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TTIP - Transatlantyckie Partnerstwo w sprawie Handlu i Inwestycji to umowa, która niesie wiele zagrożeń dla gospodarki, środowiska naturalnego, praw konsumenta, praw pracowniczych oraz dostępności do usług publicznych w państwach Unii Europejskiej. Zawarte w umowie mechanizmy, w tym dotyczące rozstrzygania sporów między państwami a inwestorami zagranicznymi, oznaczają także liczne zagrożenia dla demokracji. Korzyści, które mają wynikać z realizacji tej umowy, przypadną przede wszystkim wielkim korporacjom uczestniczącym w handlu transatlantyckim, zagrożenia będą dotyczyły przede wszystkim obywateli i społeczeństw państw unijnych. Przewidywane niemal powszechne stosowanie, w wyniku umowy, zasady wzajemnego uznawania przepisów, oznaczać będzie w praktyce obniżenie zabezpieczeń chroniących prawa obywateli, pracowników i konsumentów w Unii Europejskiej. Liberalizacja handlu w ramach TTIP będzie czynnikiem wymuszającym zwiększoną konkurencję również wobec małych i średnich firm polskich, a w rezultacie także presję na zmniejszenie płac i innych kosztów, w tym związanych z koniecznością przestrzegania norm czy standardów. Zagrożeń jest więc zdecydowanie więcej niż korzyści.
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Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Alemanno A., The Regulatory Cooperation Chapter of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Institutional Structures and Democratic Consequences, “Journal of International Economic Law” 2015, September.
- Ames P., ISDS: The most toxic acronym in Europe, http://www.politico.eu/article/isds-the-most-toxic-acronym-in-europe/, dostęp 17.09.2015.
- Aries, Q., Von Der Burchard H., TTIP negotiations not even half done, “Politico” 2015, October 1.
- Baker D., The TPP`s Children`s Table: Labor Rights and Currency, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/33572-the-tpp-s-children-s-table-labor-rights-and-currency, dostęp 9.11.2015.
- Baker D., The Risks of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, “Intereconomics” 2014, No. 3.
- Bennett A., NHS Not Safe From Private Firms In Controversial TTIP Deal, UK Admits, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/01/ttip-eu-us-trade-deal_n_5747088.html, dostęp 1.09.2014.
- Bureau J.Ch. et al., Risks and Opportunities for the EU Agri-Food Sector in a Possible EU-US Trade Agreement, European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/514007/AGRI_IPOL_STU%282014%29514007_EN.pdf, dostęp wrzesień 2014.
- Capaldo J., The Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: European Desintegration, Unemployment and Instability, Global Development And Environment Institute at Tufts
- University, GDAE Working Paper 14–03, http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/policy_research/TTIP_simulations.html, dostęp październik 2015.
- Carlsen L., Under Nafta, Mexico Suffered, and the United States Felt Its Pain, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/11/24/what-weve-learned-from-nafta/under-nafta-mexicosuffered-and-the-united-states-felt-its-pain, dostęp 24.11.2013.
- Commission draft text Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Trade In Services, Investment and E-Commerce, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/september/tradoc_153807.pdf
- Commission proposes new Investment Court System for TTIP and other EU trade and investment negotiations Brussels, 16 September 2015, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5651_en.htm
- Concept Paper Investment in TTIP and beyond – the path for reform. Enhancing the right to regulate and moving from current ad hoc arbitration towards an Investment Court, European Commission, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/may/tradoc_153408. PDF, dostęp 5.05.2015.
- Dearden N., TTIP is already letting big business shape our laws, http://www.independent.
- co.uk/voices/ttip-is-already-letting-big-business-shape-our-laws-a6700051.html, dostęp 19.10.2015.
- Deaton A., Weak States, Poor Countries, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/economic-development-requires-effective-governments-by-angus-deaton, dostęp 13.10.2015.
- Declassification of document ST 11103/13 Restraint UE/EU Restricted dated 17 June 2013. New status: Public. Directives for the negotiation on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union and the United States of America, Brussels, 11103/13, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11103–2013-DCL-1/en/pdf, dostęp 9.10.2014.
- Distrust over EU GM crop approvals grows as 17 countries move towards national bans, http://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/en/News/2015/Distrust-over-EU-GM-crop-approvals-growsas-at-least-13-countries-move-towards-national-bans/, dostęp 1.10.2015.
