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Celem artykułu jest dokonanie przeglądu współczesnych badań poświęconych zjawisku publicznego zaufania do władz publicznych. W wielu państwach niski poziom tego zaufania jest często uznawany za kluczowy czynnik determinujący proces polityki publicznej. Kryzys ekonomiczny ukazał w pełni znaczenie zaufania, inicjując publiczne debaty na temat koniecznych reform sektora publicznego. Tekst przedstawia kluczowe teorie dotyczące roli zaufania w społeczeństwach ryzyka i wyniki prowadzonych przez przedstawicieli nauk społecznych badań koncentrujących się na tym właśnie temacie. W przeglądzie literatury szczególnie wyeksponowano zagadnienie uwarunkowań zaufania, ukazując znaczenie dwóch powiązanych ze sobą podejść; logiki konsekwencji (uwypuklającej znaczenie wyników działalności władz publicznych) oraz logiki stosowności (uwypuklającej proces działania). Pierwsze podejście wyjaśnia zaufanie jako efekt polityk i usług oferowany przez władze publiczne. Przy drugim zakłada się, że zaufanie jest budowane na wartościach i tożsamości oraz zależy od tego, w jakim stopniu władze publiczne realizują zasady uczciwości, otwartości, elastyczności i przejrzystości. Zaufanie do władz publicznych jest także głęboko zakorzenione w systemie norm i wartości, określanych jako kultura zaufania. W ostatniej części artykułu podjęto próbę analizy wpływu kryzysu ekonomicznego na zaufanie do władz publicznych. W wielu państwach badania opinii publicznej nie potwierdzają w pełni poglądów o niskim poziomie zaufania do rządu i administracji publicznej czy jego spadku w czasach kryzysu. W niektórych krajach badania wykazują znaczące fluktuacje zaufania, w innych mamy do czynienia z wysokimi ocenami rządu i administracji publicznej oraz jedynie niewielkimi zmianami w postrzeganiu władz publicznych przez obywateli.
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Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Baird I., Thomas H., Toward a contingency model of strategie risk taking, “Academy of Manage-ment Review” 1985, Vol. 10.
- Beck U., Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Sage, New Delhi 1992.
- Bouckaert G., Van de Walle S., Maddens B., Kampen J., Identity vs. performance: An overview of theories explaining trust in government, Second report: Quality and trust in government, Public Management Institute, Leuven 2002.
- Coleman J.S., Foundations of Social Theory, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1990.
- Das T.K., Teng Bing S., The Risk-Based View on Trust: A Conceptual Framework, “Journal of Business and Psychology” 2004, Vol. 19(1), pp. 85-116.
- Demmke Ch., Henokl T., Moilanen T., What are Public Services Good at? Success of Public Services in the Field of Human Resource Management, Study Commissioned by the Slovenian EU Presidency, Report to the 50th Meeting of the Directors-General of Public Services of the Member States of the European Union, 2008. http://www.eupan.eu/files/repository/Suc- cess_of_public_services_in_HRM.pdf.
- Fukuyama F., Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity, Free Press, New York 1995.
- Giddens A., Risk and Responsibility, “Modern Law Review” 1999, Vol. 62(1), pp. 1-10.
- Giddens A., The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996.
- Halligan J., Bouckaert G., Performance and trust: Developmentalpaths and optional directions, in: Change and continuity in public sector organizations - essays in honour of Per Lwgreid, eds P.G. Roness, H. S^tren, Fagbokforlaget, Bergen 2009.
- Hibbing J.R., Theiss-Mors E., Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs About How Government Should Work, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002.
- Inglehart R., Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1990.
- Kim S.E., The Role of Trust in the Modern Administrative State: An Integrative Model, “Admi- nistration & Society” 2005, Vol. 37, pp. 611-635.
- Klingemann H.D., MappingPolitical Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis, in: Critical Citi- zens: Global Support for Democratic Governance, ed. P Norris, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999, pp. 31-56.
- Luhmann N., Trust and Power, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1979.
