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W Stanach Zjednoczonych osadzonych w zakładach karnych jest około 2,2mln osób. Utrwalił się pogląd, że jest to wynik zbyt surowego systemu wymierzania kar związany z wprowadzeniem polityki bezwzględnej nietolerancji dla narkotyków. Wyroki odsiadują nie tylko członkowie gangów czy handlarze narkotyków, inkarceracja dotyczy również weteranów wojennych. W 2012 r. z powyższej liczby osadzonych penalizacja dotknęła 181,5tys. byłych mundurowych, zwłaszcza uczestników ostatnich wojen. To głównie weterani pozbawieni stałego zatrudnienia, dachu nad głową lub uzależnieni, zmagający się z problemami natury psychologicznej. Zjawisko jest o tyle niepokojące, że weterani jako grupa uprzywilejowana pod względem socjalnym, osłony medycznej czy edukacji posiadają wszelkie możliwości i narzędzia do tego, aby nie wchodzić w konflikt z prawem. Weterani jako byli żołnierze, zdyscyplinowani i doskonale znający przepisy karne, szkoleni z zasad etyki i prawa humanitarnego konfliktów zbrojnych, z praktycznego punktu widzenia nie powinni łamać zasad dyktowanych przez wymiar sprawiedliwości. Wizerunek byłego funkcjonariusza publicznego, pełniącego służbę na rzecz własnego kraju, kłóci się zupełnie ze statystykami penitencjarnymi. Wydarzenia ostatnich lat pokazały, że służba wojskowa, zwłaszcza w rejonie konfliktu może się stać obosiecznym mieczem, a weterani stanowić mogą zagrożenie dla społeczeństwa.
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Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Bałandynowicz A., Probacja: resocjalizacja z udziałem społeczeństwa, Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa 2011.
- Boyle A.M., VA Programs Seek to Keep Troubled Veterans Out of Jail, http://www.usmedicine.com/agencies/department-of-veterans-affairs/va-programs-seek-to-keep-troubled-veteransout-of-jail/
- Breitwieser A., Schanzenbach D.W., Nantz G., Bauer L., Mumford M., Nunn R., Twelve facts about incarceration and prisoner reentry, The Hamilton Project, October 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2016/10/thp_20161020_twelve_facts_incarceration_prisoner_reentry.pdf
- Bronson J., Carson A., Noonan M.E., Berzofsky M., Veterans in Prison and Jail, 2011–12,
- Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, December 2015, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vpj1112.pdf
- Brown W.B., From War Zones to Jail: Veteran Reintegration Problems, “Justice Policy Journal” 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1.
- Bush S.S., Psychological Assessment of Veterans, Oxford University Press, New York 2014.
- Byrnes J., Clinton: “I Signed a Bill that Made the Problem Worse, and I Want to Admit it”,
- http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/248160-clinton-i-signed-a-bill-thatmade-the-problem-worse-and-i-wantDieter R.C., Battle Scars: Military Veterans and the
- Death Penalty, Death Penalty Information Center Report, 2015, http://deathpenaltyinfo.org/files/pdf/BattleScars.pdf
- Gorman S., Webb Says U.S. Has 5 Percent of World’s Population, 25 Percent of its “Known”
- Prisoners, http://www.politifact.com/virginia/statements/2014/dec/15/jim-webb/webbsays-us-has-5-percent-worlds-population-25-pe/
- Haefner J.W. (Lt.Col.), Moral Waivers in Army Recruiting: It Is About Family, Strategy Research
- Project, United States Army War College, 2013.
- Holyfield L., Veterans’ Journeys Home: Life After Afghanistan and Iraq, Paradigm Publishers, New York 2011.
- Kelly D.C., Howe-Barksdale S., Gitelson D., Treating Young Veterans: Promoting Resilience
- Through Practice and Advocacy, Springer Publishing Company, New York 2011.
- Kennard M., Irregular Army: How the U.S. Military Recruited Neo-Nazis, Gang Members, and Criminals to Fight the War on Terror, New York 2012.