- Dullien S., Garcia A., Janning, J., A Fresh Start for TTIP, “ECFR Policy Brief ” 2015, No. 124,
- European Council on Foreign Relations, www.ecfr.eu
- European Commission, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. The Economic Analysis Explained, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/september/tradoc_151787.pdf, dostęp wrzesień 2013.
- Francois J. et al. Reducing Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and Investment An Economic Assessment Final Project Report, Prepared under implementing Framework Contract
- TRADE10/A2/A16, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/march/tradoc_150737.pdf, dostęp marzec 2013.
- Frankel J., Why Support the TPP?, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/why-support-tpp-by-jeffrey-frankel-2015–10, dostęp 8.10.2015.
- Hamada K., The Fraught Politics of the TPP, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/tppeconomic-gains-political-obstacles-by-koichi-hamada-2015–10, dostęp 31.10.2015.
- Hufbauer H.C., Cimino-Isaacs C., How will TPP and TTIP Change the WTO System? “Journal of International Economic Law” 2015, September.
- ISDS reform plan retains privileged corporate justice system, http://www.s2bnetwork.org/isds-reform/, dostęp 16.09.2015.
- Isfeld G., Forget NAFTA, the TPP is the new ‘gold standard’ of global trade, http://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/forget-nafta-the-tpp-is-the-new-gold-standard-ofglobal-trade, dostęp 12.10.2015.
- Lehmann J.P., TPP: The Path To Global Fragmentation, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jplehmann/2015/10/13/tpp-the-path-to-global-fragmentation/, dostęp 13.10.2015.
- Louch W., TTIP responsible for “dramatically lowering” EU standards, https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/print/3479, dostęp 20.10.2015.
- Neslen A., TTIP: EU negotiators appear to break environmental pledge in leaked draft, http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/23/ttip-eu-negotiators-appear-to-break-environmentalpledge-in-leaked-draft, dostęp 23.10.2015.
- Obama B., America`s bold voice cannot be the only one, “Financial Times” 2015, November 12,
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2614c636-8930-11e5-90de-f44762bf9896.html#axzz3sDKHrBd7
- Pelkmans J., The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): Challenges and Opportunities for the Internal Market and Consumer Protection in the Area of Engineering, including Machinery, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/542233/IPOL_
- STU%282015%29542233_EN.pdf, dostęp lipiec 2015.
- Raś L., Cornelia Reetz o TTIP: Demokracja nie może być dostosowywana do wymogów rynku,
- http://biznes.gazetaprawna.pl/galerie/898762, duze-zdjecie,1, cornelia-reetz-o-ttip-stop-ttip-isds-ics-wywiad.html, dostęp 9.10.2015.
- Raza W., Tröster B., Assessing the Claimed Benefits of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, 25–27 September, Rome, http://www2.euromemorandum.eu/uploads/raza_assessing_the_claimed_benefits_of_the_transatlantic_ttip.pdf
- Resolution of 8 July 2015 containing the European Parliament’s recommendations to the European Commission on the negotiations for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P8-TA-2015-0252+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN
- The risks of mutual recognition of voluntary standards within the context of a future EU-US trade agreement (TTIP) and alternative approaches, European Committee for Standarization, Brussels 2014, http://www.cencenelec.eu/news/policy_opinions/PolicyOpinions/TTIP__std_mutual_recognition.pdf
- Stiglitz J.E., Hersh A.S., The Trans-Pacific Free-Trade Charade, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trans-pacific-partnership-charade-by-joseph-e--stiglitz-and-adam-s-hersh-2015–10, dostęp 2.10.2015.
- TPP es un tratado que nos somete a las farmacéuticas y al poder corporativo, http://www.navarro.cl/tpp-es-un-tratado-que-nos-somete-a-las-farmaceuticas-y-al-poder-corporativo/, dostęp 5.10.2015.
- TTIP and Regulation: An Overview, The European Commission, 10 February 2015.
- Vattenfall sues Germany over phase-out policy, http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C–Vattenfall-sues-Germany-over-phase-out-policy-6101401.html, dostęp 16.10.2014.
- Weisbrot M., Lessons from NAFTA for the TPP, http://www.cepr.net/publications/op-eds-columns/lessons-from-nafta-for-the-tpp, dostęp 18.10.2015.
