021). Engineering care in pandemic technogovernance: The politics of care in China and South Korea's COVID-19 tracking apps. New Media and Society. OnlineFirst. DOI: 10.1177/14614448211020752.
Kocaeli Il Saglik Müdürlügü (2020). Koronada izolasyona uymayanlara para cezasi, https://kocaeliism.saglik.gov.tr/TR,188491/koronada-izolasyona-uymayanlara-para-cezasi.html (accessed: 19.10.2021).
Korona Önlem (1.0.3). (2020). [Mobile app]. Google Play, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.gov.saglik.koronaonlem (accessed: 26.01.2022).
Lee, C. S. (2021). Contact tracing apps for self-quarantine in South Korea: rethinking datafication and dataveillance in the COVID-19 age. Online Information Review, 45 (4), 810-829. DOI: 10.1108/OIR-08-2020-0377
McDonnell, T. (2020, Sept 2). How Finland got 20% of its population to download a contact tracing app in one day. Quartz, https://qz.com/1898960/whats-behind-finlands-contact-tracing-app-success-user-privacy/ (accessed: 26.01.2022).
Ministry of Economy and Finance (2020, April). How Korea responded to a pandemic using ICT flattening the curve on COVID 19. The Government of the Republic of Korea, https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/policies/view?articleId=184486 (accessed: 26.01.2022).
Ministry of the Interior and Safety (2020, May). COVID-19, testing time for resilience in recovering from COVID-19: Korean experience. The Government of the Republic of Korea, https://www.mois.go.kr/eng/bbs/type002/commonSelectBoardArticle.do;jsessionid=isaxyqXeyT-uwLpN+1Md3WXQ.node40?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000022&nttId=77016 (accessed:26.01.2022).
Ng, P. C., Spachos, P., Gregori, S., & Plataniotis, K. (2021). Personal Devices for Contact Tracing: Smartphones and Wearables to Fight Covid-19. ArXiv.org, June, 1-7, http://arxiv.org/abs/2108.02008 (accessed: 26.01.2022).
NHRCK (National Human Rights Commission of Korea) (2020, April 16). https://www.humanrights.go.kr/site/program/board/basicboard/view?boardtypeid=7003&boardid=7605315&menuid=002002001 (accessed: 26.07.2021).
Park, J., Han, J., Kim, Y., & Rho, M. J. (2021). Development, acceptance, and concerns surrounding app-based services to overcome the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea: Web-based survey study. JMIR Medical Informatics, 9 (7), 1-15. DOI: 10.2196/29315
Park, S., Choi, G. J., & Ko, H. (2021). Privacy in the Time of COVID-19: Divergent Paths for Contact Tracing and Route-Disclosure Mechanisms in South Korea. IEEE Security and Privacy, 19 (3), 51-56. DOI: 10.1109/MSEC.2021.3066024
Radanliev, P., De Roure, D., Walton, R., Van Kleek, M., Montalvo, R. M., Santos, O., Maddox, L. T., & Cannady, S. (2020). COVID-19 what have we learned? The rise of social machines and connected devices in pandemic management following the concepts of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine. EPMA Journal, 11 (3), 311-332. DOI: 10.1007/s13167-020-00218-x
Rahimi, F., & Talebi Bezmin Abadi, A. (2020). Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic. Archives of Medical Research, 51 (5), 468-470. DOI: 10.1016/J. ARCMED.2020.04.012
Rahman, M. (2021, Feb 25). Here are the countries using google and apple's COVID-19 contact tracing API. Xda-Developers, https://www.xda-developers.com/google-apple-covid-19-contact-tracing-exposure-notifications-api-app-list-countries/ (accessed: 24.10.2021).
Sato, M. (2020). Why some countries suspended, replaced, or relaunched their covid apps. MIT Technology Review, https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/12/23/1015557/covid-apps-contact-tracing-suspended-replaced-or-relaunched/ (accessed: 12.07.2021).
Shahroz, M., Ahmad, F., Younis, M. S., Ahmad, N., Kamel Boulos, M. N., Vinuesa, R., & Qadir, J. (2021, Jan). COVID-19 digital contact tracing applications and techniques: A review post initial deployments. Transportation Engineering, 5, 100072. DOI: 10.1016/j.treng.2021.100072
SimilarWeb (2021). Top Google Play apps - most popular apps in Turkey, https://www.similarweb.com/apps/top/google/store-rank/tr/medical/top-free/ (accessed: 24.10.2021).
Şimşek, A. Ç., Kara, A., Baran-Aksakal, F. N., Gülüm, M., Ilter, B., Ender, L., Bulut, Y. E., Gül, H., Irmak, H., Altunay, K., Çakmak, D., Tosun, E., Gülegen, E. C., & Demirkasimoglu, M. (2020). Contact tracing management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 77 (3), 269-280. DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2020.80688
Statista (2021a, June 24). Smartphone users by country worldwide 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/748053/worldwide-top-countries-smartphone-users/#main-content (accessed: 24.10.2021).
Statista (2021b, July 6). COVID-19 contact tracing app adoption rate 2020, by country, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1134669/share-populations-adopted-covid-contact-tracing-apps-countries/#statisticContainer (accessed: 24.10.2021).
Statista (2021c, August 2). COVID-19 self-diagnosis and self-quarantine app usage rate South Korea 2020, by age, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1253062/south-korea-covid-19-self-diagnosis-and-self-quarantine-app-usage-by-age/ (accessed: 24.10.2021).
T24 (2012, Aug 24). Deprem vergisi 13 yaşina basti, https://t24.com.tr/haber/deprem-vergisi-13-yasina-basti,211504 (accessed: 29.10.2021).
TC Antalya Valiligi (2021). Il umumi hifzissihha kurulu 2021/21 karari - coronavirüs (covid-19) salginindan korumak ve yayilmasini engellemek Için alinmasi gereken tedbirler, http://www.antalya.gov.tr/il-umumi-hifzissihha-kurulu-202121-karari (accessed: 19.10.2021).
TC Bornova Kaymakamligi (2021). Ilçe hifzisihha kurulu karari. 2021, http://bornova.gov.tr/ilce-hifzissihha-kurulu-karari-10062021---202106-6 (accessed: 26.09.2021).
Thomas, M. J., Lal, V., Baby, A. K., Rabeeh VP,M., James, A., & Raj, A. K. (2021). Can technological advancements help to alleviate COVID-19 pandemic? A review. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 117, 103787. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103787
Thuraisingham, B., Wang, X., Yegneswaran, V. (Eds.). (2015). Security and Privacy in Communication Networks: 11th International Conference. SecureComm 2015, Dallas, TX, USA, October 26-29, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. Cham: Springer.
World Bank (2019). Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) - Korea, Rep., Turkey, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?locations=KR-TR (accessed: 10.10.2021).
Worldometer (2021, Sept 9). Reported cases and deaths by country or territory, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries (accessed: 10.09.2021).