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Abstrakt
Skuteczność demokracji przedstawicielskiej w Republice Południowej Afryki jest wątpliwa, na co wskazują powtarzające się protesty dotyczące świadczenia usług publicznych, potwierdzające, że opinie obywateli są niesłyszane, oraz brak zaufania do Parlamentu. W związku z tym posłowie opracowują strategie stanowiące przykład demokratycznych innowacji, które mają zaangażować obywateli w kształtowanie polityki publicznej jako platformy do dyskusji. W tym kontekście w artykule omówiono udział społeczeństwa w tworzeniu polityki publicznej oraz to, w jaki sposób spadek zaufania do Parlamentu stanowi przesłankę tworzenia demokratycznych innowacji jako sposobu na zwiększenie udziału obywateli w działaniach Parlamentu. W pracy zidentyfikowano również problemy, które dotyczą zaangażowania publicznego. Dane pochodzą z wywiadów z 16 posłami, obserwacji debat plenarnych, protokołów parlamentarnych, raportów Hansarda, protokołów komisji selekcyjnych i stałych oraz wystąpień parlamentarnych. Wyniki badań sugerują, że pomimo złożoności procesu zwiększania zaangażowania społecznego w Republice Południowej Afryki Parlament od 1994 r. poczynił znaczne postępy w poszerzaniu demokratycznych innowacji wykorzystywanych w tym celu. Niemniej jednak osoby znajdujące się w niekorzystnej sytuacji nadal są marginalizowane w procesie kształtowania polityki publicznej. W artykule wskazano potrzebę edukacji politycznej i udziału społeczeństwa w tworzeniu polityki publicznej w celu wzmocnienia instytucji demokratycznych w Republice Południowej Afryki.
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Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Allen, P., Cairney, P. (2017). What do we mean when we talk about the 'political class'? Political Studies Review, 15 (1): 18-27.
- Aström, J. (2019). Citizen Participation. In: A. M. Orum (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies (pp. 1-4). London: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0441
- Booysen, S. (2014). Electorate reconfigures multiparty. Sunday Independent, https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/electoratereconfiguresmultipartyism-1.1686374#.U38RkiggU24 (accessed: 15.11.2021).
- Corrigan, T. (2017). Democratic devolution: Structuring citizen participation in sub-national governance. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs. https://www.africaportal.org/documents/17508/saia_sop_263_corrigan_20170724.pdf (accessed: 15.11.2021).
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Dahlin, E. (2021). Email Interviews: A Guide to Research Design and Implementation. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. First online. DOI: 10.1177/16094069211025453
- Dawson, C. (2019). Introduction to Research Methods: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project, 5th ed. London: Robinson.
- Department of Planning Monitoring and Evaluation (2015). Socio-Economic Impact Assessment System (SEIAS), https://www.dpme.gov.za/keyfocusareas/Socio%20Economic%20Impact%20Assessment%20System/Pages/default.aspx (accessed: 15.07.2022).
- Eckerd, A., Heidelberg, R. L. (2020). 'Administering public participation', American Review of Public Administration 50 (2): 133-147. DOI: 10.1177/0275074019871368
- Elstub, S., Escobar, O. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of democratic innovation and governance. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Emmenegger, P., Walter, A. (2019). When dominant parties adopt proportional representation: The mysterious case of Belgium. European Political Science Review, 11 (4): 433-450. DOI: 10.1017/S1755773919000225
- Ferrer, J. (2020). The Effects of Proportional Representation on Election Lawmaking in Aotearoa New Zealand. Master's Thesis. Otago: University of Otago, http://hdl.handle.net/10523/10039 (accessed: 15.11.2021).
- Floridia, A. (2017). From participation to deliberation: A critical genealogy of deliberative democracy. London: ECPR Press, Rowman & Littlefield.
- Gumede, W. (2021). Delivering Democratic Developmental State Cities in South Africa. African Journal of Public Affairs, 12 (1): 1-27.
- Gyan, C. (2021). Community development participation scale: A development and validation study,' Community Development 52 (4): 459-472. DOI: 10.1080/15575330.2021.1885049p.2
- Hill, M., Varone, F. (2017). The Public Policy Process. 7th Edition. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Kabingesi, A. (2021). An Assessment of Public Participation in the Lawmaking and other Activities of the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. Master's Thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
- Khanyile, S. S. T. (2015). Evaluation of the effectiveness of public participation in the Gauteng electronic tolling programme. Ph. D. Thesis. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg.
- Lassance, A. (2020, 10 Nov). What Is a Policy and What Is a Government Program? A Simple Question with No Clear Answer, Until Now. Rochester, NY. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3727996
- Letlhogonolo, L. (2020, 17 April). Where are constituency offices in a crisis?. https://mg.co.za/article/2020-04-17-where-are-constituency-offices-in-a-crisis/ (accessed: 15.07.2022).
- Loeper, A. (2016). Cross-border externalities and cooperation among representative democracies. European Economic Review, 91: 180-208.
- Madumo, O. S. (2014). Fostering effective service delivery through public participation. A South African local government perspective. Administration Publica, 22 (3): 130-147.
