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grudnia 1, 2019
Opublikowane
grudnia 31, 2017
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Abstrakt
Trainings as well as their impact on employability and employees’ performance have been the subject of interest of theoreticians and practitioners of management for a long time. However, according to the literature study, the outcomes of employees’ trainings also depend on the applied style of leadership as well as on the quality of relationships between supervisors and subordinates. This paper tries to answer the question: what are the relationships between transformational leadership, the quality of supervisors’ relationships with subordinates, employees’ trainings and employability, employees’ quality and effort of work in public organizations? This aim will be achieved by presenting the results of literature study and empirical research carried out in public organizations.
Słowa kluczowe
trainings
leadership
employability
employees’ work outcomes
public organizations
Szczegóły artykułu
Licencja
Autor (Autorzy) artykułu oświadcza, że przesłane opracowanie nie narusza praw autorskich osób trzecich. Wyraża zgodę na poddanie artykułu procedurze recenzji oraz dokonanie zmian redakcyjnych. Przenosi nieodpłatnie na Oficynę Wydawniczą SGH autorskie prawa majątkowe do utworu na polach eksploatacji wymienionych w art. 50 Ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych – pod warunkiem, że praca została zaakceptowana do publikacji i opublikowana.
Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH posiada autorskie prawa majątkowe do wszystkich treści czasopisma. Zamieszczenie tekstu artykuły w repozytorium, na stronie domowej autora lub na innej stronie jest dozwolone o ile nie wiąże się z pozyskiwaniem korzyści majątkowych, a tekst wyposażony będzie w informacje źródłowe (w tym również tytuł, rok, numer i adres internetowy czasopisma).
Osoby zainteresowane komercyjnym wykorzystaniem zawartości czasopisma proszone są o kontakt z Redakcją.
Jak cytować
Strużyna, J., & Marzec, I. (2017). Provided Leadership and Selected Outcomes of Trainings in Public Organizations. Edukacja Ekonomistów I Menedżerów, 46(4), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.6465
Referencje
-
1. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 50 (2), 179–211
2. Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M., Jung, D.I. (1999). Re‑examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 441–462.
3. Bartel, A.P. (2000). Measuring the employer’s return on investments in training: Evidence from the literature. Industrial Relations, 39 (3), 502–524.
4. Beck, N., Kabst, R., Walgenbach, P. (2009). The cultural dependence of vocational training. Journal of International Business Studies, 40 (8), 1373–1395.
5. Becker, B.E., Huselid, M.A. (1998). High performance work systems and firm performance: A synthesis of research and managerial implications. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 16, 53–101
6. Borkowska, S. (2009). Human Resource Management and Innovation in the Business Organization. Human Resource Management, 2, 9–29.
7. Bowen, D.E., Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM‑Organizational performance Linkages: The Role of the Strength of the HRM System. Academy of Management Review, 29 (2), 203–221
8. Boxall, P., Macky, K. (2009). Research and Theory on High‑performance Work Systems: Progressing the High‑involvement Stream. Human Resource Management Journal, 19 (1), 3–23.
9. Boyne, G.A. (2002). Public and private management: what’s the difference? Journal of Management Studies, 39 (1), 97–122
10. Bozionelos, N., Kostopoulos, K. Van der Heijden, B., Rousseau, D.M., Bozionelos, G., Hoyland, T., Miao, R., Marzec, I., Jędrzejowicz, P., Epitropaki, O., Mikkelsen, A., Scholarios, D., Van der Heijde, C. (2015). Employability and Job Performance as Links in the Relationship Between Mentoring Receipt and Career Success: A Study in SMEs. Group & Organization Management, 41 (2), 135–171.
11. Budría, S., Pereira, P.T. (2004). On the returns to training in Portugal. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc, IZA DP, 1429, 1–35.
12. Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. New York – London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
13. De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H. (2011). The management paradox: Self‑rated employability and organizational commitment and performance. Personnel Review, 40 (2), 152–172.
