The importance of behavioural factors in crisis management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33119/SIP.2023.192.10Keywords:
altruism, behavioural economics, crisis, COVID-19 pandemicAbstract
The recent events of the past two years indicate that effective crisis management cannot ignore behavioural factors. When analysing social reactions, it becomes clear that they are far from standard, rational behaviour in exceptional conditions such as a pandemic, a migration crisis, or the threat of an armed conflict. Effective economic and financial policies of a state should be based on predictions related to herd behaviour and the theory of nudge introduced by R. Thaler and C. R. Sunstein in 2017. According to this theory, the assumptions of behavioural economics can be utilised successfully in shaping public policies with appropriate tools (simplifications, default options, framing, approximation of consequences, design, or reference to social norms).
The aim of this article is to review the use of behavioural economics tools in situations of extraordinary, unexpected, and large-scale crises. Examples of the use of behavioural innovations and herd behaviour in different contexts by the authorities from various parts of the world are presented. This review can serve as an inspiration for implementing new solutions based on the theory of nudges, herd behaviour, and the behaviour of altruistic individuals.
The article uses theories from the field of behavioural economics (the prospect theory, nudge theory) and gift economy as well as media reports on methods to combat and mitigate the negative effects of crises in the healthcare system and forced migration in different countries, including those with different cultural backgrounds. This article provides an overview of such methods and presents the mechanisms of behavioural economics that underlie them, along with the positive effects of using these methods, thereby demonstrating their effectiveness.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Wydawnictwa zwarte
1. Czerwonka, M. (2019a). Behawioralne, kulturowe i etyczne uwarunkowania podejmowania decyzji inwestycyjnych. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH.
2. Kolm, S. C. (2000). Introduction: The Economics of Reciprocity, Giving and Altruism. W: The Economics of Reciprocity, Giving and Altruism, L. A. Gerard-Varet, S. C. Kolm, J. M. Ythier (Eds.). New York: MacMillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-62745-5_1.
3. Thaler, R., Sustein, C. R. (2017). Impuls. Jak podejmować właściwe decyzje dotyczące zdrowia, dobrobytu i szczęścia. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.
Artykuły prasowe i okolicznościowe
1. Abrams, D., Wetherell, M., Cochrane, S., Hogg, M. A., Turner, J. C. (1990). Knowing What to Think by Knowing Who You Are: Self-Categorization and the Nature of Norm Formation, Conformity and Group Polarization, British Journal of Social Psychology, 29 (2), s. 97–119. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00892.x.
2. Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., …, Willer, R. (2020). Using Social and Behavioural Science to Support COVID-19 Pandemic Response, Nature Human Behaviour, 4 (5), s. 460–471. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0884‑z.
3. Betsch, C., Böhm, R., Korn, L., Holtmann, C. (2017). On the Benefits of Explaining Herd Immunity in Vaccine Advocacy, Nature Human Behavior, 1 (3). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-017-
0056.
4. Christakis, N. A., Fowler, J. H. (2013). Social Contagion Theory: Examining Dynamic Social Networks and Human Behavior, Statistics in Medicine, 32 (4), s. 556–577. DOI: 10.1002/ sim.5408.
5. Czerwonka, M. (2019b). Cultural, Cognitive and Personality Traits in Risk-Taking Behaviour: Evidence from Poland and the United States of America, Economic Research – Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32 (1), s. 894–908. DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2019.1588766.
6. Czerwonka, M., Staniszewska, A. (2013). Miejsce daru i filantropii w ekonomii, Zarządzanie i Finanse, 2 (4), s. 73–88.
7. Elen, J., Jiang, L., Huyghe, S., Evers, M., Verburgh, A., …, Palaigeorgiou, G. (2019). Promoting Critical Thinking in European Higher Education Institutions: Towards an Educational Protocol, C. Dominguez, R. Payan-Carreira (Eds.). Vila Real: UTAD.
8. Daniszewski, P. (2013). Dżuma (Yersinia pestis) – jako broń biologiczna, International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 9, s. 84–94. DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.9.84.
9. Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decisions under Risk, Econometrica, 47 (2), s. 263–292. DOI: 10.2307/1914185.
10. Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1981). The Framing of Decisions and Psychology of Choice, Science, 211, s. 453–458. DOI: 10.1126/science.7455683.
11. Kirk, C. P., Rifkin, L. S. (2020). I’ll Trade You Diamonds for Toilet Paper: Consumer Reacting, Coping and Adapting Behaviors in the COVID-19 Pandemic, Journal of Business Research, 117, s. 124–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.028.
