Analyzing sound COVID-19 policy responses in developing countries: the case study of Pakistan

Usman W. Chohan

doi:10.33119/KSzPP/2022.2.1

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Pandemia COVID-19 postawiła duże wyzwania polityczne przed krajami rozwijającymi się, w których zasoby operacyjne i możliwości polityczne są ograniczone. Jednak niektóre z tych krajów radzą sobie lepiej niż inne i wydaje się, że część tego sukcesu można przypisać wykorzystaniu ostrożnych instrumentów polityki publicznej w ramach spójnych kombinacji interwencji publicznych. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono studium przypadku dotyczące pandemii COVID-19 w Pakistanie i rozważono następujące aspekty kombinacji polityki publicznej: 1) polio i infrastruktura wsparcia obszarów wiejskich wdrożona w celu wykrywania COVID-19 oraz budowania świadomości na ten temat; 2) utworzenie krajowego operacyjnego centrum dowodzenia w celu scentralizowania procesu decyzyjnego prowadzonego w czasie rzeczywistym; 3) wykorzystanie największego programu wspierania dochodów do zorganizowania pomocy dla ubogich; 4) optymalnie ukierunkowane (inteligentne) lockdowny. Wyniki badania sugerują, że kraje rozwijające się - pomimo ograniczonych zasobów - mogą odpowiednio zareagować na pandemię poprzez dostosowanie istniejących instrumentów politycznych i stworzenie nowych w ramach spójnej kombinacji polityki publicznej.

Słowa kluczowe

COVID-19 pandemia reakcja polityczna kraje rozwijające się wartość publiczna Pakistan kombinacja polityki publicznej instrumenty polityczne COVID-19 pandemic policy response developing countries public value Pakistan policy mix policy instruments

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Chohan, U. W. (2022) „Analiza dostosowania polityk publicznych w reakcji na COVID- 19 w krajach rozwijających się. Studium przypadku Pakistanu”, Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 9(2(34), s. 9–30. doi: 10.33119/KSzPP/2022.2.1.

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Referencje

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Ansell, C., Boin., A., & Keller, A. (2010). Managing Transboundary Crises: Identifying the Building Blocks of an Effective Response System. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 18 (4): 195-207.
Ansell, C., Sorensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Game Changer for Public Administration and Leadership? The Need for Robust Governance Responses to Turbulent Problems. Public Management Review 23 (7): 949-960.
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Ashfaq, M., & Bashir, M. (2020). Pakistan: making a "COVID budget" in a struggling economy. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 33 (1): 69-77.
Ashford, N. A., Hall, R. P., Arango-Quiroga, J., Metaxas, K. A., & Showalter, A. L. (2020). Addressing inequality: the first step beyond COVID-19 and towards sustainability. Sustainability, 12 (13): 5404.
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Bosi, S., Camacho, C., & Desmarchelier, D. (2021). Optimal lockdown in altruistic economies. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 93: 102488.
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Chohan, U. W. (2022). The return of keynesianism? exploring path dependency and ideational change in post-covid fiscal policy. Policy and Society, 41 (1): 68-82. DOI: 10.1093/polsoc/puab013.
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Del Río, P. (2010). Analysing the interactions between renewable energy promotion and energy efficiency support schemes: The impact of different instruments and design elements. Energy Policy, 38 (9): 4978-4989
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Referencje

ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2020). Proposed Loan and Administration of Grant to Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Emergency Assistance for Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic. Manila: ADB. Project Number: 54181-001, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/54181/54181-001-rrp-en.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2021).

Adolph, C., Amano, K., Bang-Jensen, B., Fullman, N., & Wilkerson, J. (2021). Pandemic politics: Timing state-level social distancing responses to COVID-19. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 46 (2): 211-233.

Ahmed, S. H. (2020, Feb 11). Pakistan's economy battling a host of challenges. Express Tribune.

