Treść głównego artykułu
Abstrakt
This paper explores the interrelations between cluster (geographic concentration of interconnected entities) and Industry 4.0 (I4.0, business digital transformation) and the resulting consequences for cluster policy. Drawing on the case of Hamburg clusters, literature review and experts’ consultations, it aims to identify and formulate policy recommendations relevant to the cluster’s functioning in the digital transformation age. Whereas clusters may indeed nurture the implementation of Industry 4.0, the reverse impact of I4.0 on clusters can be diagnosed. Policy implications resulting from this co-evolution are discussed and recommendations for how to harness clusters as tools for advancing I.40 and to adjust cluster policy in digital time are formulated. Cluster policy revisited in the digital age should build upon raising awareness and ensuring ownership/legitimacy to enable mission-oriented joint value creation.
Słowa kluczowe
Szczegóły artykułu
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Marta Götz
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Abbasiharofteh, M. (2020). Endogenous effects and cluster transition: a conceptual framework for cluster policy. European Planning Studies, 28(12): 2508–2531.
- Bailey, D., & De Propris, L. (2020). Industry 4.0 and transformative regional industrial policy. In: D. Bailey, L. DePropris, Industry 4.0 and Regional Transformations (pp. 238–252). London: Routledge.
- Balland, P.A., & Boschma, R. (2021). Mapping the potentials of regions in Europe to contribute to new knowledge production in Industry 4.0 technologies. Regional Studies, 55(10–11): 1652–1666.
- Bellandi, M., & DePropris, L. (2021). Local Productive Systems’ Transitions to Industry 4.0+. Sustainability, 13: e13052.
- Bembenek, B. (2017). Klastry przemysłu 4.0 w zrównoważonej gospodarce opartej na wiedzy. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 491: 31–44.
- Benitez, G.B., Ayala, N.F., & Frank, A.G. (2020). Industry 4.0 innovation ecosystems: an evolutionary perspective on value cocreation. International Journal of Production Economics, 107735.
- Benner, M. (2021). Retheorizing industrial–institutional co-evolution: a multidimensional perspective. Regional Studies, 1–14.
- Bianchi, P., Durán, C. R., & Labory, S. (Eds.). (2019). Transforming industrial policy for the digital age: Production, territories and structural change. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Bilbao-Ubillos, J., Camino-Beldarrain, V., & Intxaurburu-Clemente, G. (2020): Industry 4.0, proximity constraints and new challenges for industrial policy. European Planning Studies, 29(2): 329–345.
- Blümel, C. (2021) Innovations in innovation policy: reconstructing the emergence, legitimation and dynamics of cluster policies in Germany. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 34(4): 533–559.
- Busch, H.C, Mühl, C., Fuchs, M., & Fromhold-Eisebith, M. (2021): Digital urban production: how does Industry 4.0 reconfigure productive value creation in urban contexts? Regional Studies, 55(10–11): 1801–1815.
- Ciffolilli, A., & Muscio, A. (2018). Industry 4.0: national and regional comparative advantages in key enabling technologies. European Planning Studies, 26(12): 2323–2343.
- Citkowski, M. (2020). Cluster and cluster policy as tools for regional development management. Optimum. Economic Studies, 101(3): 91–106.
- ClusterPlatform Germany, https://www.clusterplattform.de/CLUSTER/Navigation/DE/Home/home.html
- Corbin, J.M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1): 3–21.
- Czapiewska, G. (2021). Rola klastrów w procesie internacjonalizacji. Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, 35(1): 26–43.
- De Propris, L., & Bailey, D. (2021). Pathways of regional transformation and Industry 4.0. Regional Studies, 55(10–11): 1617–1629.
- Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4): 532–550.
- Fornahl, D., & Hassink, R. (Eds.). (2017). The life cycle of clusters: A policy perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Frenken, K., Van Oort, F., & Verburg, T. (2007). Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Economic Growth. Regional Studies, 41(5): 685–697.
- Fromhold-Eisebith, M. (2017). Intra-regional collaborative learning between cluster initiatives – a factor of cluster (policy) dynamics? In: D. Fornahl, R. Hassink (eds.), The Life Cycle of Clusters: A Policy Perspective (pp. 95–114). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Fromhold-Eisebith, M., Marschall, P., Peters, R., & Thomes, P. (2021). Torn between digitized future and context-dependent past–How implementing ‘Industry 4.0’production technologies could transform the German textile Industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120620
- Gong H., Binz C., Hassink R. & Trippl M. (2022): Emerging industries: institutions, legitimacy and system-level agency. Regional Studies, 1–13.
