Pasek boczny artykułu
Treść głównego artykułu
Abstrakt
W badaniach nad współczesnym populizmem zaznacza się relatywny deficyt całościowych, a nie tylko przyczynkarskich opracowań poświęconych konkretnym politykom publicznym, jakie prowadzone są zwłaszcza przez rządzących samodzielnie populistów. Celem artykułu jest próba określenia specyfiki oraz porównawcze spojrzenie na trzy różne odmiany populistycznej polityki społecznej: latynoamerykańską, zachodnioeuropejską oraz środkowo-wschodnioeuropejską. W sytuacji dość słabego rozpoznania tematu w literaturze naukowej, szczególnie w ujęciu porównawczym, zaprezentowane tu uwagi nie są rygorystyczną, wysoce zdyscyplinowana analizą komparatystyczną wybranych przypadków. Jest to raczej wsparty ogólniejszą refleksją teoretyczną generalny ogląd sytuacji oraz garść empirycznych ilustracji pokazujących obserwowane w różnych częściach świata modelowe wzory populizmu socjalnego (takie jak szowinizm socjalny czy klientelizm socjalny), które wykazują wobec siebie pewne podobieństwa, ale też wyróżniają się swą własną regionalną i krajową specyfiką.
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Szczegóły artykułu
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Włodzimierz Anioł
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Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Acemoglu, D. et al. (2013). A Political Theory of Populism, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128 (2).
- Andersen, J. G., Bjorklund, T. (1990). Structural Changes and New Cleavages: The Progress Parties in Denmark and Norway, Acta Sociologica, 33 (3).
- Anioł, W. (2023). Co po populizmie? W stronę opiekuńczego państwa prawa. W: Praca, bezrobocie, zatrudnienie. Wartości i działania w rozwoju polityki rynku pracy. Księga jubileuszowa profesor Małgorzaty Szylko-Skoczny, M. Duszczyk, J. Męcina (red.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
- Bartha, A. et al. (2020). When Populist Leaders Govern: Conceptualising Populism in Policy Making, Politics and Governance, 8 (3).
- Benedek, I. (2019). Economic Policy, Populism and Family Policies in Hungary, Country Report Prepared for the DEMOS Project, Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence.
- Betz, H. G. (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. London: Macmillan.
- Bozoki, A. (2012). The Illusion of Inclusion: Configurations of Populism in Hungary . Florence: EUI Working Papers.
- Bustinduy, P. (2022). A Populist Foreign Policy? The Impact of Trump Presidency on the Transatlantic Relation, International Studies, 59 (1).
- Caramani, D. (2017). Will vs. Reason: The Populist and Technocratic Forms of Political Representation and Their Critique to Party Government, American Political Science Review, 111 (1).
- Careja, R. et al. (2016). Direct and Indirect Welfare Chauvinism as Party Strategies: An Analysis of the Danish People’s Party, Scandinavian Political Studies, 39 (4).
- Chueri, J. (2021). Social Policy Outcomes of Government Participation by Radical Right Parties, Party Politics, 27: 1092–1104.
- Chueri, J. (2022). An Emerging Populist Welfare Paradigm? How Populist Radical Right-Wing Parties Are Reshaping the Welfare State, Scandinavian Political Studies, 45 (3).
- Davies, P. (1999). The National Front in France: Ideology, Discourse and Power. London: Routledge.
- De Koster, W. et al. (2013). The New Right and the Welfare State: The Electoral Relevance of Welfare Chauvinism and Welfare Populism in the Netherlands, International Political Science Review, 34 (1).
- De la Torre, C. (2016). What Went Wrong? Leftwing Populist Democratic Promises and Autocratic Practices, Comparative Politics Newsletter, 26 (2).
- De la Torre, C. (ed.) (2019). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. New York: Routledge.
- Edwards, S. (2019). On Latin American Populism, and Its Echoes around the World, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33 (4).
- Ennser-Jedenastik, L. (2016). A Welfare State for Whom? A Group-based Account of the Austrian Freedom Party’s Social Policy Profile, Swiss Political Science Review, 22 (3).
- Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Oxford: Polity Press and
- Blackwell (pol. tłum.: Esping-Andersen, G. (2010). Trzy światy kapitalistycznego państwa dobrobytu, Warszawa: Difin).
- Fenger, M. (2018). The Social Policy Agendas of Populist Radical Right Parties in Comparative Perspective, Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 34 (3).
- Ferre, M., Manzano, C. (2022). The Macroeconomic Impact of Radical Right Populist Parties in Government, Journal of Macroeconomics, 74.
