Pasek boczny artykułu

Pobieranie
PDF (English) EPUB (English) HTML (English)

Treść głównego artykułu

Abstrakt

Od dziesięcioleci Iran był dla Afgańczyków państwem zapewniającym miejsce pracy. To właśnie tutaj Afgańczycy znajdowali możliwość zarobienia pieniędzy, za które byli w stanie utrzymać swoje rodziny w kraju. Od chwili radzieckiej interwencji w Afganistanie w 1979 r. Iran stał się również miejscem schronienia dla około 3 mln afgańskich uchodźców. Sytuacja afgańskich pracowników i uchodźców ulegała zmianie w zależności od sytuacji wewnętrznej, jak i międzynarodowej Iranu. Stosunek irańskich władz do nich bywał przychylny, by wkrótce zmienić się radykalnie w stronę niechęci i prób pozbycia się afgańskich "gości". Tym samym Afgańczycy w Iranie nie mogli być pewni, jak długo będą mieli prawo tam przebywać, na jaką pomoc ze strony Irańczyków liczyć oraz czy nadal będą mieć pracę pozwalającą im utrzymać rodziny. Stan niepewności społeczności afgańskiej jeszcze bardziej pogłębił wybuch pandemii COVID-19, gdyż ani irański, ani afgański system opieki zdrowotnej nie są w stanie sobie z nią poradzić, a wobec załamania gospodarczego w Iranie pierwszymi ofiarami stali się cudzoziemcy niezależnie od ich statusu - również Afgańczycy. Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zmieniającej się i niepewnej sytuacji Afgańczyków w Iranie w ostatnich latach. Analiza dotyczy takich obszarów, jak: status prawny, edukacja, życie rodzinne czy też prawo do pracy. Uwzględniono tutaj także, oczywiście w ograniczonym zakresie, sytuację wewnętrzną Iranu, która niewątpliwie wpływała na położenie afgańskich emigrantów. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy dostępnych materiałów można stwierdzić, że położenie Afgańczyków w Iranie było i jest bardzo mocno uzależnione od sytuacji Iranu i dobrej lub złej woli irańskich władz. Jednocześnie, ze względu na skomplikowaną sytuację Afganistanu, afgańscy emigranci znajdują się w sytuacji bez wyjścia i są "skazani" na pobyt w Iranie.

Słowa kluczowe

Afganistan Iran migracja Afghanistan Iran migration

Szczegóły artykułu

Licencja

Czasopismo „Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies” zapewnia dostęp do treści artykułów w trybie otwartego dostępu (Open Access) na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).

Licencja CC-BY

Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"

Jak cytować
Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, J. (2020) „Afgańscy migranci w Iranie. Sytuacja współczesna”, Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 7(4(28), s. 9–30. doi: 10.33119/KSzPP/2020.4.1.
Pobierz cytowania
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