- Massoli L., Building Image of Public Administration: Practices and data from Italy, Public Ad- ministration Department, Innovative Public Services Group Meeting, Presidency of the Council of Ministers. Warsaw September 2011, Fact sheet presented to the Polish Presidency by the EUPAN Members’ administrations.
- Miller A.H., Listhoug O., Policy Preferences and political distrust: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States, “Scandinavian Political Studies” 1998, Vol. 21, pp. 161-187.
- Nye J.S., The Decline of Confidence in Government, in: Why People Dont Trust Government, eds J.S. Nye, PD. Zelikow, D.C. King, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1997.
- Public sector reform: The way forward, OECD, Paris 2005.
- Rousseau D.M., Sitkin S.B., Burt R.S., Camerer C., Not so Different after all: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust, “Academy of Management Review” 1998, Vol. 23(3), pp. 393-404.
- Sobiech R., Image and Attractivity of Central Government Administrations, A Report for Euro- pean Social Dialogue Committee in Central Government Administrations, http://www. epsu.org/IMG/pdf/Image_CGA_report_17122012_EN.pdf.
- Social Climate, Special Eurobarometer 370, The European Commission, 2011, http://ec.europa. eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_370_en.pdf.
- Sztompka P., Trust: A cultural resource, in: The Moral Fabric in Contemporary Societies, eds G. Skapska, A. Orla-Bukowska, K. Kowalski, “The Annals of International Institute of Sociology. New Series” 2003, Vol. 9.
- Sztompka P, Trust, Distrust and Two Paradoxes of Democracy, “European Journal of Social Theory” 1998, Vol. 1(1), pp. 19-32.
- The califor innovative and open government. An overview of national initiatives, OECD, Paris 2011.
- Trust in government, policy effectiveness and the governance agenda, in: Government at a Glance, OECD, OECD Publishing, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/gov_glance-2013-6-en.
- Trust in Society, ed. K.S. Cook, Russel Sage Foundation, New York 2001.
- Tyler T., Why people obey the law, Yale University Press, New Haven 1990.
- Ulbig S.G., Policies, Procedures, and People: Sources of Support for Government, “Social Science Quarterly” 2002, Vol. 83, pp. 789-809.
- Van de Walle S., Van Roosbroek S., Bouckaert G., Strengthening Trust in Government: What Role for Government in the 21st Century: Annex: Data on trust in the public sector, Analytical annex prepared for the OECD meeting of the Public Governance Committee at ministerial level, Rotterdam 2005, https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/84459/1/OECD_ trust_public_sector.pdf.
- Van Ryzin G., Outcomes, Process, and Trust of Civil Servants, “Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory” 2011, Vol. 21, Issue 4.
- Williamson O.E., Calculativeness, Trust and Economic Organization, “Journal of Law and Economics” 1993, Vol. 30, pp. 131-145.
- Zucker L.G., Production of trust: Institutionalsources of economicstructure 1840-1920, “Research in organizational behavior” 1986, vol. 8, pp. 53-111.
Referencje
Baird I., Thomas H., Toward a contingency model of strategie risk taking, “Academy of Manage-ment Review” 1985, Vol. 10.
Beck U., Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Sage, New Delhi 1992.
Bouckaert G., Van de Walle S., Maddens B., Kampen J., Identity vs. performance: An overview of theories explaining trust in government, Second report: Quality and trust in government, Public Management Institute, Leuven 2002.
Coleman J.S., Foundations of Social Theory, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1990.
Das T.K., Teng Bing S., The Risk-Based View on Trust: A Conceptual Framework, “Journal of Business and Psychology” 2004, Vol. 19(1), pp. 85-116.
Demmke Ch., Henokl T., Moilanen T., What are Public Services Good at? Success of Public Services in the Field of Human Resource Management, Study Commissioned by the Slovenian EU Presidency, Report to the 50th Meeting of the Directors-General of Public Services of the Member States of the European Union, 2008. http://www.eupan.eu/files/repository/Suc- cess_of_public_services_in_HRM.pdf.