- Funke, M. et al. (2020). Populist Leaders and the Economy, Centre for Economic Policy Research,
- https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3723597 (dostęp: 20.02.2024).
- Gates, L. C. (2010). Electing Chavez: The Business of Anti-neoliberal Politics in Venezuela . Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press.
- Golinowska, S. (2018). Modele polityki społecznej w Polsce i Europie na początku XXI wieku. Warszawa: Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego.
- Grzebyk, P. (red.) (2023). Prawo w epoce populizmu. Warszawa: WN Scholar.
- Guy Peters, B., Pierre, J. (2016). Comparative Governance: Rediscovering the Functional Dimension of Governing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hawkins, K. (2010). Venezuela’s Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Hetland, G. (2016). Chavismo in Crises, NACLA.
- Horowitz, J. (2012). Populism and Its Legacies in Argentina. W: Populism in Latin America, M. L. Connif (ed.). Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.
- Huber, R. A. et al. (2021). Is Populism a Challenge to European Energy and Climate Policy? Empirical Evidence across Varieties of Populism, Journal of European Public Policy, 28 (7).
- James, D. (1988). Resistence and Integration. Peronism and the Argentine Working Class, 1946–1976. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Katsikas, D., Bazoti, P. (2019). Economic Policy, Social Policy and Populism in Greece, Country Report Prepared for the DEMOS Project, ELIAMEP, Athens.
- Kitschelt, H., McGenn, A. J. (1995). The Radical Right in Western Europe . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Korkut, U. et al. (eds.) (2015). Discursive Governance in Politics, Policy, and the Public Sphere. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Korpi, W. (1983). The Democratic Class Struggle . London: Routledge.
- Krause, W., Giebler, H. (2020). Shifting Welfare Policy Positions: The Impact of Radical Right Populist Party Success beyond Migration Politics, Representation, 56 (3).
- Kukovic, S., Just, P. (eds.) (2022). The Rise of Populism in Central and Eastern Europe . Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Kvist, J., Greve, B. (2011). Has the Nordic Welfare Model Been Transformed?, Social Policy & Administration, 2.
- Lutz, P. (2018). Variation in Policy Success: Radical Right Populism and Migration Policy, West European Politics, 42 (3).
- Magistro, B., Menaldo, V. (2022). How Populism Harms Prosperity: Unified Populist Rule Reduces Investment, Innovation and Productivity, Working Paper, August, https://beatricemagis-
- tro.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/howpopulismharmsprosperity.pdf (dostęp: 15.02.2024).
- Magyar, B. (2018). Węgry. Anatomia państwa mafijnego. Czy taka przyszłość czeka Polskę? Warszawa: Magam.
- Markovic, M. (2022). Social Policy or Vote-Buying: Recent Cases of Serbia and Montenegro, Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Social Policy Issues, 56 (1).
- Mudde, C. (1999). The Single-Issue Party Thesis: Extreme Right Parties and the Immigration Issue, West European Politics, 22 (3).
- Mudde, C. (2000). The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Mudde, C. (2007). The Populist Radical Right: A Reader. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Mudde, C. (2017). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mudde, C., Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Nalewajko, E. (2013). Między populistycznym a liberalnym. Style polityczne w Polsce po roku 1989. Warszawa: ISP PAN.
- Nieć, M. et al. (red.) (2021). Populizm – modele i praktyka. Polskie odniesienia. Kraków: WN Akademii Ignatianum.
- Pappas, T. S. (2014). Populism and Crisis Politics in Greece. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Pierzchalski, F., Rydliński, B. (red.) (2017). Autorytarny populizm w XXI wieku. Krytyczna rekonstrukcja. Warszawa: DW Elipsa.
- Pirro, A. L. P. (2015). The Populist Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe: Ideology, Impact and Electoral Performance. London: Routledge.
- Rathgeb, P. (2021). Makers against Takers: The Socio-Economic Ideology and Policy of the Austrian Freedom Party, West European Politics, 44 (3).
- Rathgeb, P., Busemeyer, M. (2022). How to Study the Populist Radical Right and the Welfare State?, West European Politics, 45: 1–23.
- Rinaldi, C., Bekker, M. P. M. (2021). A Scoping Review of Populist Radical Right Parties’ Influence on Welfare Policy and Its Implications for Population Health in Europe, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 10 (3).
- Roeth, L. et al. (2018). The Impact of Populist Radical Right Parties on Socio-Economic Policies, European Political Science Review, 10 (3).
- Rovira Kaltwasser, C. et al. (eds.) (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Zanotti, L. (2021). Populism and the Welfare State, in: Greve B. (ed.), Handbook on Austerity, Populism and the Welfare State. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Rydgren, J. (2004). Explaining the Emergence of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: The Case of Denmark, West European Politics, 27 (3).