Metrics

Referencje

  1. Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J., Sadeghi, R. (2015, December). Social-cultural Adaptation of Second-generation Afghans in Iran. International Migration, 53(6): 89-110. DOI: 10.1111/imig.12148.
  2. Adelkhah, F., Olszewski, Z. (2007, April). The Iranian Afghans. Iranian Studies, 40(2): 137-165. DOI: 10.1080/00210860701269519.
  3. Afghan Adolescents in Search for an Income (2019, February 15). Reliefweb. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/iran-islamic-republic/afghan-adolescents-search-income (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  4. Afghan Migrant Workers in Iran. Continuing Struggle and Exploitation (2017, July 24). Zamaneh Media. Retrieved from: https://en.radiozamaneh.com/28616/ (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  5. Afghan Migrants Continue to Die in the Hands of Iranian Authorities (2020, June 12). Global Voices. Retrieved from: https://globalvoices.org/2020/06/12/afghan-migrants-continue-to-die-in-the-hands-of-iranian-authorities/ (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  6. Afghanistan Human Rights and Democracy Organization (2019, November). Deportation to Afghanistan. A Challenge to State Legitimacy and Stability? Retrieved from: https://www.medico.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/en/deportation-to-afghanistan.pdf (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  7. Afghanistan: Key Facts and Figures, (2010, July 5). BBC News. Retrieved form: http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8143196.stm (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  8. Aman, F. (2016, August). Water Dispute Escalating Between Iran and Afghanistan. Atlantic Council. Retrieved form: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Water_Dispute_Escalating_between_Iran_and_Afghanistan_web_0830.pdf (accessed: 14.07.2020).
  9. Aman, F. (2020, May 15). Afghan Migrants. Unwanted in Iran and at Home. Atlantic Council. Retrieved form: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/afghan-migrants-unwanted-in-iran-and-at-home/ (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  10. Ashrafi, N. (2019, November 24). Numbers Spike of Afghan Migrants Returning from Iran, TOLO News. Retrieved form: https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/afghan-refugees-return-en-masse-iran-iom (accessed: 14.07.2020).
  11. Begum, R. (2019, October 3). Reforms Will Grant Nationality to Children of Iranian Women. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/10/03/reforms-will-grant-nationality-children-iranian-women (accessed: 16.07.2020).
  12. Biruni Institute (2020, July 25). Afghanistan Economic Outlook, 1(2). Retrieved form: http://biruni.af/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Biruni_Institute_AFG_Economic_Outlook_Issue2_July2020.pdf (accessed: 16.07.2020).
  13. Bisailon, L. (2016). Medico-legal Borders and the Shaping of Health Services for Afghans in Iran. Physical, Social, Bureaucratic, and Public Health Conditions of Care. International Journal of Migration and Border Studies, 2(1): 40-58. Retrieved form: https://www.academia.edu/21996637/Medico-legal_borders_and_the_shaping_of_health_services_for_Afghans_in_Iran_Physical_social_bureaucratic_and_public_health_conditions_of_care (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  14. Christensen, J.B. (2016). Guests or Trash. Iran's Precarious Policies Towards the Afghan Refugees in the Wake of Sanctions and Regional Wars. Copenhagen, Danish Institute for International Studies. Retrieved from: https://www.diis.dk/node/20688. (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  15. Congressional Research Service (2020, July 23). Iran Sanctions, RS20871. Retrieved form: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf (accessed: 30.07.2020).
  16. Crawley, H., Skleparis, D. (2018). Refugees, Migrants, neither, both. Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe's 'Migration Crisis'. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(1): 48-35. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2017.1348224.
  17. Dadpay, A. (2020, July 8). As Iran Applauds BLM, Afghan Minority Short on Rights. Al-Monitor. Retrieved from: https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/07/iran-blm-george-floyd-racism-afghan-discrimination.html (accessed: 14.07.2020).
  18. Dimitriadi, A. (2013). Migration from Afghanistan to Third Countries and Greece, Athens, Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy. Retrieved from: http://irma.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/IRMA-Background-Report-AFGHANISTAN. pdf (accessed: 16.07.2020).
  19. Domagalska, A., Kaczmarek, W. (2019). Iran w polityce Unii Europejskiej. In: T. Kamiński (Ed.), Polityka Unii Europejskiej wobec partnerów azjatyckich. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego: 171-193. DOI: 10.18778/8142-386-1.10.