- Mankuebe, K., Manicom, D. (2020). Public participation in public policy making: the case of the Lesotho National Decentralisation Policy. Journal of Public Administration, 55 (3): 370-384.
- Martin, K., Aström, J. Magnus, A. (2020). Democratic Innovation in Times of Crisis: Exploring Changes in Social and Political Trust. Policy & Internet, 13 (1): 113-133.
- Masuku, S., Macheka, T., (2020). Policy making and governance structures in Zimbabwe: Examining their efficacy as a conduit to equitable participation (inclusion) and social justice for rural youths. Cogent Social Sciences, 7: Article 1855742. DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2020.1855742
- Mbete, L. (2016). An evaluation of oversight and accountability by the fourth parliament of the Republic of South Africa. Master's Thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
- Michela, P. (2018). Which European countries use proportional representation? Electoral Reform Society, https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/which-european-countries-use-proportional-representation/ (accessed: 15.11.2021).
- Ngcaweni, B., (2019.) Towards a Ten Theses of Effective Public Policy. Presentation at the China-Africa Institute and Human Sciences Research Council International Conference, Pretoria.
- Oni, S., Oni, A. A., Ibietan, J., Deinde-Adedeji, G. O., (2020). E-consultation and the quest for inclusive governance in Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences. 6 (1): Article 1823601. DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2020.1823601
- Osei, A. (2018). Elite Theory and Political Transitions: Networks of Power in Ghana and Togo. Comparative Politics, 51 (1): 21-40.
- Parliament of South Africa (2018a). Annual Report 2018/19. Cape Town: Parliament.
- Parliament of South Africa (2018b). In Session, https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Publications/InSession/2017-08/final.pdf (accessed: 15.07.2022).
- Parliament of South Africa (2018c). Taking Parliament to the People - 27 to August 30, 2018, https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/34 (accessed: 15.11.2021).
- Parliament of South Africa (2021). Annual Reports, https://www.parliament.gov.za/business-publications (accessed: 15.11.2021).
- Parvin, P. (2018). Democracy Without Participation: A New Politics for a Disengaged Era. Res Publica, 24: 31-52. DOI: 10.1007/s11158-017-9382-1
- Piombo, J., Nijzink, L. (2005). Electoral politics in South Africa: Assessing the first democratic decade. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Republic of South Africa (1996). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Republic of South Africa, Government Printer, Pretoria.
- Republic of South Africa (2020). National Policy Development Framework, https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202101/national-policy-development-framework-2020.pdf (accessed: 15.11.2021).
- Seedat, S., Naidoo, L. (2015). The South African Parliament in 2015. Cape Town: Casac.
- Sefora, M. M. (2017). Public participation in parliament - Perspective on social media technology (SMT). Master's Thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
- Smith, G. (2019). Design Matters: CBNRM and Democratic Innovation. Governance Discussion Paper, no. 3. Washington, DC: World Bank, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33080 (accessed: 15.11.2021).
- South African Government (2020). National Policy Development Framework 2020. Cape Town: South African Government.
- Tebogo, M. (2018). A Critical Analysis of the Role and Effect of Public Participation in the Creation and Enforcement of Municipal by-Laws in South Africa. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
- Van Holm, E. J., (2019). Unequal cities, unequal participation: The effect of income inequality on civic engagement. American Review of Public Administration 49 (2): 135-144. DOI: 10.1177/0275074018791217
Referencje
Allen, P., Cairney, P. (2017). What do we mean when we talk about the 'political class'? Political Studies Review, 15 (1): 18-27.
Aström, J. (2019). Citizen Participation. In: A. M. Orum (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies (pp. 1-4). London: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0441
Booysen, S. (2014). Electorate reconfigures multiparty. Sunday Independent, https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/electoratereconfiguresmultipartyism-1.1686374#.U38RkiggU24 (accessed: 15.11.2021).
Corrigan, T. (2017). Democratic devolution: Structuring citizen participation in sub-national governance. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs. https://www.africaportal.org/documents/17508/saia_sop_263_corrigan_20170724.pdf (accessed: 15.11.2021).
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dahlin, E. (2021). Email Interviews: A Guide to Research Design and Implementation. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. First online. DOI: 10.1177/16094069211025453
Dawson, C. (2019). Introduction to Research Methods: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project, 5th ed. London: Robinson.
Department of Planning Monitoring and Evaluation (2015). Socio-Economic Impact Assessment System (SEIAS), https://www.dpme.gov.za/keyfocusareas/Socio%20Economic%20Impact%20Assessment%20System/Pages/default.aspx (accessed: 15.07.2022).
Eckerd, A., Heidelberg, R. L. (2020). 'Administering public participation', American Review of Public Administration 50 (2): 133-147. DOI: 10.1177/0275074019871368
Elstub, S., Escobar, O. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of democratic innovation and governance. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Emmenegger, P., Walter, A. (2019). When dominant parties adopt proportional representation: The mysterious case of Belgium. European Political Science Review, 11 (4): 433-450. DOI: 10.1017/S1755773919000225
Ferrer, J. (2020). The Effects of Proportional Representation on Election Lawmaking in Aotearoa New Zealand. Master's Thesis. Otago: University of Otago, http://hdl.handle.net/10523/10039 (accessed: 15.11.2021).