14. De Cuyper, N., Sulea, C., Philippaers, K., Fischmann, G., Iliescu, D., De Witte, H. (2014). Perceived employability and performance: moderation by felt job insecurity. Personnel Review, 43 (4), 536–552.
15. Dysvik, A., Kuvaas, B. (2011). Intrinsic motivation as a moderator on the relationship between perceived job autonomy and work performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20 (3), 367–387.
16. Erdogan, B., Kraimer, M.L., Liden, R.C. (2004). Work Value Congruence and Intrinsic Career Success: The Compensatory Roles of Leader‑Member Exchange and Perceived Organizational Support. Personnel Psychology, 57 (2), 305–332
17. Fiedler, F.E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGrew Hill
18. Groot, W., Maasen van den Brink, H. (2000). Education, Training and Employability. Applied Economics, 32 (5), 573–581.
19. Guest, D.E. (1997). Human Resource Management and Performance: A Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8 (3), 263–276.
20. Hartog, D.N., Van Muijen, J.J., Koopman, P.L. (1997). Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 19–34.
21. Jaidev, U.P., Chirayath, S. (2012). Pre‑training, during, post‑training activities as predictors of transfer of training. IUP Journal of Management Research, 11 (4), 54–70.
22. Jain, S. (2014). Methods of training programmes evaluation: A review. Journal of Commerce, 6 (2), 19–30.
23. Januszewski, A. (2011). Modele równań strukturalnych w metodologii badań psychologicznych. Problematyka przyczynowości w modelach strukturalnych i dopuszczalność modeli. Studia z Psychologii w KUL, vol. 17, 213–245.
24. Juchnowicz, M. (2010). Zarządzanie przez zaangażowanie. Warszawa: PWE.
25. Judge, T.A., Colquitt, J.A. (2004). Organizational justice and stress: The mediating role of work‑family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 395–404.
26. Juhdi, N., Pa’Wan, F., Othman, N.A., Moksin, H. (2010). Factors Influencing Internal and External Employability of Employees. Business and Economics Journal, BEJ‑11. Downloaded 23.11.2013 from: http://astonjournals.com/manuscripts/Vol2010/BEJ‑11_Vol2010.pdf.
27. Konarski, R. (2009). Modele równań strukturalnych. Teoria i praktyka. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
28. Krishnan, V.R. (2005). Leader‑Member Exchange, Transformational Leadership, and Value System. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 10 (1), 14–21.
29. Kunze, F., Boehm, S.A., Bruch, H. (2011). Age diversity, age discrimination climate and performance consequences – a cross organizational study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 264–290.
30. Management Study Guide (MSG) (2017). Downloaded 23.02.2017 from: https:// managementstudyguide.com/role‑of‑hrm‑in‑leadership‑development.
31. Liden, R.C., Maslyn, J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader‑member exchange: an empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24 (1), 43–72.
32. Marszałek, A. (2005). Dlaczego warto uczestniczyć w szkoleniach. E‑mentor, No. 60 (3). Downloaded 16.01.2017 from: http://www.e‑mentor.edu.pl/artykul/index/numer/60/id/1189.
33. Marzec, I. (2009). Wymiana pomiędzy przełożonym a podwładnym jako czynnik sukcesu zawodowego pracowników. Współczesne Zarządzanie, 2, 85–95.
34. Marzec, I. (2015). Uwarunkowania rozwoju zatrudnialności pracowników w organizacji. Katowice: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
35. Muller, M. (2001). Customer satisfaction with training programs. Journal of European Industrial Training, 25 (6/7), 321–331.
36. Nawojczyk, M. (2002). Przewodnik po statystyce dla socjologów. Kraków: SPSS Polska.
37. Newstrom, W.J. (1978). Catch‑22; The problem soft incomplete evaluation of training. Training and Development Journal, 32 (11), 22–24.
38. Onukwube, H.N. (2012). Leader Influences on Training Effectiveness of Construction Professionals: The Case of Nigeria. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 17 (2), 67–79
39. Patterson, M.G., West, M.A., Shackleton, V.J., Dawson, J.F., Lawthom, R.A, Maitlis, S., Robinson, D.L., Wallace, A.M. (2005). Validating the Organizational Climate Measure: Links to Managerial Practices, Productivity and Innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26 (4), 379–408.