12. Kitayama, S., Park, J., Miyamoto Y., Date, H., Morozink Boylan, J., Markus, H. R., Karasawa, M., Kawakami, N., Coe, C. L., Love, G. D., Ryff, C. D. (2018). Behavioral Adjustment Moderates the Link between Neuroticism and Biological Health Risk: A US–Japan Comparison Study, Personality and Social Psychology, 44, s. 809–822. DOI: 10.1177/0146167217748603.
13. Kraus, B., Kitayama, S. (2019). Interdependent Self-Construal Predicts Emotion Suppression in Asian Americans: An Electro-Cortical Investigation, Biological Psychology, 146. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107733.
14. Nygren, T., Haglund, J., Samuelsson, Ch., Geijerstam, A. A., Prytz, J. (2019). Critical Thinking in National Tests across Four Subjects in Swedish Compulsory School, Education Inquiry, 10 (1), s. 56–75. DOI: 10.1080/20004508.2018.1475200.
15. Peters, E., Västfjäll, D., Slovic, P., Mertz, C. K., Mazzocco, K., Dickert, S. (2006). Numeracy and Decision Making, Psychological Science, 17 (5), s. 407–413. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01720.x.
16. Sim, K., Chua, H. C., Vieta, E., Fernandez, G. (2020). The Anatomy of Panic Buying Related to the Current COVID-19 Pandemic, Psychiatry Research, 288. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres. 2020.113015.
Materiały internetowe
1. Aravindan, A., Geddie, J. (2020). Singapore Charges Visitors for Coronavirus Treatment after Imported Indonesian Cases, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-singaporeidUSKBN20X0EW (dostęp: 16.04.2023).
2. Bellon, M. (2021). Milion dolarów za zaszczepienie się przeciw COVID-19. Takie rzeczy w USA, https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/zachety-do-szczepien-w-usa-milion-dolarow-zazaszczepienie-sie-przeciw-covid-19/zgeppj5 (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
3. CDC (2021). COVID-19 Employer Information for Office Buildings, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019‑ncov/community/office-buildings.html (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
4. Czerkawski, R. (2021). Kompendium wiedzy o tarczy finansowej 2.0. Co trzeba zrobić, by zdobyć finansowanie?, https://mycompanypolska.pl/artykul/kompedium-wiedzy-o-tarczy-finansowej-20‑co-trzeba-zrobic-by-zdobyc-finansowanie/6001 (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
5. Gov.pl (2021). Zapisz się na test na koronawirusa (SARS-CoV-2), https://www.gov.pl/web/gov/zapisz-sie-na-test-na-koronawirusa (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
6. Higgins, T. (2020). Joe Biden Receives COVID Vaccine on Live Television, Encourages Americans to Get Inoculated, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/21/joe-biden-receives-covid-vaccineon-live-televisio.html (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
7. Hofstede, G. (2023). Country Comparison Tool, https://www.hofstede-insights.com/countrycomparison-tool (dostęp: 15.06.2023).
8. Huczko, P. (2021). Zmiana terminu szczepienia przeciw COVID-19, https://samorzad.infor.pl/wiadomosci/5238815, Zmiana-terminu-szczepienia-przeciw-COVID19.html (dostęp:
3.03.2023).
9. Kancelaria Premiera (2021). Twitter, 16 maja, https://twitter.com/PremierRP/status/1372191378755743750?s=20 (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
10. Morawiecki, M. (2021). Twitter, 24 kwietnia, https://twitter.com/MorawieckiM/status/1385896456469483523? s=20&t=D1qmPPoxQmvzqrAyd8I6lg (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
11. NHS Digital (2021). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Risk Assessment, https://digital.nhs.uk/coronavirus/
risk-assessment (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
12. Nichols, Ch., Hayden, S. C., Trendler, Ch. (2020). Four Behaviors That Help Leaders Manage Crisis, https://hbr.org/2020/04/4‑behaviors-that-help-leaders-manage-a-crisis (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
13. Rynek Zdrowia (2021). 25 euro dla obywatela za zaszczepienie się – pierwsza taka decyzja na świecie, https://www.rynekzdrowia.pl/Serwis-Szczepienia/25‑euro-dla-obywatela-zazaszczepienie-sie-pierwsza-taka-decyzja-na-swiecie,221435,1018.html (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
14. Salas, J., Almodovar, L. (2020). A Room, a Bar and a Classroom: How the Coronavirus Is Spread through the Air, https://english.elpais.com/society/2020–10–28/a-room-a-bar-and-a-classhow-the-coronavirus-is-spread-through-the-air.html (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
15. Scicluna, C. (2021). COVID-Battered Malta to Pay Tourists Who Visit This Summer, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/covid-battered-malta-pay-tourists-who-visit-this-summer-2021-04-09/ (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
16. Worldometer (2023). COVID Live Update: 179,260,962 Cases and 3,882,169 Deaths from the Coronavirus, https://www.worldometers.info/ (dostęp: 16.04.2023).
