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In this paper, we examine the relationship between chronological age and the propensity to abuse welfare benefits. Previous research on sickness absence suggests that younger workers are much more likely to abuse it than older workers. The question is whether this relationship is specific to sickness absence or whether it is a general pattern that also applies to other benefits. The aim of the research was to find out whether there are significant differences in this respect between different age groups (young, mature and old persons). The data for the statistical analysis came from a representative CAWI survey conducted among a sample of 1,512 adult residents of Poland, in which respondents were asked to what extent they would justify various irregularities in the use of welfare benefits.
A series of non-parametric analyses of variance (Kruskal-Wallis test) were used to identify differences between the groups. The results confirm that older people differ significantly from younger people in their acceptance of abuse. The higher the age category, the lower the consent for irregularities. The results provide a picture of moral permissiveness across age groups, but do not allow us to determine how attitudes to abuse change over the life cycle. This is because it is not known whether the diagnosed intergroup differences are due to an age effect or rather a generation effect.
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Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Łukasz Jurek
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
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Więcej informacji: Polityka Open Access czasopisma "Studia z Polityki Publicznej/Public Policy Studies"
Referencje
- Beaulier, S. and Caplan, B. (2007) ‘Behavioral economics and perverse effects of the welfare state’, Kyklos, 60(4), pp. 485–507. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2007.00382.x.
- Bostyn, D.H., Sevenhant, S. and Roets, A. (2018) ‘Of Mice, Men, and Trolleys: Hypothetical Judgment Versus Real-Life Behavior in Trolley-Style Moral Dilemmas’, Psychological Science, 29(7), pp. 1084–1093. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617752640.
- Deacon, A. (2002) Perspectives on welfare : ideas, ideologies and policy debates, Introducing social policy. Buckingham&Philadelphia: Open University Press.
- Elster, J. (1989) ‘Social Norms and Economic Theory’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(4), pp. 99–117. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.4.99.
- Esping-Andersen, G. (2000) ‘The sustainability of welfare states into the twenty-first century’, International Journal of Health Services, pp. 1–12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2190/H6PN-9R5J-MD9X-P10T.
- Farrington, D.P. (1986) ‘Age and Crime’, Crime and Justice, 7, pp. 189–250. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/449114.
- Gilga, K. and Jurek, Ł. (2022) ‘Absentyzm chorobowy w Polsce: przejawy i uwarunkowania’, Polityka Społeczna, 10, pp. 7–13.
- Halla, M., Lackner, M. and Schneider, F.G. (2010) ‘An empirical analysis of the dynamics of the welfare state: The case of benefit morale’, Kyklos, 63(1), pp. 55–74. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00460.x.
- Halla, M. and Schneider, F.G. (2014) ‘Taxes and benefits: Two options to cheat on the state’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 76(3), pp. 411–431. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12024.
- Heinemann, F. (2008) ‘Is the welfare state self-destructive? A study of government benefit morale’, Kyklos, 61(2), pp. 237–257. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2008.00400.x.
- Hryniewicz-Lach, E. (2018) ‘Przestępczość osób starszych jako nowy problem polityki kryminalnej?’, Forum Prawnicze, 6(50), pp. 31–49.
- Jacobsen, C. (1979) ‘Permissiveness and Norm Evasions: Definitions, Relationships and Implications’, Sociology, 13(2), pp. 219–233. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/003803857901300205.
- Jurek, Ł. (2021) ‘Wiek a absencja chorobowa pracowników’, Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny, 83(4), pp. 225–238. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2021.83.4.15.
- Jurek, Ł. (2022) ‘Moralność socjalna: ujęcie teoretyczne i znaczenie praktyczne’, Praca i Zabezpieczenie Społeczne, 11, pp. 12–20.
- Jurek, Ł. (2023a) ‘„Paluszek i główka to pracownicza wymówka”. Absencja chorobowa młodych pracowników w Polsce’, in J. Szczepaniak-Sienniak (ed.) Młodzi dorośli. Warszawa: Rządowa Rada Ludnościowa, pp. 203–213.
- Jurek, Ł. (2023b) ‘The Impact of the Employee’s Personal Characteristics on the Abuse of Sickness Absence: Empirical Evidence From Poland’, Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics, 12(2), pp. 1–22. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2478/wrlae-2022-0008.
- Lindbeck, A. (1995) ‘Hazardous Welfare-State Dynamics’, The American Economic Review, 85(2), pp. 9–15.
- Lindbeck, A. and Nyberg, S. (2006) ‘Raising children to work hard: Altruism, work norms, and social insurance’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(4), pp. 1473–1503. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.121.4.1473.
- Melchior, M. et al. (2003) ‘Do psychosocial work factors and social relations exert independent effects on sickness absence? A six year prospective study of the GAZEL cohort’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(4), pp. 285–293. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.4.285.
- Merton, R.K. (2017) ‘Social structure and anomie’, in Gangs, pp. 3–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351157803-1.