40. Peck, E., Dickinson, H. (2009). Performing Leadership. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
41. Philips, J. (2005). Investing in your company’s human capital. New York: Amacon
42. Redmond, E. (2013). Competency Models at Work: The Value of Perceived Relevance and Fair Rewards for Employee Outcomes. Human Resource Management, 52 (5), 771–792.
43. Schyns, B., Torka, N., Gössling, T. (2007). Turnover Intention and Preparedness for Change: Exploring Leader‑member Exchange and Occupational Self‑efficacy as Antecedents of two Employability Predictors. Career Development International, 12 (7), 660–679
44. Tsui, A.S. (1987). Defining the Activities and Effectiveness of the Human Resource Department: A Multiple Constituency Approach. Human Resource Management, 26 (1), 35–69
45. van der Heijde, C.M., van der Heijden, B.I.J.M. (2006). A Competence‑based and Multidimensional Operationalization and Measurement of Employability. Human Resource Management, 45 (3), 449–476.
46. van der Heijden, B.I.J.M, Bakker, A.B. (2011). Toward a Mediation Model of Employability Enhancement: A Study of Employee‑Supervisor Pairs in the Building Sector. Career Development Quarterly, 59 (3), 232–248.
47. van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., de Lange, A.H., Demerouti, E., van der Heijde, C.M. (2009). Age Effects on the Employability–Career Success Relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74 (2), 156–164.
48. Wieczorkowska, G., Kochański, P., Eljaszuk, M. (2003). Statystyka. Wprowadzenie do analizy danych sondażowych i eksperymentalnych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
49. Wieczorkowska, G., Wierzbiński, J. (2007). Statystyka. Analiza badań społecznych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Referencje
1. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 50 (2), 179–211
2. Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M., Jung, D.I. (1999). Re‑examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 441–462.
3. Bartel, A.P. (2000). Measuring the employer’s return on investments in training: Evidence from the literature. Industrial Relations, 39 (3), 502–524.
4. Beck, N., Kabst, R., Walgenbach, P. (2009). The cultural dependence of vocational training. Journal of International Business Studies, 40 (8), 1373–1395.
5. Becker, B.E., Huselid, M.A. (1998). High performance work systems and firm performance: A synthesis of research and managerial implications. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 16, 53–101
6. Borkowska, S. (2009). Human Resource Management and Innovation in the Business Organization. Human Resource Management, 2, 9–29.
7. Bowen, D.E., Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM‑Organizational performance Linkages: The Role of the Strength of the HRM System. Academy of Management Review, 29 (2), 203–221
8. Boxall, P., Macky, K. (2009). Research and Theory on High‑performance Work Systems: Progressing the High‑involvement Stream. Human Resource Management Journal, 19 (1), 3–23.
9. Boyne, G.A. (2002). Public and private management: what’s the difference? Journal of Management Studies, 39 (1), 97–122
10. Bozionelos, N., Kostopoulos, K. Van der Heijden, B., Rousseau, D.M., Bozionelos, G., Hoyland, T., Miao, R., Marzec, I., Jędrzejowicz, P., Epitropaki, O., Mikkelsen, A., Scholarios, D., Van der Heijde, C. (2015). Employability and Job Performance as Links in the Relationship Between Mentoring Receipt and Career Success: A Study in SMEs. Group & Organization Management, 41 (2), 135–171.
11. Budría, S., Pereira, P.T. (2004). On the returns to training in Portugal. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc, IZA DP, 1429, 1–35.
12. Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. New York – London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
13. De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H. (2011). The management paradox: Self‑rated employability and organizational commitment and performance. Personnel Review, 40 (2), 152–172.
14. De Cuyper, N., Sulea, C., Philippaers, K., Fischmann, G., Iliescu, D., De Witte, H. (2014). Perceived employability and performance: moderation by felt job insecurity. Personnel Review, 43 (4), 536–552.