- Weisbrot M., Lefebvre S., Sammut J., Did NAFTA Help Mexico? An Assessment After 20 Years,
- Center for Economic and Policy Research, Washington, February 2014.
- Wessels A., EU Commission ISDS proposal – threat to democracy, https://edri.org/enditorialeu-commission-isds-proposal-threat-to-democracy/, dostęp 23.08.2015.
- Williams L., What is TTIP? And six reasons why the answer should scare you, http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/what-is-ttip-and-six-reasons-why-the-answer-shouldscare-you-9779688.html, dostęp 12.10.2015.
- Wise T.A., How Beer Explains 20 Years of NAFTA`s Devastating Effects on Mexico, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/global-pulse/nafta-20-years-mexican-beer, dostęp 2.01.2014.
Referencje
Alemanno A., The Regulatory Cooperation Chapter of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Institutional Structures and Democratic Consequences, “Journal of International Economic Law” 2015, September.
Ames P., ISDS: The most toxic acronym in Europe, http://www.politico.eu/article/isds-the-most-toxic-acronym-in-europe/, dostęp 17.09.2015.
Aries, Q., Von Der Burchard H., TTIP negotiations not even half done, “Politico” 2015, October 1.
Baker D., The TPP`s Children`s Table: Labor Rights and Currency, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/33572-the-tpp-s-children-s-table-labor-rights-and-currency, dostęp 9.11.2015.
Baker D., The Risks of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, “Intereconomics” 2014, No. 3.
Bennett A., NHS Not Safe From Private Firms In Controversial TTIP Deal, UK Admits, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/01/ttip-eu-us-trade-deal_n_5747088.html, dostęp 1.09.2014.
Bureau J.Ch. et al., Risks and Opportunities for the EU Agri-Food Sector in a Possible EU-US Trade Agreement, European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/514007/AGRI_IPOL_STU%282014%29514007_EN.pdf, dostęp wrzesień 2014.
Capaldo J., The Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: European Desintegration, Unemployment and Instability, Global Development And Environment Institute at Tufts
University, GDAE Working Paper 14–03, http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/policy_research/TTIP_simulations.html, dostęp październik 2015.
Carlsen L., Under Nafta, Mexico Suffered, and the United States Felt Its Pain, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/11/24/what-weve-learned-from-nafta/under-nafta-mexicosuffered-and-the-united-states-felt-its-pain, dostęp 24.11.2013.
Commission draft text Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Trade In Services, Investment and E-Commerce, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/september/tradoc_153807.pdf
Commission proposes new Investment Court System for TTIP and other EU trade and investment negotiations Brussels, 16 September 2015, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5651_en.htm
Concept Paper Investment in TTIP and beyond – the path for reform. Enhancing the right to regulate and moving from current ad hoc arbitration towards an Investment Court, European Commission, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/may/tradoc_153408. PDF, dostęp 5.05.2015.
Dearden N., TTIP is already letting big business shape our laws, http://www.independent.
co.uk/voices/ttip-is-already-letting-big-business-shape-our-laws-a6700051.html, dostęp 19.10.2015.
Deaton A., Weak States, Poor Countries, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/economic-development-requires-effective-governments-by-angus-deaton, dostęp 13.10.2015.
Declassification of document ST 11103/13 Restraint UE/EU Restricted dated 17 June 2013. New status: Public. Directives for the negotiation on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union and the United States of America, Brussels, 11103/13, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11103–2013-DCL-1/en/pdf, dostęp 9.10.2014.
Distrust over EU GM crop approvals grows as 17 countries move towards national bans, http://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/en/News/2015/Distrust-over-EU-GM-crop-approvals-growsas-at-least-13-countries-move-towards-national-bans/, dostęp 1.10.2015.
Dullien S., Garcia A., Janning, J., A Fresh Start for TTIP, “ECFR Policy Brief ” 2015, No. 124,
European Council on Foreign Relations, www.ecfr.eu
European Commission, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. The Economic Analysis Explained, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/september/tradoc_151787.pdf, dostęp wrzesień 2013.
Francois J. et al. Reducing Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and Investment An Economic Assessment Final Project Report, Prepared under implementing Framework Contract
TRADE10/A2/A16, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/march/tradoc_150737.pdf, dostęp marzec 2013.
Frankel J., Why Support the TPP?, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/why-support-tpp-by-jeffrey-frankel-2015–10, dostęp 8.10.2015.