  20. Dunewald, C., Talishli, F. (2017, January 26). Return of Afghan Refugees to Afghanistan. Surges as Country Copes to Rebuild. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved from: https://www.imf. org/en/News/Articles/2017/01/26/NA012617-Return-of-Afghan-Refugees-to-Afghanistan-Surges-Country-Copes-Rebuild https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/01/26/NA012617-Return-of-Afghan-Refugees-to-Afghanistan-Surges-Country-Copes-Rebuild (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  21. Eqbal, S. (2017, July 24). Afghan Migrant Workers in Iran. Continuing Struggle and Exploitation. Zamaneh Media. Retrieved from: https://en.radiozamaneh.com/28616/ (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  22. Esfahani, A.N., Hosseini, H. (2018). Afghan Refugees and Iran's Open Door Policy in the 1980s. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 26: 235-252. Retrieved from: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/Pertanika%20PAPERS/JSSH%20Vol.%2026%20(T) %20Feb.%202018/13%20JSSH(T)-0788-2018-4thProof.pdf (accessed: 14.07.2020).
  23. Europe Should Pay for Afghan Refugees in Iran 'If They Support the U. S.' (2019, May 13). Radio Farda. Retrieved from: https://en.radiofarda.com/a/europe-should-pay-for-afghan-refugees-in-iran-if-they-support-the-u-s-/29936292.html (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  24. Farzin, F., Jadali, S. (2013, September). Freedom of Movement of Afghan Refugees in Iran. Forced Migration Review, 44: 85-86. Retrieved from: https://www.fmreview.org/detention/farzin-jadali (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  25. Frelick, B. (1999, June 29). Refugees in Iran. Who Should Co? Who Should Stay? Reliefweb. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/refugees-iran-who-should-go-who-should-stay (accessed: 14.07.2020).
  26. Ghani, A., Malekian, S., Sun, K. (n.d.). How Iran's Refugee Policy Has Evolved Over Time. Retrieved from: http://www.columbia.edu/~kfs2110/afghans/iran_2.html (accessed: 15.07.2020).
  27. Goodson, L.P., Johnson, T.H. (2014, October). U. S. Policy and Strategy Toward Afghanistan After 2014. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College Press, Carlisle Barracks. Retrieved from: https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/PUB1233.pdf (accessed: 16.07.2020).
  28. Grigsby, H. (2013). A Hidden Crisis. Early Marriage in Afghan Society. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313024167_A_Hidden_Crisis_Early_Marriage_in_Afghan_Society (accessed: 15.07.2020).
  29. Herve, N. (2018). Inclusion of Afghan Refugees in the National Education Systems of Iran and Pakistan, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Global Education Monitoring Report, ED/GEMR/MRT/2018/P1/7. Retrieved from: https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/UNESCO-Final-Background-Paper. pdf (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  30. Human Rights Watch (2013, November). Unwelcome Guests. Iran's Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights. Retrieved from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/528f27454.html (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  31. Hussain, E., Jahanzaib, M. (2015, November). Afghanistan: The Western Withdrawal and Its Implications for Security and Economy. Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics, 76. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286924950_Afghanistan_The_Western_Withdrawal_and_its_Implications_for_Security_and_Economy (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  32. Immigration and Refugee Services of America (1996). World Refugee Survey, Washington. Retrieved from: https://refugees.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1996-World-Refugee-Survey.pdf (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  33. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2009). Our World, Views from the Field, Afghanistan Opinion Survey. Geneva: ICRC.
  34. International Institute for Iranian Studies (IIIS) (2019, May 30). Report: The Fatemiyoun Division. Iran Exploits the Poverty of Afghan Migrants. Retrieved from: https://rasanah-iiis. org/english/monitoring-and-translation/reports/the-fatemiyoun-division-iran-exploits-the-poverty-of-afghan-migrants/ (accessed: 17.07.2020).