15. Dysvik, A., Kuvaas, B. (2011). Intrinsic motivation as a moderator on the relationship between perceived job autonomy and work performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20 (3), 367–387.
16. Erdogan, B., Kraimer, M.L., Liden, R.C. (2004). Work Value Congruence and Intrinsic Career Success: The Compensatory Roles of Leader‑Member Exchange and Perceived Organizational Support. Personnel Psychology, 57 (2), 305–332
17. Fiedler, F.E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGrew Hill
18. Groot, W., Maasen van den Brink, H. (2000). Education, Training and Employability. Applied Economics, 32 (5), 573–581.
19. Guest, D.E. (1997). Human Resource Management and Performance: A Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8 (3), 263–276.
20. Hartog, D.N., Van Muijen, J.J., Koopman, P.L. (1997). Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 19–34.
21. Jaidev, U.P., Chirayath, S. (2012). Pre‑training, during, post‑training activities as predictors of transfer of training. IUP Journal of Management Research, 11 (4), 54–70.
22. Jain, S. (2014). Methods of training programmes evaluation: A review. Journal of Commerce, 6 (2), 19–30.
23. Januszewski, A. (2011). Modele równań strukturalnych w metodologii badań psychologicznych. Problematyka przyczynowości w modelach strukturalnych i dopuszczalność modeli. Studia z Psychologii w KUL, vol. 17, 213–245.
24. Juchnowicz, M. (2010). Zarządzanie przez zaangażowanie. Warszawa: PWE.
25. Judge, T.A., Colquitt, J.A. (2004). Organizational justice and stress: The mediating role of work‑family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 395–404.
26. Juhdi, N., Pa’Wan, F., Othman, N.A., Moksin, H. (2010). Factors Influencing Internal and External Employability of Employees. Business and Economics Journal, BEJ‑11. Downloaded 23.11.2013 from: http://astonjournals.com/manuscripts/Vol2010/BEJ‑11_Vol2010.pdf.
27. Konarski, R. (2009). Modele równań strukturalnych. Teoria i praktyka. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
28. Krishnan, V.R. (2005). Leader‑Member Exchange, Transformational Leadership, and Value System. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 10 (1), 14–21.
29. Kunze, F., Boehm, S.A., Bruch, H. (2011). Age diversity, age discrimination climate and performance consequences – a cross organizational study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 264–290.
30. Management Study Guide (MSG) (2017). Downloaded 23.02.2017 from: https:// managementstudyguide.com/role‑of‑hrm‑in‑leadership‑development.
31. Liden, R.C., Maslyn, J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader‑member exchange: an empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24 (1), 43–72.
32. Marszałek, A. (2005). Dlaczego warto uczestniczyć w szkoleniach. E‑mentor, No. 60 (3). Downloaded 16.01.2017 from: http://www.e‑mentor.edu.pl/artykul/index/numer/60/id/1189.
33. Marzec, I. (2009). Wymiana pomiędzy przełożonym a podwładnym jako czynnik sukcesu zawodowego pracowników. Współczesne Zarządzanie, 2, 85–95.
34. Marzec, I. (2015). Uwarunkowania rozwoju zatrudnialności pracowników w organizacji. Katowice: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
35. Muller, M. (2001). Customer satisfaction with training programs. Journal of European Industrial Training, 25 (6/7), 321–331.
36. Nawojczyk, M. (2002). Przewodnik po statystyce dla socjologów. Kraków: SPSS Polska.
37. Newstrom, W.J. (1978). Catch‑22; The problem soft incomplete evaluation of training. Training and Development Journal, 32 (11), 22–24.
38. Onukwube, H.N. (2012). Leader Influences on Training Effectiveness of Construction Professionals: The Case of Nigeria. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 17 (2), 67–79
39. Patterson, M.G., West, M.A., Shackleton, V.J., Dawson, J.F., Lawthom, R.A, Maitlis, S., Robinson, D.L., Wallace, A.M. (2005). Validating the Organizational Climate Measure: Links to Managerial Practices, Productivity and Innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26 (4), 379–408.