Floridia, A. (2017). From participation to deliberation: A critical genealogy of deliberative democracy. London: ECPR Press, Rowman & Littlefield.
Gumede, W. (2021). Delivering Democratic Developmental State Cities in South Africa. African Journal of Public Affairs, 12 (1): 1-27.
Gyan, C. (2021). Community development participation scale: A development and validation study,' Community Development 52 (4): 459-472. DOI: 10.1080/15575330.2021.1885049p.2
Hill, M., Varone, F. (2017). The Public Policy Process. 7th Edition. New York, NY: Routledge.
Kabingesi, A. (2021). An Assessment of Public Participation in the Lawmaking and other Activities of the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. Master's Thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Khanyile, S. S. T. (2015). Evaluation of the effectiveness of public participation in the Gauteng electronic tolling programme. Ph. D. Thesis. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg.
Lassance, A. (2020, 10 Nov). What Is a Policy and What Is a Government Program? A Simple Question with No Clear Answer, Until Now. Rochester, NY. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3727996
Letlhogonolo, L. (2020, 17 April). Where are constituency offices in a crisis?. https://mg.co.za/article/2020-04-17-where-are-constituency-offices-in-a-crisis/ (accessed: 15.07.2022).
Loeper, A. (2016). Cross-border externalities and cooperation among representative democracies. European Economic Review, 91: 180-208.
Madumo, O. S. (2014). Fostering effective service delivery through public participation. A South African local government perspective. Administration Publica, 22 (3): 130-147.
Mankuebe, K., Manicom, D. (2020). Public participation in public policy making: the case of the Lesotho National Decentralisation Policy. Journal of Public Administration, 55 (3): 370-384.
Martin, K., Aström, J. Magnus, A. (2020). Democratic Innovation in Times of Crisis: Exploring Changes in Social and Political Trust. Policy & Internet, 13 (1): 113-133.
Masuku, S., Macheka, T., (2020). Policy making and governance structures in Zimbabwe: Examining their efficacy as a conduit to equitable participation (inclusion) and social justice for rural youths. Cogent Social Sciences, 7: Article 1855742. DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2020.1855742
Mbete, L. (2016). An evaluation of oversight and accountability by the fourth parliament of the Republic of South Africa. Master's Thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Michela, P. (2018). Which European countries use proportional representation? Electoral Reform Society, https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/which-european-countries-use-proportional-representation/ (accessed: 15.11.2021).
Ngcaweni, B., (2019.) Towards a Ten Theses of Effective Public Policy. Presentation at the China-Africa Institute and Human Sciences Research Council International Conference, Pretoria.
Oni, S., Oni, A. A., Ibietan, J., Deinde-Adedeji, G. O., (2020). E-consultation and the quest for inclusive governance in Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences. 6 (1): Article 1823601. DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2020.1823601
Osei, A. (2018). Elite Theory and Political Transitions: Networks of Power in Ghana and Togo. Comparative Politics, 51 (1): 21-40.
Parliament of South Africa (2018a). Annual Report 2018/19. Cape Town: Parliament.
Parliament of South Africa (2018b). In Session, https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Publications/InSession/2017-08/final.pdf (accessed: 15.07.2022).
Parliament of South Africa (2018c). Taking Parliament to the People - 27 to August 30, 2018, https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/34 (accessed: 15.11.2021).
Parliament of South Africa (2021). Annual Reports, https://www.parliament.gov.za/business-publications (accessed: 15.11.2021).
Parvin, P. (2018). Democracy Without Participation: A New Politics for a Disengaged Era. Res Publica, 24: 31-52. DOI: 10.1007/s11158-017-9382-1
Piombo, J., Nijzink, L. (2005). Electoral politics in South Africa: Assessing the first democratic decade. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Republic of South Africa (1996). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Republic of South Africa, Government Printer, Pretoria.
Republic of South Africa (2020). National Policy Development Framework, https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202101/national-policy-development-framework-2020.pdf (accessed: 15.11.2021).
Seedat, S., Naidoo, L. (2015). The South African Parliament in 2015. Cape Town: Casac.
Sefora, M. M. (2017). Public participation in parliament - Perspective on social media technology (SMT). Master's Thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Smith, G. (2019). Design Matters: CBNRM and Democratic Innovation. Governance Discussion Paper, no. 3. Washington, DC: World Bank, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33080 (accessed: 15.11.2021).
South African Government (2020). National Policy Development Framework 2020. Cape Town: South African Government.
Tebogo, M. (2018). A Critical Analysis of the Role and Effect of Public Participation in the Creation and Enforcement of Municipal by-Laws in South Africa. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
Van Holm, E. J., (2019). Unequal cities, unequal participation: The effect of income inequality on civic engagement. American Review of Public Administration 49 (2): 135-144. DOI: 10.1177/0275074018791217