17. Zahorski, T., Zendran, I. (2018). Złoty wiek grypy. Krótka historia pandemii, https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/15986 (dostęp: 3.10.2023).
1. Czerwonka, M. (2019a). Behawioralne, kulturowe i etyczne uwarunkowania podejmowania decyzji inwestycyjnych. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH.
2. Kolm, S. C. (2000). Introduction: The Economics of Reciprocity, Giving and Altruism. W: The Economics of Reciprocity, Giving and Altruism, L. A. Gerard-Varet, S. C. Kolm, J. M. Ythier (Eds.). New York: MacMillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-62745-5_1.
3. Thaler, R., Sustein, C. R. (2017). Impuls. Jak podejmować właściwe decyzje dotyczące zdrowia, dobrobytu i szczęścia. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.
Artykuły prasowe i okolicznościowe
1. Abrams, D., Wetherell, M., Cochrane, S., Hogg, M. A., Turner, J. C. (1990). Knowing What to Think by Knowing Who You Are: Self-Categorization and the Nature of Norm Formation, Conformity and Group Polarization, British Journal of Social Psychology, 29 (2), s. 97–119. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00892.x.
2. Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., …, Willer, R. (2020). Using Social and Behavioural Science to Support COVID-19 Pandemic Response, Nature Human Behaviour, 4 (5), s. 460–471. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0884‑z.
3. Betsch, C., Böhm, R., Korn, L., Holtmann, C. (2017). On the Benefits of Explaining Herd Immunity in Vaccine Advocacy, Nature Human Behavior, 1 (3). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-017-
0056.
4. Christakis, N. A., Fowler, J. H. (2013). Social Contagion Theory: Examining Dynamic Social Networks and Human Behavior, Statistics in Medicine, 32 (4), s. 556–577. DOI: 10.1002/ sim.5408.
5. Czerwonka, M. (2019b). Cultural, Cognitive and Personality Traits in Risk-Taking Behaviour: Evidence from Poland and the United States of America, Economic Research – Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32 (1), s. 894–908. DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2019.1588766.
6. Czerwonka, M., Staniszewska, A. (2013). Miejsce daru i filantropii w ekonomii, Zarządzanie i Finanse, 2 (4), s. 73–88.
7. Elen, J., Jiang, L., Huyghe, S., Evers, M., Verburgh, A., …, Palaigeorgiou, G. (2019). Promoting Critical Thinking in European Higher Education Institutions: Towards an Educational Protocol, C. Dominguez, R. Payan-Carreira (Eds.). Vila Real: UTAD.
8. Daniszewski, P. (2013). Dżuma (Yersinia pestis) – jako broń biologiczna, International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 9, s. 84–94. DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.9.84.
9. Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decisions under Risk, Econometrica, 47 (2), s. 263–292. DOI: 10.2307/1914185.
10. Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1981). The Framing of Decisions and Psychology of Choice, Science, 211, s. 453–458. DOI: 10.1126/science.7455683.
11. Kirk, C. P., Rifkin, L. S. (2020). I’ll Trade You Diamonds for Toilet Paper: Consumer Reacting, Coping and Adapting Behaviors in the COVID-19 Pandemic, Journal of Business Research, 117, s. 124–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.028.
12. Kitayama, S., Park, J., Miyamoto Y., Date, H., Morozink Boylan, J., Markus, H. R., Karasawa, M., Kawakami, N., Coe, C. L., Love, G. D., Ryff, C. D. (2018). Behavioral Adjustment Moderates the Link between Neuroticism and Biological Health Risk: A US–Japan Comparison Study, Personality and Social Psychology, 44, s. 809–822. DOI: 10.1177/0146167217748603.
13. Kraus, B., Kitayama, S. (2019). Interdependent Self-Construal Predicts Emotion Suppression in Asian Americans: An Electro-Cortical Investigation, Biological Psychology, 146. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107733.
14. Nygren, T., Haglund, J., Samuelsson, Ch., Geijerstam, A. A., Prytz, J. (2019). Critical Thinking in National Tests across Four Subjects in Swedish Compulsory School, Education Inquiry, 10 (1), s. 56–75. DOI: 10.1080/20004508.2018.1475200.