- Gong, H., & Hassink, R. (2018). Co-evolution in contemporary economic geography: towards a theoretical framework. Regional Studies, 1–12.
- Götz M, & Jankowska B. (2017). Clusters and Industry 4.0 – do they fit together? European Planning Studies, 25(9): 1633–1653.
- Götz M. (2019). Unpacking the provision of the industrial commons in Industry 4.0 cluster. Economics and Business Review, 5(19/4): 23–48.
- Götz, M. (2021). Clusters, Digital Transformation and Regional Development in Germany (1st ed.). London: Routledge.
- Grashof, N. (2021). Putting the watering can away –Towards a targeted (problem-oriented) cluster policy framework. Research Policy, 50(9): e104335.
- Grashof, N. (2021). Spillover or Spill out? – A multilevel analysis of the cluster and firm performance relationship. Industry and Innovation, 28(10): 1298–1331.
- Hervas-Oliver, J.L (2019). The positive leverage of isomorphism: endogenous collective action for transition into Industry 4.0 in industrial districts. Paper at DRUID19, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 19–21, 2019.
- Hervás-Oliver, J.L. (2021). Industry 4.0 in industrial districts: regional innovation policy for the Toy Valley district in Spain. Regional Studies, 55(10–11): 1775–1786.
- Hervas-Oliver, J.-L., Gonzalez-Alcaide, G., Rojas-Alvarado, R. and Monto-Mompo, S. (2020). Emerging regional innovation policies for industry 4.0: analyzing the digital innovation hub program in European regions. Competitiveness Review, 31(1): 106–129.
- Hospers, G.-J., & Beugelsdijk, S. (2002). Regional cluster policies: Learning by comparing? Kyklos, 55(3): 381–402.
- Kagermann, H., Wahlster., W., & Helbig, J. (2013). Umsetzungsempfehlungen für das Zukunftsprojekt Industrie 4.0. Frankfurt am Main: Acatech.
- Karafyllia, M., & Zucchella, A. (2017). Synergies and tensions between and within domestic and international market activities of firms. International Business Review, 26(5): 942–958.
- Karlsen, A., Lund, H.B., & Steen, M. (2022). The roles of intermediaries in upgrading of manufacturing clusters: Enhancing cluster absorptive capacity. Competition & Change, 27(1): 3–21. DOI: 10.1177/10245294211059138
- Kowalski, A.M. (2020). Współpraca w ramach działalności innowacyjnej inicjatyw klastrowych w Polsce. Studia BAS, (1): 87–102.
- Kuberska, D., & Mackiewicz, M. (2022). Cluster policy in Poland—Failures and opportunities. Sustainability, 14(3): 1262.
- Labory, S., & Bianchi, P. (2021). Regional industrial policy in times of big disruption: building dynamic capabilities in regions. Regional Studies, 1–10.
- Liao, Y., Deschamps, F., de Freitas, E., Loures, F., & Ramos, L.F.P. (2017). Past, present and future of Industry 4.0 – a systematic literature review and research agenda proposal. International Journal of Production Research, 55(12): 410–426.
- Lis, A.M., Kowalski, A.M., & Mackiewicz, M. (2021). Smart specialization through cluster policy: Evidence from Poland and Germany. In: Partnerships for regional innovation and development (pp. 218–245). London: Routledge.
- Lund, H., & Vildåsen, S. (2022). The influence of Industry 4.0 narratives on regional path development. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 9(1): 82–92.
- Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (1999). Localized learning and industrial competitiveness. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23: 167–185.
- Mar, M., & Massard, N. (2021). Animate the cluster or subsidize collaborative R&D? A multiple overlapping treatments approach to assess the impacts of the French cluster policy. Industrial and Corporate Change, 30(4): 845–867.
- Martinelli, A., Mina, A., & Moggi, M. (2021). The enabling technologies of industry 4.0: examining the seeds of the fourth industrial revolution. Industrial and Corporate Change, 30(1): 161–188.
- Maskell, P., & Lorenzen, M. (2003). The Cluster as Market Organization. DRUID Working Papers No. 03-14.
- Micek, G., Gwosdz, K., Kocaj, A., Sobala-Gwosdz, A., & Świgost-Kapocsi, A. (2022). The role of critical conjunctures in regional path creation: a study of Industry 4.0 in the Silesia region. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 9(1): 23–44.
- Moretti, E. (2013). Forces of Attraction. In: The New Geography of Jobs. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- Njøs, R., Jakobsen, S.E., Wiig Aslesen, H., & Fløysand, A. (2017). Encounters between cluster theory, policy and practice in Norway: Hubbing, blending and conceptual stretching. European Urban and Regional Studies, 24(3): 274–289.