- Sadurski, W. (2024). Pandemia populizmów. Kraków: Znak.
- Scharle, A., Szikra, D. (2015). Recent Changes Moving Hungary Away from the European Social Model. W: The European Social Model in Crisis: Is Europe Losing its Soul?, D. Vaughan-Whitehead (ed.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Scheiring, G. (2020). The Retreat of Liberal Democracy. Authoritarian Capitalism and the Accumulative State in Hungary. London: Palgrave-Macmillan.
- Schumacher, G., van Kersbergen, K. (2016). Do Mainstream Parties Adapt to the Welfare Chauvinism of Populist Parties?, Party Politics, 22 (3).
- Solska J. (2023). Więcej, ale gorzej, Polityka, 22.
- Stępińska A., Lipiński A. (red.) (2020). Badania nad dyskursem populistycznym: wybrane podejścia. Poznań: WN WNPiD UAM.
- Szarfenberg R. (2022). Poverty Watch 2022. Monitoring ubóstwa finansowego i polityki społecznej przeciw ubóstwu w Polsce 2021–2022, Warszawa.
- Szikra D. (2018). Welfare for the Wealthy: The Social Policy of the Orban-Regime, 2010–2017. Budapest: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
- The Dominant Role of the West is Over (2024). European Voices, 1.
- Van der Waal J. et al. (2010). “Some are More Equal than Others”: Economic Egalitarianism and Welfare Chauvinism in the Netherlands, Journal of European Social Policy, 20 (4).
- Van Ostaijen M., Scholten P. (2014). Policy Populism? Political Populism and Migrant Integration Policies in Rotterdam and Amsterdam, Comparative European Politics, 12 (6).
- Vidra Z. (2018). Hungary’s Punitive Turn: The Shift from Welfare to Workfare, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 51 (1).
- Vihma A. et al. (2020). Climate Change and Populism: Comparing the Populist Parties’ Climate Policies in Denmark, Finland and Sweden, FIAA Report, 64.
- Wolfenden K. (2012). Peron and the People: Democracy and Authoritarianism in Juan Peron’s Argentina, Inquires, 5 (2).
- Wroński P. (2019). „Jarkowe”, czyli miłosierdzie prezesa, Gazeta Wyborcza, 5 kwietnia.
- Wywiad z B. Grabowskim (2024). Newsweek, 19.
- Wywiad z J. Hausnerem (2024). Newsweek, 27.
- Wywiad z M. Le Pen (2023). Gazeta Wyborcza, 29 kwietnia – 1 maja.
- Wywiad z R. Szarfenbergiem (2022–2023). Gazeta Wyborcza, 31 grudnia – 1 stycznia.
- Yoeruek E. et al. (2022). The Four Global Worlds of Welfare Capitalism: Institutional, Neoliberal, Populist and Residual Welfare States, Journal of European Social Policy, 32 (2).
- Zuquete J. P. (2008). The Missionary Politics of Hugo Chavez, Latin American Politics and Society, 50 (1).
Referencje
Acemoglu, D. et al. (2013). A Political Theory of Populism, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128 (2).
Andersen, J. G., Bjorklund, T. (1990). Structural Changes and New Cleavages: The Progress Parties in Denmark and Norway, Acta Sociologica, 33 (3).
Anioł, W. (2023). Co po populizmie? W stronę opiekuńczego państwa prawa. W: Praca, bezrobocie, zatrudnienie. Wartości i działania w rozwoju polityki rynku pracy. Księga jubileuszowa profesor Małgorzaty Szylko-Skoczny, M. Duszczyk, J. Męcina (red.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Bartha, A. et al. (2020). When Populist Leaders Govern: Conceptualising Populism in Policy Making, Politics and Governance, 8 (3).
Benedek, I. (2019). Economic Policy, Populism and Family Policies in Hungary, Country Report Prepared for the DEMOS Project, Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence.
Betz, H. G. (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. London: Macmillan.
Bozoki, A. (2012). The Illusion of Inclusion: Configurations of Populism in Hungary . Florence: EUI Working Papers.
Bustinduy, P. (2022). A Populist Foreign Policy? The Impact of Trump Presidency on the Transatlantic Relation, International Studies, 59 (1).
Caramani, D. (2017). Will vs. Reason: The Populist and Technocratic Forms of Political Representation and Their Critique to Party Government, American Political Science Review, 111 (1).
Careja, R. et al. (2016). Direct and Indirect Welfare Chauvinism as Party Strategies: An Analysis of the Danish People’s Party, Scandinavian Political Studies, 39 (4).