15. Peters, E., Västfjäll, D., Slovic, P., Mertz, C. K., Mazzocco, K., Dickert, S. (2006). Numeracy and Decision Making, Psychological Science, 17 (5), s. 407–413. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01720.x.
16. Sim, K., Chua, H. C., Vieta, E., Fernandez, G. (2020). The Anatomy of Panic Buying Related to the Current COVID-19 Pandemic, Psychiatry Research, 288. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres. 2020.113015.
Materiały internetowe
1. Aravindan, A., Geddie, J. (2020). Singapore Charges Visitors for Coronavirus Treatment after Imported Indonesian Cases, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-singaporeidUSKBN20X0EW (dostęp: 16.04.2023).
2. Bellon, M. (2021). Milion dolarów za zaszczepienie się przeciw COVID-19. Takie rzeczy w USA, https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/zachety-do-szczepien-w-usa-milion-dolarow-zazaszczepienie-sie-przeciw-covid-19/zgeppj5 (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
3. CDC (2021). COVID-19 Employer Information for Office Buildings, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019‑ncov/community/office-buildings.html (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
4. Czerkawski, R. (2021). Kompendium wiedzy o tarczy finansowej 2.0. Co trzeba zrobić, by zdobyć finansowanie?, https://mycompanypolska.pl/artykul/kompedium-wiedzy-o-tarczy-finansowej-20‑co-trzeba-zrobic-by-zdobyc-finansowanie/6001 (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
5. Gov.pl (2021). Zapisz się na test na koronawirusa (SARS-CoV-2), https://www.gov.pl/web/gov/zapisz-sie-na-test-na-koronawirusa (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
6. Higgins, T. (2020). Joe Biden Receives COVID Vaccine on Live Television, Encourages Americans to Get Inoculated, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/21/joe-biden-receives-covid-vaccineon-live-televisio.html (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
7. Hofstede, G. (2023). Country Comparison Tool, https://www.hofstede-insights.com/countrycomparison-tool (dostęp: 15.06.2023).
8. Huczko, P. (2021). Zmiana terminu szczepienia przeciw COVID-19, https://samorzad.infor.pl/wiadomosci/5238815, Zmiana-terminu-szczepienia-przeciw-COVID19.html (dostęp:
3.03.2023).
9. Kancelaria Premiera (2021). Twitter, 16 maja, https://twitter.com/PremierRP/status/1372191378755743750?s=20 (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
10. Morawiecki, M. (2021). Twitter, 24 kwietnia, https://twitter.com/MorawieckiM/status/1385896456469483523? s=20&t=D1qmPPoxQmvzqrAyd8I6lg (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
11. NHS Digital (2021). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Risk Assessment, https://digital.nhs.uk/coronavirus/
risk-assessment (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
12. Nichols, Ch., Hayden, S. C., Trendler, Ch. (2020). Four Behaviors That Help Leaders Manage Crisis, https://hbr.org/2020/04/4‑behaviors-that-help-leaders-manage-a-crisis (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
13. Rynek Zdrowia (2021). 25 euro dla obywatela za zaszczepienie się – pierwsza taka decyzja na świecie, https://www.rynekzdrowia.pl/Serwis-Szczepienia/25‑euro-dla-obywatela-zazaszczepienie-sie-pierwsza-taka-decyzja-na-swiecie,221435,1018.html (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
14. Salas, J., Almodovar, L. (2020). A Room, a Bar and a Classroom: How the Coronavirus Is Spread through the Air, https://english.elpais.com/society/2020–10–28/a-room-a-bar-and-a-classhow-the-coronavirus-is-spread-through-the-air.html (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
15. Scicluna, C. (2021). COVID-Battered Malta to Pay Tourists Who Visit This Summer, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/covid-battered-malta-pay-tourists-who-visit-this-summer-2021-04-09/ (dostęp: 3.03.2023).
16. Worldometer (2023). COVID Live Update: 179,260,962 Cases and 3,882,169 Deaths from the Coronavirus, https://www.worldometers.info/ (dostęp: 16.04.2023).
17. Zahorski, T., Zendran, I. (2018). Złoty wiek grypy. Krótka historia pandemii, https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/15986 (dostęp: 3.10.2023).
Downloads
Published
2023-11-23
How to Cite
Czerwonka, M. ., Siembida, J. ., & Staniszewska, A. (2023). The importance of behavioural factors in crisis management. Studies and Work of the Collegium of Management and Finance , (192), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.33119/SIP.2023.192.10
Issue
Section
Articles