40. Peck, E., Dickinson, H. (2009). Performing Leadership. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
41. Philips, J. (2005). Investing in your company’s human capital. New York: Amacon
42. Redmond, E. (2013). Competency Models at Work: The Value of Perceived Relevance and Fair Rewards for Employee Outcomes. Human Resource Management, 52 (5), 771–792.
43. Schyns, B., Torka, N., Gössling, T. (2007). Turnover Intention and Preparedness for Change: Exploring Leader‑member Exchange and Occupational Self‑efficacy as Antecedents of two Employability Predictors. Career Development International, 12 (7), 660–679
44. Tsui, A.S. (1987). Defining the Activities and Effectiveness of the Human Resource Department: A Multiple Constituency Approach. Human Resource Management, 26 (1), 35–69
45. van der Heijde, C.M., van der Heijden, B.I.J.M. (2006). A Competence‑based and Multidimensional Operationalization and Measurement of Employability. Human Resource Management, 45 (3), 449–476.
46. van der Heijden, B.I.J.M, Bakker, A.B. (2011). Toward a Mediation Model of Employability Enhancement: A Study of Employee‑Supervisor Pairs in the Building Sector. Career Development Quarterly, 59 (3), 232–248.
47. van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., de Lange, A.H., Demerouti, E., van der Heijde, C.M. (2009). Age Effects on the Employability–Career Success Relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74 (2), 156–164.
48. Wieczorkowska, G., Kochański, P., Eljaszuk, M. (2003). Statystyka. Wprowadzenie do analizy danych sondażowych i eksperymentalnych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
49. Wieczorkowska, G., Wierzbiński, J. (2007). Statystyka. Analiza badań społecznych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
2. Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M., Jung, D.I. (1999). Re‑examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 441–462.
3. Bartel, A.P. (2000). Measuring the employer’s return on investments in training: Evidence from the literature. Industrial Relations, 39 (3), 502–524.
4. Beck, N., Kabst, R., Walgenbach, P. (2009). The cultural dependence of vocational training. Journal of International Business Studies, 40 (8), 1373–1395.
5. Becker, B.E., Huselid, M.A. (1998). High performance work systems and firm performance: A synthesis of research and managerial implications. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 16, 53–101
6. Borkowska, S. (2009). Human Resource Management and Innovation in the Business Organization. Human Resource Management, 2, 9–29.
7. Bowen, D.E., Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM‑Organizational performance Linkages: The Role of the Strength of the HRM System. Academy of Management Review, 29 (2), 203–221
8. Boxall, P., Macky, K. (2009). Research and Theory on High‑performance Work Systems: Progressing the High‑involvement Stream. Human Resource Management Journal, 19 (1), 3–23.
9. Boyne, G.A. (2002). Public and private management: what’s the difference? Journal of Management Studies, 39 (1), 97–122
10. Bozionelos, N., Kostopoulos, K. Van der Heijden, B., Rousseau, D.M., Bozionelos, G., Hoyland, T., Miao, R., Marzec, I., Jędrzejowicz, P., Epitropaki, O., Mikkelsen, A., Scholarios, D., Van der Heijde, C. (2015). Employability and Job Performance as Links in the Relationship Between Mentoring Receipt and Career Success: A Study in SMEs. Group & Organization Management, 41 (2), 135–171.
11. Budría, S., Pereira, P.T. (2004). On the returns to training in Portugal. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc, IZA DP, 1429, 1–35.
12. Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. New York – London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
13. De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H. (2011). The management paradox: Self‑rated employability and organizational commitment and performance. Personnel Review, 40 (2), 152–172.
14. De Cuyper, N., Sulea, C., Philippaers, K., Fischmann, G., Iliescu, D., De Witte, H. (2014). Perceived employability and performance: moderation by felt job insecurity. Personnel Review, 43 (4), 536–552.
15. Dysvik, A., Kuvaas, B. (2011). Intrinsic motivation as a moderator on the relationship between perceived job autonomy and work performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20 (3), 367–387.