- Omers, M.R. and Block, F. (2005) ‘From poverty to perversity: Ideas, markets, and institutions over 200 years of welfare debate’, American Sociological Review, pp. 260–287. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000204.
- Stiglitz, J.E. (2018) ‘1. The Welfare State in the Twenty-First Century’, in The Welfare State Revisited, pp. 3–37. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7312/ocam18544-004.
- Ziebarth, N.R. (2013) ‘Long-term absenteeism and moral hazard-Evidence from a natural experiment’, Labour Economics, 24, pp. 277–292. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2013.09.004.
Referencje
Beaulier, S. and Caplan, B. (2007) ‘Behavioral economics and perverse effects of the welfare state’, Kyklos, 60(4), pp. 485–507. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2007.00382.x.
Bostyn, D.H., Sevenhant, S. and Roets, A. (2018) ‘Of Mice, Men, and Trolleys: Hypothetical Judgment Versus Real-Life Behavior in Trolley-Style Moral Dilemmas’, Psychological Science, 29(7), pp. 1084–1093. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617752640.
Deacon, A. (2002) Perspectives on welfare : ideas, ideologies and policy debates, Introducing social policy. Buckingham&Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Elster, J. (1989) ‘Social Norms and Economic Theory’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(4), pp. 99–117. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.4.99.
Esping-Andersen, G. (2000) ‘The sustainability of welfare states into the twenty-first century’, International Journal of Health Services, pp. 1–12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2190/H6PN-9R5J-MD9X-P10T.
Farrington, D.P. (1986) ‘Age and Crime’, Crime and Justice, 7, pp. 189–250. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/449114.
Gilga, K. and Jurek, Ł. (2022) ‘Absentyzm chorobowy w Polsce: przejawy i uwarunkowania’, Polityka Społeczna, 10, pp. 7–13.
Halla, M., Lackner, M. and Schneider, F.G. (2010) ‘An empirical analysis of the dynamics of the welfare state: The case of benefit morale’, Kyklos, 63(1), pp. 55–74. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00460.x.
Halla, M. and Schneider, F.G. (2014) ‘Taxes and benefits: Two options to cheat on the state’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 76(3), pp. 411–431. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12024.
Heinemann, F. (2008) ‘Is the welfare state self-destructive? A study of government benefit morale’, Kyklos, 61(2), pp. 237–257. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2008.00400.x.
Hryniewicz-Lach, E. (2018) ‘Przestępczość osób starszych jako nowy problem polityki kryminalnej?’, Forum Prawnicze, 6(50), pp. 31–49.
Jacobsen, C. (1979) ‘Permissiveness and Norm Evasions: Definitions, Relationships and Implications’, Sociology, 13(2), pp. 219–233. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/003803857901300205.
Jurek, Ł. (2021) ‘Wiek a absencja chorobowa pracowników’, Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny, 83(4), pp. 225–238. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2021.83.4.15.
Jurek, Ł. (2022) ‘Moralność socjalna: ujęcie teoretyczne i znaczenie praktyczne’, Praca i Zabezpieczenie Społeczne, 11, pp. 12–20.
Jurek, Ł. (2023a) ‘„Paluszek i główka to pracownicza wymówka”. Absencja chorobowa młodych pracowników w Polsce’, in J. Szczepaniak-Sienniak (ed.) Młodzi dorośli. Warszawa: Rządowa Rada Ludnościowa, pp. 203–213.
Jurek, Ł. (2023b) ‘The Impact of the Employee’s Personal Characteristics on the Abuse of Sickness Absence: Empirical Evidence From Poland’, Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics, 12(2), pp. 1–22. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2478/wrlae-2022-0008.
Lindbeck, A. (1995) ‘Hazardous Welfare-State Dynamics’, The American Economic Review, 85(2), pp. 9–15.
Lindbeck, A. and Nyberg, S. (2006) ‘Raising children to work hard: Altruism, work norms, and social insurance’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(4), pp. 1473–1503. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.121.4.1473.
Melchior, M. et al. (2003) ‘Do psychosocial work factors and social relations exert independent effects on sickness absence? A six year prospective study of the GAZEL cohort’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(4), pp. 285–293. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.4.285.
Merton, R.K. (2017) ‘Social structure and anomie’, in Gangs, pp. 3–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351157803-1.
Omers, M.R. and Block, F. (2005) ‘From poverty to perversity: Ideas, markets, and institutions over 200 years of welfare debate’, American Sociological Review, pp. 260–287. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000204.
Stiglitz, J.E. (2018) ‘1. The Welfare State in the Twenty-First Century’, in The Welfare State Revisited, pp. 3–37. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7312/ocam18544-004.
Ziebarth, N.R. (2013) ‘Long-term absenteeism and moral hazard-Evidence from a natural experiment’, Labour Economics, 24, pp. 277–292. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2013.09.004.