- Pisano, G.P., & Shih, W.C. (2009). Restoring American Competitiveness. Harvard Business Review, 87(7–8).
- Pisano, G.P., & Shih W.C. (2012). Does America Really Need Manufacturing? Harvard Business Review, 90(3).
- Porter, M., (2000). Location, competition and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14(1): 15–34.
- Prodi, E., Tassinari, M., Ferrannini, A., Rubini, L. (2022). Industry 4.0 policy from a sociotechnical perspective: The case of German competence centres. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75: e121341.
- Rapp, H.P. (2021). Economic-technological revolution through Quantum 2.0: New super technologies are within reach, 17.12.2021, Germany Monitor, https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/RPS_EN-PROD/RPS_EN_DOC_VIEW.calias?rwnode=PROD0000000000435629&ProdCollection=PROD0000000000521324 (accessed: 24.06.2024).
- Remotti, L.A., Chicot, J., Hartmann, C., Linshalm, E., Breitfuss-Loidl, M., Cuesta, A.A.F., ... & Jussila, A. (2019). Study on Mapping Internet of Things Innovation Clusters in Europe. European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology.
- Sandulli, F.D., Gimenez-Fernandez, E.M., & Rodriguez Ferradas, M.I. (2021). The transition of regional innovation systems to Industry 4.0: the case of Basque Country and Catalonia. European Planning Studies, 1–15.
- Sosnovskikh, S., & Cronin, B. (2021). The effects of culture, attitudes and perceptions on industrial cluster policy: The case of Russia. Competition & Change, 25(3–4): 350–381. DOI: 10.1177/1024529420949491
- Sternberg, R., Kiese, M., & Stockinger, D. (2010). Cluster policies in the US and Germany: Varieties of capitalism perspective on two high-tech states. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 28(6): 1063–1082.
- Strange, R., & Zucchella, A. (2017). Industry 4.0, global value chains and international business. Multinational Business Review, 25(3): 174–184.
- Szulc-Fischer, P. (2020). Polityka wspierania klastrów w Unii Europejskiej iw Polsce. Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna, (51).
- Trippl, M., Grillitsch, M., & Isaksen, A. (2016). Understanding cluster evolution. In: Unfolding cluster evolution (pp. 295–309). London: Routledge.
- Welch, C., Piekkari, R., Plakoyiannaki, E., & Paavilainen-Mäntymäki, E. (2011). Theorizing from case studies: Towards a pluralist future for international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 42: 740–762.
- Wiercioch, M. (2020). Polska polityka internacjonalizacji klastrów w warunkach transformacji. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 64(10): 148–159.
- Yin, R.K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Referencje
Abbasiharofteh, M. (2020). Endogenous effects and cluster transition: a conceptual framework for cluster policy. European Planning Studies, 28(12): 2508–2531.
Bailey, D., & De Propris, L. (2020). Industry 4.0 and transformative regional industrial policy. In: D. Bailey, L. DePropris, Industry 4.0 and Regional Transformations (pp. 238–252). London: Routledge.
Balland, P.A., & Boschma, R. (2021). Mapping the potentials of regions in Europe to contribute to new knowledge production in Industry 4.0 technologies. Regional Studies, 55(10–11): 1652–1666.
Bellandi, M., & DePropris, L. (2021). Local Productive Systems’ Transitions to Industry 4.0+. Sustainability, 13: e13052.
Bembenek, B. (2017). Klastry przemysłu 4.0 w zrównoważonej gospodarce opartej na wiedzy. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 491: 31–44.
Benitez, G.B., Ayala, N.F., & Frank, A.G. (2020). Industry 4.0 innovation ecosystems: an evolutionary perspective on value cocreation. International Journal of Production Economics, 107735.
Benner, M. (2021). Retheorizing industrial–institutional co-evolution: a multidimensional perspective. Regional Studies, 1–14.
Bianchi, P., Durán, C. R., & Labory, S. (Eds.). (2019). Transforming industrial policy for the digital age: Production, territories and structural change. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Bilbao-Ubillos, J., Camino-Beldarrain, V., & Intxaurburu-Clemente, G. (2020): Industry 4.0, proximity constraints and new challenges for industrial policy. European Planning Studies, 29(2): 329–345.
Blümel, C. (2021) Innovations in innovation policy: reconstructing the emergence, legitimation and dynamics of cluster policies in Germany. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 34(4): 533–559.