Chueri, J. (2021). Social Policy Outcomes of Government Participation by Radical Right Parties, Party Politics, 27: 1092–1104.
Chueri, J. (2022). An Emerging Populist Welfare Paradigm? How Populist Radical Right-Wing Parties Are Reshaping the Welfare State, Scandinavian Political Studies, 45 (3).
Davies, P. (1999). The National Front in France: Ideology, Discourse and Power. London: Routledge.
De Koster, W. et al. (2013). The New Right and the Welfare State: The Electoral Relevance of Welfare Chauvinism and Welfare Populism in the Netherlands, International Political Science Review, 34 (1).
De la Torre, C. (2016). What Went Wrong? Leftwing Populist Democratic Promises and Autocratic Practices, Comparative Politics Newsletter, 26 (2).
De la Torre, C. (ed.) (2019). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. New York: Routledge.
Edwards, S. (2019). On Latin American Populism, and Its Echoes around the World, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33 (4).
Ennser-Jedenastik, L. (2016). A Welfare State for Whom? A Group-based Account of the Austrian Freedom Party’s Social Policy Profile, Swiss Political Science Review, 22 (3).
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Oxford: Polity Press and
Blackwell (pol. tłum.: Esping-Andersen, G. (2010). Trzy światy kapitalistycznego państwa dobrobytu, Warszawa: Difin).
Fenger, M. (2018). The Social Policy Agendas of Populist Radical Right Parties in Comparative Perspective, Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 34 (3).
Ferre, M., Manzano, C. (2022). The Macroeconomic Impact of Radical Right Populist Parties in Government, Journal of Macroeconomics, 74.
Funke, M. et al. (2020). Populist Leaders and the Economy, Centre for Economic Policy Research,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3723597 (dostęp: 20.02.2024).
Gates, L. C. (2010). Electing Chavez: The Business of Anti-neoliberal Politics in Venezuela . Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press.
Golinowska, S. (2018). Modele polityki społecznej w Polsce i Europie na początku XXI wieku. Warszawa: Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego.
Grzebyk, P. (red.) (2023). Prawo w epoce populizmu. Warszawa: WN Scholar.
Guy Peters, B., Pierre, J. (2016). Comparative Governance: Rediscovering the Functional Dimension of Governing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hawkins, K. (2010). Venezuela’s Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hetland, G. (2016). Chavismo in Crises, NACLA.
Horowitz, J. (2012). Populism and Its Legacies in Argentina. W: Populism in Latin America, M. L. Connif (ed.). Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.
Huber, R. A. et al. (2021). Is Populism a Challenge to European Energy and Climate Policy? Empirical Evidence across Varieties of Populism, Journal of European Public Policy, 28 (7).
James, D. (1988). Resistence and Integration. Peronism and the Argentine Working Class, 1946–1976. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Katsikas, D., Bazoti, P. (2019). Economic Policy, Social Policy and Populism in Greece, Country Report Prepared for the DEMOS Project, ELIAMEP, Athens.
Kitschelt, H., McGenn, A. J. (1995). The Radical Right in Western Europe . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Korkut, U. et al. (eds.) (2015). Discursive Governance in Politics, Policy, and the Public Sphere. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Korpi, W. (1983). The Democratic Class Struggle . London: Routledge.
Krause, W., Giebler, H. (2020). Shifting Welfare Policy Positions: The Impact of Radical Right Populist Party Success beyond Migration Politics, Representation, 56 (3).
Kukovic, S., Just, P. (eds.) (2022). The Rise of Populism in Central and Eastern Europe . Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Kvist, J., Greve, B. (2011). Has the Nordic Welfare Model Been Transformed?, Social Policy & Administration, 2.
Lutz, P. (2018). Variation in Policy Success: Radical Right Populism and Migration Policy, West European Politics, 42 (3).
Magistro, B., Menaldo, V. (2022). How Populism Harms Prosperity: Unified Populist Rule Reduces Investment, Innovation and Productivity, Working Paper, August, https://beatricemagis-
tro.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/howpopulismharmsprosperity.pdf (dostęp: 15.02.2024).
Magyar, B. (2018). Węgry. Anatomia państwa mafijnego. Czy taka przyszłość czeka Polskę? Warszawa: Magam.
Markovic, M. (2022). Social Policy or Vote-Buying: Recent Cases of Serbia and Montenegro, Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Social Policy Issues, 56 (1).
Mudde, C. (1999). The Single-Issue Party Thesis: Extreme Right Parties and the Immigration Issue, West European Politics, 22 (3).
Mudde, C. (2000). The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Mudde, C. (2007). The Populist Radical Right: A Reader. Abingdon: Routledge.