16. Erdogan, B., Kraimer, M.L., Liden, R.C. (2004). Work Value Congruence and Intrinsic Career Success: The Compensatory Roles of Leader‑Member Exchange and Perceived Organizational Support. Personnel Psychology, 57 (2), 305–332
17. Fiedler, F.E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGrew Hill
18. Groot, W., Maasen van den Brink, H. (2000). Education, Training and Employability. Applied Economics, 32 (5), 573–581.
19. Guest, D.E. (1997). Human Resource Management and Performance: A Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8 (3), 263–276.
20. Hartog, D.N., Van Muijen, J.J., Koopman, P.L. (1997). Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 19–34.
21. Jaidev, U.P., Chirayath, S. (2012). Pre‑training, during, post‑training activities as predictors of transfer of training. IUP Journal of Management Research, 11 (4), 54–70.
22. Jain, S. (2014). Methods of training programmes evaluation: A review. Journal of Commerce, 6 (2), 19–30.
23. Januszewski, A. (2011). Modele równań strukturalnych w metodologii badań psychologicznych. Problematyka przyczynowości w modelach strukturalnych i dopuszczalność modeli. Studia z Psychologii w KUL, vol. 17, 213–245.
24. Juchnowicz, M. (2010). Zarządzanie przez zaangażowanie. Warszawa: PWE.
25. Judge, T.A., Colquitt, J.A. (2004). Organizational justice and stress: The mediating role of work‑family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 395–404.
26. Juhdi, N., Pa’Wan, F., Othman, N.A., Moksin, H. (2010). Factors Influencing Internal and External Employability of Employees. Business and Economics Journal, BEJ‑11. Downloaded 23.11.2013 from: http://astonjournals.com/manuscripts/Vol2010/BEJ‑11_Vol2010.pdf.
27. Konarski, R. (2009). Modele równań strukturalnych. Teoria i praktyka. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
28. Krishnan, V.R. (2005). Leader‑Member Exchange, Transformational Leadership, and Value System. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 10 (1), 14–21.
29. Kunze, F., Boehm, S.A., Bruch, H. (2011). Age diversity, age discrimination climate and performance consequences – a cross organizational study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 264–290.
30. Management Study Guide (MSG) (2017). Downloaded 23.02.2017 from: https:// managementstudyguide.com/role‑of‑hrm‑in‑leadership‑development.
31. Liden, R.C., Maslyn, J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader‑member exchange: an empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24 (1), 43–72.
32. Marszałek, A. (2005). Dlaczego warto uczestniczyć w szkoleniach. E‑mentor, No. 60 (3). Downloaded 16.01.2017 from: http://www.e‑mentor.edu.pl/artykul/index/numer/60/id/1189.
33. Marzec, I. (2009). Wymiana pomiędzy przełożonym a podwładnym jako czynnik sukcesu zawodowego pracowników. Współczesne Zarządzanie, 2, 85–95.
34. Marzec, I. (2015). Uwarunkowania rozwoju zatrudnialności pracowników w organizacji. Katowice: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
35. Muller, M. (2001). Customer satisfaction with training programs. Journal of European Industrial Training, 25 (6/7), 321–331.
36. Nawojczyk, M. (2002). Przewodnik po statystyce dla socjologów. Kraków: SPSS Polska.
37. Newstrom, W.J. (1978). Catch‑22; The problem soft incomplete evaluation of training. Training and Development Journal, 32 (11), 22–24.
38. Onukwube, H.N. (2012). Leader Influences on Training Effectiveness of Construction Professionals: The Case of Nigeria. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 17 (2), 67–79
39. Patterson, M.G., West, M.A., Shackleton, V.J., Dawson, J.F., Lawthom, R.A, Maitlis, S., Robinson, D.L., Wallace, A.M. (2005). Validating the Organizational Climate Measure: Links to Managerial Practices, Productivity and Innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26 (4), 379–408.
40. Peck, E., Dickinson, H. (2009). Performing Leadership. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
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