Busch, H.C, Mühl, C., Fuchs, M., & Fromhold-Eisebith, M. (2021): Digital urban production: how does Industry 4.0 reconfigure productive value creation in urban contexts? Regional Studies, 55(10–11): 1801–1815.
Ciffolilli, A., & Muscio, A. (2018). Industry 4.0: national and regional comparative advantages in key enabling technologies. European Planning Studies, 26(12): 2323–2343.
Citkowski, M. (2020). Cluster and cluster policy as tools for regional development management. Optimum. Economic Studies, 101(3): 91–106.
ClusterPlatform Germany, https://www.clusterplattform.de/CLUSTER/Navigation/DE/Home/home.html
Corbin, J.M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1): 3–21.
Czapiewska, G. (2021). Rola klastrów w procesie internacjonalizacji. Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, 35(1): 26–43.
De Propris, L., & Bailey, D. (2021). Pathways of regional transformation and Industry 4.0. Regional Studies, 55(10–11): 1617–1629.
Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4): 532–550.
Fornahl, D., & Hassink, R. (Eds.). (2017). The life cycle of clusters: A policy perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Frenken, K., Van Oort, F., & Verburg, T. (2007). Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Economic Growth. Regional Studies, 41(5): 685–697.
Fromhold-Eisebith, M. (2017). Intra-regional collaborative learning between cluster initiatives – a factor of cluster (policy) dynamics? In: D. Fornahl, R. Hassink (eds.), The Life Cycle of Clusters: A Policy Perspective (pp. 95–114). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Fromhold-Eisebith, M., Marschall, P., Peters, R., & Thomes, P. (2021). Torn between digitized future and context-dependent past–How implementing ‘Industry 4.0’production technologies could transform the German textile Industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120620
Gong H., Binz C., Hassink R. & Trippl M. (2022): Emerging industries: institutions, legitimacy and system-level agency. Regional Studies, 1–13.
Gong, H., & Hassink, R. (2018). Co-evolution in contemporary economic geography: towards a theoretical framework. Regional Studies, 1–12.
Götz M, & Jankowska B. (2017). Clusters and Industry 4.0 – do they fit together? European Planning Studies, 25(9): 1633–1653.
Götz M. (2019). Unpacking the provision of the industrial commons in Industry 4.0 cluster. Economics and Business Review, 5(19/4): 23–48.
Götz, M. (2021). Clusters, Digital Transformation and Regional Development in Germany (1st ed.). London: Routledge.
Grashof, N. (2021). Putting the watering can away –Towards a targeted (problem-oriented) cluster policy framework. Research Policy, 50(9): e104335.
Grashof, N. (2021). Spillover or Spill out? – A multilevel analysis of the cluster and firm performance relationship. Industry and Innovation, 28(10): 1298–1331.
Hervas-Oliver, J.L (2019). The positive leverage of isomorphism: endogenous collective action for transition into Industry 4.0 in industrial districts. Paper at DRUID19, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 19–21, 2019.
Hervás-Oliver, J.L. (2021). Industry 4.0 in industrial districts: regional innovation policy for the Toy Valley district in Spain. Regional Studies, 55(10–11): 1775–1786.
Hervas-Oliver, J.-L., Gonzalez-Alcaide, G., Rojas-Alvarado, R. and Monto-Mompo, S. (2020). Emerging regional innovation policies for industry 4.0: analyzing the digital innovation hub program in European regions. Competitiveness Review, 31(1): 106–129.
Hospers, G.-J., & Beugelsdijk, S. (2002). Regional cluster policies: Learning by comparing? Kyklos, 55(3): 381–402.
Kagermann, H., Wahlster., W., & Helbig, J. (2013). Umsetzungsempfehlungen für das Zukunftsprojekt Industrie 4.0. Frankfurt am Main: Acatech.
Karafyllia, M., & Zucchella, A. (2017). Synergies and tensions between and within domestic and international market activities of firms. International Business Review, 26(5): 942–958.
Karlsen, A., Lund, H.B., & Steen, M. (2022). The roles of intermediaries in upgrading of manufacturing clusters: Enhancing cluster absorptive capacity. Competition & Change, 27(1): 3–21. DOI: 10.1177/10245294211059138
Kowalski, A.M. (2020). Współpraca w ramach działalności innowacyjnej inicjatyw klastrowych w Polsce. Studia BAS, (1): 87–102.
Kuberska, D., & Mackiewicz, M. (2022). Cluster policy in Poland—Failures and opportunities. Sustainability, 14(3): 1262.