Fukuyama F., Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity, Free Press, New York 1995.
Giddens A., Risk and Responsibility, “Modern Law Review” 1999, Vol. 62(1), pp. 1-10.
Giddens A., The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996.
Halligan J., Bouckaert G., Performance and trust: Developmentalpaths and optional directions, in: Change and continuity in public sector organizations - essays in honour of Per Lwgreid, eds P.G. Roness, H. S^tren, Fagbokforlaget, Bergen 2009.
Hibbing J.R., Theiss-Mors E., Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs About How Government Should Work, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002.
Inglehart R., Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1990.
Kim S.E., The Role of Trust in the Modern Administrative State: An Integrative Model, “Admi- nistration & Society” 2005, Vol. 37, pp. 611-635.
Klingemann H.D., MappingPolitical Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis, in: Critical Citi- zens: Global Support for Democratic Governance, ed. P Norris, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999, pp. 31-56.
Luhmann N., Trust and Power, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1979.
Massoli L., Building Image of Public Administration: Practices and data from Italy, Public Ad- ministration Department, Innovative Public Services Group Meeting, Presidency of the Council of Ministers. Warsaw September 2011, Fact sheet presented to the Polish Presidency by the EUPAN Members’ administrations.
Miller A.H., Listhoug O., Policy Preferences and political distrust: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States, “Scandinavian Political Studies” 1998, Vol. 21, pp. 161-187.
Nye J.S., The Decline of Confidence in Government, in: Why People Dont Trust Government, eds J.S. Nye, PD. Zelikow, D.C. King, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1997.
Public sector reform: The way forward, OECD, Paris 2005.
Rousseau D.M., Sitkin S.B., Burt R.S., Camerer C., Not so Different after all: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust, “Academy of Management Review” 1998, Vol. 23(3), pp. 393-404.
Sobiech R., Image and Attractivity of Central Government Administrations, A Report for Euro- pean Social Dialogue Committee in Central Government Administrations, http://www. epsu.org/IMG/pdf/Image_CGA_report_17122012_EN.pdf.
Social Climate, Special Eurobarometer 370, The European Commission, 2011, http://ec.europa. eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_370_en.pdf.
Sztompka P., Trust: A cultural resource, in: The Moral Fabric in Contemporary Societies, eds G. Skapska, A. Orla-Bukowska, K. Kowalski, “The Annals of International Institute of Sociology. New Series” 2003, Vol. 9.
Sztompka P, Trust, Distrust and Two Paradoxes of Democracy, “European Journal of Social Theory” 1998, Vol. 1(1), pp. 19-32.
The califor innovative and open government. An overview of national initiatives, OECD, Paris 2011.
Trust in government, policy effectiveness and the governance agenda, in: Government at a Glance, OECD, OECD Publishing, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/gov_glance-2013-6-en.
Trust in Society, ed. K.S. Cook, Russel Sage Foundation, New York 2001.
Tyler T., Why people obey the law, Yale University Press, New Haven 1990.
Ulbig S.G., Policies, Procedures, and People: Sources of Support for Government, “Social Science Quarterly” 2002, Vol. 83, pp. 789-809.
Van de Walle S., Van Roosbroek S., Bouckaert G., Strengthening Trust in Government: What Role for Government in the 21st Century: Annex: Data on trust in the public sector, Analytical annex prepared for the OECD meeting of the Public Governance Committee at ministerial level, Rotterdam 2005, https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/84459/1/OECD_ trust_public_sector.pdf.
Van Ryzin G., Outcomes, Process, and Trust of Civil Servants, “Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory” 2011, Vol. 21, Issue 4.
Williamson O.E., Calculativeness, Trust and Economic Organization, “Journal of Law and Economics” 1993, Vol. 30, pp. 131-145.
Zucker L.G., Production of trust: Institutionalsources of economicstructure 1840-1920, “Research in organizational behavior” 1986, vol. 8, pp. 53-111.