- Kozłowski S.G., Ameryka współczesna. Pejzaż polityczny i społeczno-gospodarczy, Lublin 2008.
- London J., Why Are We Killing Veterans? The Repugnance and Incongruity of The U.S. Government Executing Psychologically Wounded Veterans, “University of St. Thomas Law Journal” 2014, Vol. 11, No. 2.
- Marlowe D.B., Hardin C.D., Fox C.L., Painting the Current Picture. A National Report on Drug Courts and Other Problem-Solving Courts in the United States, National Drug Court Institute, June 2016, http://www.nadcp.org/sites/default/files/2014/Painting%20the%20Current%20Picture%202016.pdf
- Mathiesen T., Prison on Trial, Waterside Press, United Kingdom, 2006.
- McElreath D.H., Keena L., Etter G., Stuart E., Introduction to Corrections, CRC Press, New York 2012.
- Mumola Ch.J., Veterans in Prison or Jail, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, 2000, January 2000, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vpj.pdf
- Noonan M.E., Mumola Ch.J., Veterans in State and Federal Prison, 2004, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, May 2007, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vsfp04.pdf
- Riopka M., Red, White and Gangs: The Problem of Street Gangs in the Military, http://whnt.com/2014/06/17/red-white-and-gangs-the-problem-of-street-gangs-in-the-military/
- Robson S., FBI says U.S. Criminal Gangs are Using Military to Spread their Reach, http://www.stripes.com/news/fbi-says-u-s-criminal-gangs-are-using-military-to-spread-theirreach-1.57718
- Schor E., US Army Increases Use of Moral Waivers to Meet Demand for Troops, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/21/usa1
- Smith C.F., Gangs in the Military: Forces Conspire to Make Gangs a Worldwide Threat, https://www.academia.edu/483649/Gangs_in_the_Military_Forces_conspire_to_make_gangs_a_worldwide_threat
- Smith D.L., Najbardziej niebezpieczne ze zwierząt. Natura ludzka i przyczyny wojen, Warszawa 2011.
- Stock S., Wagner L., Paredes D., Escamilla F., Carroll J., Veterans Behind Bars, http://www.nbcbayarea.com/investigations/Veterans-Behind-Bars-166063656.html
- Strong S.M., Rantala R.R., Kyckelhahn T., Census of Problem-Solving Courts, 2012, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 2016, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpsc12.pdf
- Veterans Benefits Administration, Incarcerated Veterans, http://www.benefits.va.gov/persona/veteran-incarcerated.asp
- Wolfe M., From PTSD to Prison: Why Veterans Become Criminals, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/28/from-ptsd-to-prison-why-veterans-become-criminals.html
- Zottarelli M., New Data Shows Fewer Veterans Behind Bars, https://www.swords-to-plowshares.org/2016/01/11/new-data-shows-fewer-veterans-behind-bars
Referencje
Bałandynowicz A., Probacja: resocjalizacja z udziałem społeczeństwa, Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa 2011.
Boyle A.M., VA Programs Seek to Keep Troubled Veterans Out of Jail, http://www.usmedicine.com/agencies/department-of-veterans-affairs/va-programs-seek-to-keep-troubled-veteransout-of-jail/
Breitwieser A., Schanzenbach D.W., Nantz G., Bauer L., Mumford M., Nunn R., Twelve facts about incarceration and prisoner reentry, The Hamilton Project, October 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2016/10/thp_20161020_twelve_facts_incarceration_prisoner_reentry.pdf
Bronson J., Carson A., Noonan M.E., Berzofsky M., Veterans in Prison and Jail, 2011–12,
Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, December 2015, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vpj1112.pdf
Brown W.B., From War Zones to Jail: Veteran Reintegration Problems, “Justice Policy Journal” 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1.
Bush S.S., Psychological Assessment of Veterans, Oxford University Press, New York 2014.