Ansell, C., Boin., A., & Keller, A. (2010). Managing Transboundary Crises: Identifying the Building Blocks of an Effective Response System. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 18 (4): 195-207.

Ansell, C., Sorensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Game Changer for Public Administration and Leadership? The Need for Robust Governance Responses to Turbulent Problems. Public Management Review 23 (7): 949-960.

Anthony, C., Thomas, T. J., Berg, B. M., Burke, R. V., & Upperman, J. S. (2017). Factors associated with preparedness of the US healthcare system to respond to a pediatric surge during an infectious disease pandemic: Is our nation prepared? American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 12 (4): 203-226.

Ashfaq, M., & Bashir, M. (2020). Pakistan: making a "COVID budget" in a struggling economy. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 33 (1): 69-77.

Ashford, N. A., Hall, R. P., Arango-Quiroga, J., Metaxas, K. A., & Showalter, A. L. (2020). Addressing inequality: the first step beyond COVID-19 and towards sustainability. Sustainability, 12 (13): 5404.

Błędowski, P. (2014). Polityka społeczna jako specjalność nauk o polityce publicznej - próba charakterystyki. Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 3 (3): 9-23.

Bosi, S., Camacho, C., & Desmarchelier, D. (2021). Optimal lockdown in altruistic economies. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 93: 102488.

Byszewski, G. (2018). Wprowadzenie sieci szpitali z punktu widzenia polityki publicznej. Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 18 (2): 25-36.

Capano, G., & Howlett, M. (2020). The knowns and unknowns of policy instrument analysis: Policy tools and the current research agenda on policy mixes. Sage Open, 10 (1): 1-21.

Capano, G., Howlett, M., Jarvis, D. S., Ramesh, M., Goyal, N. (2020). Mobilizing policy (in) capacity to fight COVID-19: Understanding variations in state responses. Policy and Society, 39 (3): 285-308.

Capano, G., & Woo, J. J. (2017). Resilience and robustness in policy design: A critical appraisal. Policy Sciences, 50 (3): 399-426.

Chapman, R. (2003). A policy mix for environmentally sustainable development-learning from the Dutch experience. New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law, 7: 29.

Chohan, U. W. (2019). Public value and budgeting: International perspectives. Abingdon, OX: Routledge.

Chohan, U. W. (2020a). The Lives or Livelihoods? The Coronavirus Dilemma for Administrations. CASS Working Papers on Economics and National Affairs. Islamabad: CASS. Working Paper ID: EC021UC.

Chohan, U. W. (2020b). Forecasting the economic impact of coronavirus on developing countries: case of Pakistan. CASS Working Papers on Economics and National Affairs. Islamabad: CASS. Working Paper ID: EC016UC.

Chohan, U. W. (2020c, Sept 1). Coronavirus v. Pakistan: Early Successes in the Epidemiological Battle. CASS, https://casstt.com/post/coronavirus-v-pakistan-early-successes-in-the-epidemiological-battle/247 (accessed: 20.07.2021).

Chohan, U. W. (2020d). Modern Monetary Theory (MMT): A General Introduction. CASS Working Papers on Economics and National Affairs. Islamabad: CASS. Working Paper ID: EC017UC.

Chohan, U. W. (2021). Coronavirus & Vaccine Nationalism. CASS Working Papers on Economics and National Affairs. Islamabad: CASS. Working Article ID: EC030UC.

Chohan, U. W. (2022). The return of keynesianism? exploring path dependency and ideational change in post-covid fiscal policy. Policy and Society, 41 (1): 68-82. DOI: 10.1093/polsoc/puab013.

Daugbjerg, C. (2009). Sequencing in public policy: The evolution of the CAP over a decade. Journal of European Public Policy, 16 (2): 395-411.

Davis, G. (2000). Policy capacity and the future of governance. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.

Del Río, P. (2010). Analysing the interactions between renewable energy promotion and energy efficiency support schemes: The impact of different instruments and design elements. Energy Policy, 38 (9): 4978-4989

Dimian, G. C., Apostu, S. A., Vasilescu, M. D., Aceleanu, M I., & Jablonsky, J. (2021). Vulnerability and resilience in health crises. Evidence from European countries. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 27 (4): 783-810.