  35. International Organization for Migration (2014). Afghanistan. Migration Profile, Kabul. Retrieved from: https://afghanistan.iom.int/sites/default/files/Reports/afghanistan_migration_profile. pdf (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  36. International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2019). World Migration Report 2020, Geneva. Retrieved from: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  37. International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2020, April 26 - May 2). Return of Undocumented Afghans. Weekly Situation Report. Retrieved from: https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/situation_reports/file/return_of_undocumented_afghans.pdf (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  38. Iran Recognizes 800,000 'Invisible' Children (2019a, October 18). Infomigrants. Retrieved from: https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/20252/iran-recognizes-800-000-invisible-children (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  39. Iran Women Married to Foreigners Can Pass Citizenship to Children (2019b, October 2). Al. Jazeera. Retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iran-women-married-foreigners-pass-citizenship-children-191002145229455.html (accessed: 15.07.2020).
  40. Iran. An Afghan Free Zone?! (2013, June 12). Justice for Iran. Retrieved from: https://justice4iran. org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Iran-anAfghanFreeZone-EN.pdf (accessed: 16.07.2020).
  41. Jauhiainen, J.S., Eyvazlu, D., Sarcheshmeh, B.S. (2020). Afghans in Iran. Migration Patterns and Aspirations. Turku: University of Turku. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate. net/publication/339253116_Afghans_in_Iran_Migration_patterns_and_aspirations (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  42. Konwencja dotycząca statusu uchodźców, sporządzona w Genewie dnia 28 lipca 1951 r. (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19911190515/O/D19910515.pdf (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  43. Legalizing Marriage to Afghans (2016, February 1). Financial Tribune. Retrieved from: https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/35487/legalizing-marriage-to-afghans (accessed: 16.07.2020).
  44. Liwa Fatemiyoun (n.d.). Global Security.org. Retrieved from: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/fatemiyoun.htm (accessed: 17.07.2020).
  45. Majidyar, A. (2018, January 8). More Than 10,000 Afghans sent by Iran to Syria Reported Killed and Injured. Middle East Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.mei.edu/publications/more-10000-afghans-sent-iran-syria-reported-killed-and-injured (accessed: 15.07.2020).
  46. Monsutti, A. (2006, August). Afghan Transnational Networks. Looking Beyond Repatriation. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/6A583751924F6A31492571F400099A52-areu-afg-31aug.pdf (accessed: 16.07.2020).
  47. Monsutti, A. (2007, April). Migration as a Rite of Passage. Young Afghans Building Masculinity and Adulthood in Iran. Iranian Studies, 40(2): 167-185. DOI: 10.1080/00210860701276183.
  48. More Than Seven Million Refugees Displaced in 2012 - UN (2013, June 19). BBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-22963060 (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  49. Moughari, Z.K. (2007, Fall & Winter). The Effects of Afghan Immigrants on the Iranian Labour Market. Iranian Economic Review, 13(20): 57-84. Retrieved from: https://ier.ut.ac.ir/pdf_32651_8a005c62bd7cf71edd1e0216f6b44f06.html (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  50. Muller, Q. (2018a, December 6). Afghan Illegal Workers Flee Iran. orientxxi. Retrieved from: https://orientxxi.info/magazine/afghan-illegal-workers-flee-iran,2806 (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  51. Muller, Q. (2018b, December 7). Undocumented Afghans in Iran. Collateral Damage of US Sanction. The New Arab. Retrieved from: https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment /2018/12/6/undocumented-afghan-workers-forced-to-flee-iran (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  52. Naseh, M., Potocky, M., Stuart, P.H., Pezeshk, S. (2018, December). Repatriation of Afghan Refugees from Iran. A Shelter Profile Study. Journal of International Humanitarian Action: 1-12. DOI: 10.1186/s41018-018-0041-8.
  53. National Geographic Society (2012). Afghan Migration After the Soviet Invasion. Retrieved from: https://kanohistory.weebly.com/uploads/5/5/3/3/55335909/afghan_mig.pdf (accessed: 16.07.2020).