Mudde, C. (2017). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mudde, C., Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nalewajko, E. (2013). Między populistycznym a liberalnym. Style polityczne w Polsce po roku 1989. Warszawa: ISP PAN.
Nieć, M. et al. (red.) (2021). Populizm – modele i praktyka. Polskie odniesienia. Kraków: WN Akademii Ignatianum.
Pappas, T. S. (2014). Populism and Crisis Politics in Greece. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pierzchalski, F., Rydliński, B. (red.) (2017). Autorytarny populizm w XXI wieku. Krytyczna rekonstrukcja. Warszawa: DW Elipsa.
Pirro, A. L. P. (2015). The Populist Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe: Ideology, Impact and Electoral Performance. London: Routledge.
Rathgeb, P. (2021). Makers against Takers: The Socio-Economic Ideology and Policy of the Austrian Freedom Party, West European Politics, 44 (3).
Rathgeb, P., Busemeyer, M. (2022). How to Study the Populist Radical Right and the Welfare State?, West European Politics, 45: 1–23.
Rinaldi, C., Bekker, M. P. M. (2021). A Scoping Review of Populist Radical Right Parties’ Influence on Welfare Policy and Its Implications for Population Health in Europe, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 10 (3).
Roeth, L. et al. (2018). The Impact of Populist Radical Right Parties on Socio-Economic Policies, European Political Science Review, 10 (3).
Rovira Kaltwasser, C. et al. (eds.) (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Zanotti, L. (2021). Populism and the Welfare State, in: Greve B. (ed.), Handbook on Austerity, Populism and the Welfare State. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Rydgren, J. (2004). Explaining the Emergence of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: The Case of Denmark, West European Politics, 27 (3).
Sadurski, W. (2024). Pandemia populizmów. Kraków: Znak.
Scharle, A., Szikra, D. (2015). Recent Changes Moving Hungary Away from the European Social Model. W: The European Social Model in Crisis: Is Europe Losing its Soul?, D. Vaughan-Whitehead (ed.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Scheiring, G. (2020). The Retreat of Liberal Democracy. Authoritarian Capitalism and the Accumulative State in Hungary. London: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Schumacher, G., van Kersbergen, K. (2016). Do Mainstream Parties Adapt to the Welfare Chauvinism of Populist Parties?, Party Politics, 22 (3).
Solska J. (2023). Więcej, ale gorzej, Polityka, 22.
Stępińska A., Lipiński A. (red.) (2020). Badania nad dyskursem populistycznym: wybrane podejścia. Poznań: WN WNPiD UAM.
Szarfenberg R. (2022). Poverty Watch 2022. Monitoring ubóstwa finansowego i polityki społecznej przeciw ubóstwu w Polsce 2021–2022, Warszawa.
Szikra D. (2018). Welfare for the Wealthy: The Social Policy of the Orban-Regime, 2010–2017. Budapest: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
The Dominant Role of the West is Over (2024). European Voices, 1.
Van der Waal J. et al. (2010). “Some are More Equal than Others”: Economic Egalitarianism and Welfare Chauvinism in the Netherlands, Journal of European Social Policy, 20 (4).
Van Ostaijen M., Scholten P. (2014). Policy Populism? Political Populism and Migrant Integration Policies in Rotterdam and Amsterdam, Comparative European Politics, 12 (6).
Vidra Z. (2018). Hungary’s Punitive Turn: The Shift from Welfare to Workfare, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 51 (1).
Vihma A. et al. (2020). Climate Change and Populism: Comparing the Populist Parties’ Climate Policies in Denmark, Finland and Sweden, FIAA Report, 64.
Wolfenden K. (2012). Peron and the People: Democracy and Authoritarianism in Juan Peron’s Argentina, Inquires, 5 (2).
Wroński P. (2019). „Jarkowe”, czyli miłosierdzie prezesa, Gazeta Wyborcza, 5 kwietnia.
Wywiad z B. Grabowskim (2024). Newsweek, 19.
Wywiad z J. Hausnerem (2024). Newsweek, 27.
Wywiad z M. Le Pen (2023). Gazeta Wyborcza, 29 kwietnia – 1 maja.
Wywiad z R. Szarfenbergiem (2022–2023). Gazeta Wyborcza, 31 grudnia – 1 stycznia.
Yoeruek E. et al. (2022). The Four Global Worlds of Welfare Capitalism: Institutional, Neoliberal, Populist and Residual Welfare States, Journal of European Social Policy, 32 (2).
Zuquete J. P. (2008). The Missionary Politics of Hugo Chavez, Latin American Politics and Society, 50 (1).