Dolowitz, D. P., & Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from abroad: The role of policy transfer in contemporary policy-making. Governance, 13 (1): 5-23.

Fu, Y., Jin, H., Xiang, H., & Wang, N. (2021). Optimal lockdown policy for vaccination during COVID-19 pandemic. Finance Research Letters, 102123.

Gerard, F., Imbert, C., & Orkin, K. (2020). Social protection response to the COVID-19 crisis: options for developing countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36 (1): S281-S296.

Ghaffar, A., Alanazi, S., Alruwaili, M., Sattar, M. U., Ali, W., Humayun, M., Siddiqui, S. Y., Ahmad, F., & Khan, M. A. (2021). Multi-Stage Intelligent Smart Lockdown using SIR Model to Control COVID 19. Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing, 28 (2): 429-445.

Ghaffar, A., Munir, M., Aziz, O., Alhajj, R., & Sanaullah, A. (2020). An Assessment of the Smart COVID-19 Approach to Lockdown and its Empirical Evidence. Empirical Economic Review, 3 (2): 31-61.

Grabosky, P. (1995). Counterproductive regulation. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 23: 347-369.

Hafeez, M. (2014). Poor Healthcare in Pakistan. Harvard International Review, 35 (4): 52.

Hall, P. A. (1993). Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics, 25 (3): 275.

Hartley, K., & Jarvis, D. S. (2020). Policymaking in a low-trust state: legitimacy, state capacity, and responses to COVID-19 in Hong Kong. Policy and Society, 39 (3): 403-423.

Hassan, A., Mahmood, K., & Bukhsh, H. A. (2017). Healthcare system of Pakistan. IJARP, 1 (4): 170-3.

Hennicke, P. (2004). Scenarios for a robust policy mix: The final report of the German study commission on sustainable energy supply. Energy Policy, 32 (15): 1673-1678.

Howlett, M. (1991). Policy instruments, policy styles, and policy implementation: National approaches to theories of instrument choice. Policy Studies Journal, 19 (2): 1-21.

Howlett, M. (2005). What is a policy instrument? Policy tools, policy mixes and policy styles. In: P. Eliadis, M. Hill, Howlett M. (Eds.), Designing Government: From Instruments to Governance (pp. 31-50), Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

Howlett, M. (2011). Designing public policies: Principles and instruments. Abingdon, OX: Routledge.

Howlett, M., & Del Rio, P. (2015). The parameters of policy portfolios: Verticality and horizontality in design spaces and their consequences for policy mix formulation. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 33 (5): 1233-1245

Howlett, M., & Rayner, J. (2007). Design principles for policy mixes: Cohesion and coherence in 'new governance arrangements'. Policy and Society, 26 (4): 1-18.

Hussain, Y., Muhammad, K., Umer, M. F., Omarkhail, A., Khan, S., Kamran, M., Rashid, H., & Khan, Z. (2021). Coronavirus disease 2019 in 5 neighboring limited-resource countries: A financial and health threat. Value in Health Regional Issues, 24: 114-116.

IMF (International Monetary Fund) (2021). Fiscal Monitor: Database of Country Fiscal Measures in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Washington, DC: IMF.

Ittefaq, M., Hussain, S. A., & Fatima, M. (2020). COVID-19 and social-politics of medical misinformation on social media in Pakistan. Media Asia, 47 (1-2): 75-80.

Jabeen, N., Jadoon, Z. I., Mubashar, U. E., & Salman, Y. (2016). Revisiting Public Policy Making Process and Strategies in Pakistan: A Governance Perspective. South Asian Studies, 31 (2): 17-26.

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Analiza dostosowania polityk publicznych w reakcji na COVID- 19 w krajach rozwijających się. Studium przypadku Pakistanu

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