  54. Noor, S. (2006, January). Afghan Refugees After 9/11. Pakistan Horizon, 59(1): 59-78. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/22670761/Afghan_Refugees_After_9_11 (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  55. Noorzai, R., Jedinia, M. (2020, June 18). 'Filled with Fear'. An Afghan Account of Traveling to Iran. VOA. Retrieved from: https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/filled-fear-afghan-account-traveling-iran (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  56. Norwegian Refugee Council (2017, January). Afghan Children's Access to Education in Iran. What happened after the Supreme Leader's Decree? Retrieved from: https://d3gxp3iknbs7bs.cloud front.net/attachments/e821bf7c-2036-470d-8ee0-9325f4cd9634.pdf (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  57. Norwegian Refugee Council (2019, September). NRC's Operations in Iran. Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/fact-sheets/2019/q3/factsheet_iran_sep2019. pdf (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  58. Rasmussen, S.E., Nader, Z. (2016, June 30). Iran Covertly Recruits Afghan Shias to Fight in Syria. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/30/iran-covertly-recruits-afghan-soldiers-to-fight-in-syria (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  59. Rich, S. (2020). Refugees in Iran. UNHCR. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/ir/refugees-in-iran/ (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  60. Roy, O. (1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  61. Shirmohammadi, R. (2020, June 4). Iranian Citizenship Law for Children of Foreign Fathers Approved. Infomigrants. Retrieved from: https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/25178/iranian-citizenship-law-for-children-of-foreign-fathers-approved (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  62. Six Charts That Show How Hard US Sanctions Have Hit Iran (2019, December 9). BBC. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48119109 (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  63. Stanzel, A. (2016, May). Eternally Displaced. Afghanistan's Refugee Crisis and What it Means for Europe, European Council on Foreign Relations. Policy Brief. Retrieved from: https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR_170_-_ETERNALLY_DISPLACED_1430.pdf (accessed 15.07.2020).
  64. Statement by H.E. Dr. Hossein Zolfaghari (2016), Deputy Minister of Interior of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the 67th Session of the Executive Committee, 3-7 October, Geneva. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/57f786fa7.pdf (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  65. Stigter, E., Monsutti, A. (2005, April). Transnational Networks. Recognizing a Regional Reality. Afghanistan Research, and Evaluation Unit (AREU). Retrieved from: https://areu.org.af/publication/510/ (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  66. Toumaj, A. (2016, August 24). IRGC Commander Discusses Afghan Militia, 'Shia Liberation Army'. and Syria, FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved from: https://www.longwarjournal. org/archives/2016/08/irgc-commander-discusses-afghan-militia-shia-liberation-army-and-syria.php (accessed: 15.07.2020).
  67. US Embassy in Afghanistan (2020). COVID-19 Information. Retrieved from: https://af.usembassy. gov/covid-19-information/ (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  68. United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) (2019, February 24). Civilian Deaths from Afghan Conflict in 2018 at Highest Recorded Level - UN Report. Retrieved from: https://unama.unmissions.org/civilian-deaths-afghan-conflict-2018-highest-recorded-level-%E2%80%93-un-report (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  69. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2000, January 1). The State of the World's Refugees 2000. Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/publications/sowr/4a4c754a9/state-worlds-refugees-2000-fifty-years-humanitarian-action.html (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  70. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2016, March 23). Uchodźca czy migrant? Tłumaczymy różnice i wyjaśniamy ich sens. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr. org/pl/365-plwiadomosci2016uchodzca-czy-migrant-tlumaczymy-roznice-i-wyjasniamy-ich-sens-html.html (accessed: 6.07.2020).
  71. Wickramasekara, P., Sehgal, J., Mehran, F., Noroozi, L., Eisazade, S. (2006). Afghan Households in Iran. Profile and Impact. International Migration Program, International Labour Office, Geneva. Retrieved from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.604.1788 &rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed: 7.07.2020).
  72. Willner-Reid, M. (2017, November 16). Afghanistan: Displacement Challenges in a Country on the Move. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy. org/article/afghanistan-displacement-challenges-country-move (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  73. Yarbakhsh, E. (2018). Reading Derrida in Tehran. Between an Open Door and an Empty Sofreh. Humanities, 7 (1/21): 1-15. DOI: 10.3390/h7010021.
  74. Announcing the Cost of Issuing Training and Work Cards for Afghan Citizens. Retrieved from: https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1395/02/11/1061986/ (accessed: 7.07.2020).