Labory, S., & Bianchi, P. (2021). Regional industrial policy in times of big disruption: building dynamic capabilities in regions. Regional Studies, 1–10.
Liao, Y., Deschamps, F., de Freitas, E., Loures, F., & Ramos, L.F.P. (2017). Past, present and future of Industry 4.0 – a systematic literature review and research agenda proposal. International Journal of Production Research, 55(12): 410–426.
Lis, A.M., Kowalski, A.M., & Mackiewicz, M. (2021). Smart specialization through cluster policy: Evidence from Poland and Germany. In: Partnerships for regional innovation and development (pp. 218–245). London: Routledge.
Lund, H., & Vildåsen, S. (2022). The influence of Industry 4.0 narratives on regional path development. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 9(1): 82–92.
Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (1999). Localized learning and industrial competitiveness. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23: 167–185.
Mar, M., & Massard, N. (2021). Animate the cluster or subsidize collaborative R&D? A multiple overlapping treatments approach to assess the impacts of the French cluster policy. Industrial and Corporate Change, 30(4): 845–867.
Martinelli, A., Mina, A., & Moggi, M. (2021). The enabling technologies of industry 4.0: examining the seeds of the fourth industrial revolution. Industrial and Corporate Change, 30(1): 161–188.
Maskell, P., & Lorenzen, M. (2003). The Cluster as Market Organization. DRUID Working Papers No. 03-14.
Micek, G., Gwosdz, K., Kocaj, A., Sobala-Gwosdz, A., & Świgost-Kapocsi, A. (2022). The role of critical conjunctures in regional path creation: a study of Industry 4.0 in the Silesia region. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 9(1): 23–44.
Moretti, E. (2013). Forces of Attraction. In: The New Geography of Jobs. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Njøs, R., Jakobsen, S.E., Wiig Aslesen, H., & Fløysand, A. (2017). Encounters between cluster theory, policy and practice in Norway: Hubbing, blending and conceptual stretching. European Urban and Regional Studies, 24(3): 274–289.
Pisano, G.P., & Shih, W.C. (2009). Restoring American Competitiveness. Harvard Business Review, 87(7–8).
Pisano, G.P., & Shih W.C. (2012). Does America Really Need Manufacturing? Harvard Business Review, 90(3).
Porter, M., (2000). Location, competition and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14(1): 15–34.
Prodi, E., Tassinari, M., Ferrannini, A., Rubini, L. (2022). Industry 4.0 policy from a sociotechnical perspective: The case of German competence centres. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75: e121341.
Rapp, H.P. (2021). Economic-technological revolution through Quantum 2.0: New super technologies are within reach, 17.12.2021, Germany Monitor, https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/RPS_EN-PROD/RPS_EN_DOC_VIEW.calias?rwnode=PROD0000000000435629&ProdCollection=PROD0000000000521324 (accessed: 24.06.2024).
Remotti, L.A., Chicot, J., Hartmann, C., Linshalm, E., Breitfuss-Loidl, M., Cuesta, A.A.F., ... & Jussila, A. (2019). Study on Mapping Internet of Things Innovation Clusters in Europe. European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology.
Sandulli, F.D., Gimenez-Fernandez, E.M., & Rodriguez Ferradas, M.I. (2021). The transition of regional innovation systems to Industry 4.0: the case of Basque Country and Catalonia. European Planning Studies, 1–15.
Sosnovskikh, S., & Cronin, B. (2021). The effects of culture, attitudes and perceptions on industrial cluster policy: The case of Russia. Competition & Change, 25(3–4): 350–381. DOI: 10.1177/1024529420949491
Sternberg, R., Kiese, M., & Stockinger, D. (2010). Cluster policies in the US and Germany: Varieties of capitalism perspective on two high-tech states. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 28(6): 1063–1082.
Strange, R., & Zucchella, A. (2017). Industry 4.0, global value chains and international business. Multinational Business Review, 25(3): 174–184.
Szulc-Fischer, P. (2020). Polityka wspierania klastrów w Unii Europejskiej iw Polsce. Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna, (51).
Trippl, M., Grillitsch, M., & Isaksen, A. (2016). Understanding cluster evolution. In: Unfolding cluster evolution (pp. 295–309). London: Routledge.
Welch, C., Piekkari, R., Plakoyiannaki, E., & Paavilainen-Mäntymäki, E. (2011). Theorizing from case studies: Towards a pluralist future for international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 42: 740–762.
Wiercioch, M. (2020). Polska polityka internacjonalizacji klastrów w warunkach transformacji. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 64(10): 148–159.
Yin, R.K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.