Hamada K., The Fraught Politics of the TPP, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/tppeconomic-gains-political-obstacles-by-koichi-hamada-2015–10, dostęp 31.10.2015.
Hufbauer H.C., Cimino-Isaacs C., How will TPP and TTIP Change the WTO System? “Journal of International Economic Law” 2015, September.
ISDS reform plan retains privileged corporate justice system, http://www.s2bnetwork.org/isds-reform/, dostęp 16.09.2015.
Isfeld G., Forget NAFTA, the TPP is the new ‘gold standard’ of global trade, http://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/forget-nafta-the-tpp-is-the-new-gold-standard-ofglobal-trade, dostęp 12.10.2015.
Lehmann J.P., TPP: The Path To Global Fragmentation, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jplehmann/2015/10/13/tpp-the-path-to-global-fragmentation/, dostęp 13.10.2015.
Louch W., TTIP responsible for “dramatically lowering” EU standards, https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/print/3479, dostęp 20.10.2015.
Neslen A., TTIP: EU negotiators appear to break environmental pledge in leaked draft, http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/23/ttip-eu-negotiators-appear-to-break-environmentalpledge-in-leaked-draft, dostęp 23.10.2015.
Obama B., America`s bold voice cannot be the only one, “Financial Times” 2015, November 12,
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2614c636-8930-11e5-90de-f44762bf9896.html#axzz3sDKHrBd7
Pelkmans J., The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): Challenges and Opportunities for the Internal Market and Consumer Protection in the Area of Engineering, including Machinery, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/542233/IPOL_
STU%282015%29542233_EN.pdf, dostęp lipiec 2015.
Raś L., Cornelia Reetz o TTIP: Demokracja nie może być dostosowywana do wymogów rynku,
http://biznes.gazetaprawna.pl/galerie/898762, duze-zdjecie,1, cornelia-reetz-o-ttip-stop-ttip-isds-ics-wywiad.html, dostęp 9.10.2015.
Raza W., Tröster B., Assessing the Claimed Benefits of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, 25–27 September, Rome, http://www2.euromemorandum.eu/uploads/raza_assessing_the_claimed_benefits_of_the_transatlantic_ttip.pdf
Resolution of 8 July 2015 containing the European Parliament’s recommendations to the European Commission on the negotiations for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P8-TA-2015-0252+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN
The risks of mutual recognition of voluntary standards within the context of a future EU-US trade agreement (TTIP) and alternative approaches, European Committee for Standarization, Brussels 2014, http://www.cencenelec.eu/news/policy_opinions/PolicyOpinions/TTIP__std_mutual_recognition.pdf
Stiglitz J.E., Hersh A.S., The Trans-Pacific Free-Trade Charade, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trans-pacific-partnership-charade-by-joseph-e--stiglitz-and-adam-s-hersh-2015–10, dostęp 2.10.2015.
TPP es un tratado que nos somete a las farmacéuticas y al poder corporativo, http://www.navarro.cl/tpp-es-un-tratado-que-nos-somete-a-las-farmaceuticas-y-al-poder-corporativo/, dostęp 5.10.2015.
TTIP and Regulation: An Overview, The European Commission, 10 February 2015.
Vattenfall sues Germany over phase-out policy, http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C–Vattenfall-sues-Germany-over-phase-out-policy-6101401.html, dostęp 16.10.2014.
Weisbrot M., Lessons from NAFTA for the TPP, http://www.cepr.net/publications/op-eds-columns/lessons-from-nafta-for-the-tpp, dostęp 18.10.2015.
Weisbrot M., Lefebvre S., Sammut J., Did NAFTA Help Mexico? An Assessment After 20 Years,
Center for Economic and Policy Research, Washington, February 2014.
Wessels A., EU Commission ISDS proposal – threat to democracy, https://edri.org/enditorialeu-commission-isds-proposal-threat-to-democracy/, dostęp 23.08.2015.
Williams L., What is TTIP? And six reasons why the answer should scare you, http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/what-is-ttip-and-six-reasons-why-the-answer-shouldscare-you-9779688.html, dostęp 12.10.2015.
Wise T.A., How Beer Explains 20 Years of NAFTA`s Devastating Effects on Mexico, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/global-pulse/nafta-20-years-mexican-beer, dostęp 2.01.2014.