Byrnes J., Clinton: “I Signed a Bill that Made the Problem Worse, and I Want to Admit it”,
http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/248160-clinton-i-signed-a-bill-thatmade-the-problem-worse-and-i-wantDieter R.C., Battle Scars: Military Veterans and the
Death Penalty, Death Penalty Information Center Report, 2015, http://deathpenaltyinfo.org/files/pdf/BattleScars.pdf
Gorman S., Webb Says U.S. Has 5 Percent of World’s Population, 25 Percent of its “Known”
Haefner J.W. (Lt.Col.), Moral Waivers in Army Recruiting: It Is About Family, Strategy Research
Project, United States Army War College, 2013.
Holyfield L., Veterans’ Journeys Home: Life After Afghanistan and Iraq, Paradigm Publishers, New York 2011.
Kelly D.C., Howe-Barksdale S., Gitelson D., Treating Young Veterans: Promoting Resilience
Through Practice and Advocacy, Springer Publishing Company, New York 2011.
Kennard M., Irregular Army: How the U.S. Military Recruited Neo-Nazis, Gang Members, and Criminals to Fight the War on Terror, New York 2012.
Kozłowski S.G., Ameryka współczesna. Pejzaż polityczny i społeczno-gospodarczy, Lublin 2008.
London J., Why Are We Killing Veterans? The Repugnance and Incongruity of The U.S. Government Executing Psychologically Wounded Veterans, “University of St. Thomas Law Journal” 2014, Vol. 11, No. 2.
Marlowe D.B., Hardin C.D., Fox C.L., Painting the Current Picture. A National Report on Drug Courts and Other Problem-Solving Courts in the United States, National Drug Court Institute, June 2016, http://www.nadcp.org/sites/default/files/2014/Painting%20the%20Current%20Picture%202016.pdf
Mathiesen T., Prison on Trial, Waterside Press, United Kingdom, 2006.
McElreath D.H., Keena L., Etter G., Stuart E., Introduction to Corrections, CRC Press, New York 2012.
Mumola Ch.J., Veterans in Prison or Jail, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, 2000, January 2000, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vpj.pdf
Noonan M.E., Mumola Ch.J., Veterans in State and Federal Prison, 2004, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, May 2007, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vsfp04.pdf
Riopka M., Red, White and Gangs: The Problem of Street Gangs in the Military, http://whnt.com/2014/06/17/red-white-and-gangs-the-problem-of-street-gangs-in-the-military/
Robson S., FBI says U.S. Criminal Gangs are Using Military to Spread their Reach, http://www.stripes.com/news/fbi-says-u-s-criminal-gangs-are-using-military-to-spread-theirreach-1.57718
Schor E., US Army Increases Use of Moral Waivers to Meet Demand for Troops, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/21/usa1
Smith C.F., Gangs in the Military: Forces Conspire to Make Gangs a Worldwide Threat, https://www.academia.edu/483649/Gangs_in_the_Military_Forces_conspire_to_make_gangs_a_worldwide_threat
Smith D.L., Najbardziej niebezpieczne ze zwierząt. Natura ludzka i przyczyny wojen, Warszawa 2011.
Stock S., Wagner L., Paredes D., Escamilla F., Carroll J., Veterans Behind Bars, http://www.nbcbayarea.com/investigations/Veterans-Behind-Bars-166063656.html
Strong S.M., Rantala R.R., Kyckelhahn T., Census of Problem-Solving Courts, 2012, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 2016, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpsc12.pdf
Veterans Benefits Administration, Incarcerated Veterans, http://www.benefits.va.gov/persona/veteran-incarcerated.asp
Wolfe M., From PTSD to Prison: Why Veterans Become Criminals, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/28/from-ptsd-to-prison-why-veterans-become-criminals.html
Zottarelli M., New Data Shows Fewer Veterans Behind Bars, https://www.swords-to-plowshares.org/2016/01/11/new-data-shows-fewer-veterans-behind-bars