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grudnia 22, 2019
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czerwca 30, 2011
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The article presents the characteristics of “executive psychopaths”, showing that the current business environment “predisposes” individuals with “pathological” features of personality to holding the highest posts within organisations. The most important factors that enable a diagnosis of such types of leaders have also been described. Moreover, it has been suggested that the most common behaviours demonstrated by the “executive psychopaths” involve mobbing, bullying, sexual harassment and political behaviours. A variety of forms of such abusive behaviour have been described together with their consequences for the employees
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Wojtczuk-Turek, A. ., & Turek, D. . (2011). Executive Psychopaths. Abusive Behaviour of the Management. Edukacja Ekonomistów I Menedżerów, 22(4), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5538
Referencje
-
1. Andrews M., Kacmar K.M., Discriminating Among Organizational Politics, Justice, and Support, “Journal of Organizational Behavior” 2001, Vol. 22.
2. Anshfort B., Petty Tyranny in Organizations, “Human Relations” 1994, Vol. 47.
3. Berry Ch.M., Sackett P.R., Tobares V., A Meta-Analysis of Conditional Reasoning Tests of Aggression, “Personnel Psychology” 2010, Vol. 63.
4. Boddy C.R., Corporate Psychopaths, Bullying and Unfair Supervision in the Workplace, “Journal of Business Ethics” 2011, Vol. 100.
5. Bugdol M., Gry i nieetyczne zachowania w organizacji, Difin, Warszawa 2007.
6. Chappell D., Di Martino V., Violence at Work, International Labour Organisation, Geneva 2006.
7. Cortina L.M., Berdahl J.L., Sexual Harassment in Organizations: A Decade of Research in Review, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace.Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
8. Durniat K., Mobbing jako przejaw deficytów kompetencyjnych współczesnych organizacji, in: Kompetencje a sukces zarządzania organizacją, Eds. S.A. Witkowski, T. Listwan, Difin, Warszawa 2008.
9. Einarsen S., Skogstad A., Bullying at Work: Epidemiological Findings in Public and Private Organizations, “European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology” 1996, Vol. 5, No. 2.
10. Fandt P.M., Ferris G.R., The Management of Information and Impressions: When Employees Behave Opportunistically, “Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes” 1990, Vol. 45.
11. Fitzgerald L.F., Sexual Harassment: Violence Against Women in the Workplace, “American Psychologist” 1993, Vol. 48.
12. Furnham A., Personality Disorder and Derailment at Work: The Paradoxical Positive Influence of Pathology in the Workplace, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
13. Gender Index. Niemoralne propozycje. Molestowanie w miejscu pracy; http://www.feminoteka.pl/downloads/molestowanie_broszura_internet.pdf.
14. Goltz S.M., Considering Political Behavior in Organizations, “The Behavior Analyst Today” 2003, Vol. 4, Issue 3.
15. Hershcovis M.S., Barling J., Towards a Relational Model of Workplace Aggression, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
16. Hirigoyen M.F., Molestowanie w pracy, Wydawnictwo W drodze, Poznań 2003.
17. Hoel H., Sparks K., Cooper C.L., The Cost of Violence/stress at Work and the Benefits of a Violence/stress-Free Environment, Report Commissioned by the International Labour Organisation, (ILO) Geneva, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology 2001, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.135.244&rep=rep1&type=pdfHogan R., Hogan J., Assessing Leadership: A View from the Dark Side, “International Journal of Selection and Assessment” 2001, Vol. 9.
18. Hołyst B., Wiktymologia, Wyd. Prawnicze PWN, Warszawa 1997.
19. Jakubik A., Zaburzenia osobowości, in: Psychiatria, Ed. A. Bilikiewicz, Wyd. PZWL, Warszawa 1998.
20. Keashly L., Emotional Abuse in the Workplace, “Journal of Emotional Abuse” 1998, Vol. . 1.
21. Keashly L., Harley S., Emotional Abuse in the Workplace, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
22. Ketola T., From CR-Psychopaths to Responsible Corporations: Waking Up the Inner Sleeping Beauty of Companies, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management” 2006, Vol. 13.
23. Kisamore J.L., Jawahar I.M., Liguori E.W., Mharapara T.L., Stone T.H., Conflict and Abusive Workplace Behaviors, “Career Development International” 2010, Vol. 15, No. 6.
24. LeBlanck M.M., Barling J., Understanding the Many Faces of Workplace Violence, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
25. Legan-Fox J., Sankey M., Tyrants and Workplace Bullying, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
26. Lewicka D., Występowanie zjawisk dysfunkcjonalnych i patologicznych a efektywność organizacji, in: Efektywność zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, Ed. B. Urbaniak, UŁ, Łódź 2011.
27. Leymann H., The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work, “European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology” 1996, Vol. 5, No. 2.
28. Gender Index. Monitorowanie równości kobiet i mężczyzn w miejscu pracy, Ed. E. . Lisowska, EQUAL, UNDP, Warszawa 2007.
29. Marciniak J., Mobbing, dyskryminacja, molestowanie – zasady przeciwdziałania, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2011.
30. Mathisen G.E., Einarsen S., Mykletun R., The Relationship Between Supervisor Personality, Supervisors’ Perceived Stress and Workplace Bullying, “Journal of Business Ethics” 2011, Vol. 99.
31. Mintzberg H., The Organization as Political Arena, “Journal of Management Studies” 1985, Vol. 22, No. 2.
32. Neuman J.H., Baron R.A., Aggression in the Workplace: A Social-Psychological Perspective, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
33. Pate J., Beaumont P., Bullying and Harassment: A Case of Success?, “Employee Relations” 2010, Vol. 32, No. 2.
34. Pearson C.M., Porath C.L., On the Nature, Consequences and Remedies of Incivility: No Time for Nice? Think Again, “Academy of Management Executive” 2005, Vol. 19, No. 1.
35. Pech, R.J., Slade B.W., Organizational Sociopaths: Rarely Challenged, Often Promoted. Why?, “Society and Business Review” 2007, Vol. 2, No. 3.
36. Randall M.L., Cropanzano R., Bormann C.A., Birjulin A., Organizational Politics and Organizational Support as Predictors of Work Attitudes, Job Performance, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, “Journal of Organizational Behavior” 1999, Vol. 20.
37. Rayner Ch., Keashly L., Bullying at Work: A Perspective from Britain and Nord America, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
38. Sandvik P., Tracy S., Alberts J., Burned by Bullying in the American Workplace: Prevalence, Perception, Degree and Impact, “Journal of Management Studies” 2007, Vol. 44 No. 6.
39. Vardi Y., Weitz E., Misbehavior in Organizations, Lawrence Elbaum Associates, New Jersey 2004.
40. Warylewski J., Molestowanie seksualne miejscu pracy, LEX, Sopot 1999.
41. Workplace Violence and Harassment: a European Picture, 2010 http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/violence-harassment-TERO09010ENCWorld Report on Violence and Health, Eds. E. Krug, L. Dahlberg, J. Mercy, A. Zwi, R. Lozano, World Health Organization, Geneva 2002, http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/Wynne R., Clarkin N., Cox T., Griffiths A., Guidance on the Prevention of Violence at Work, Brussels, European Commission 1997, (DG-V, Ref. CE/VI-4/97).
42. Zapf D., Einarsen S., Mobbing At Work: Escalated Conflicts in Organizations, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
Referencje
1. Andrews M., Kacmar K.M., Discriminating Among Organizational Politics, Justice, and Support, “Journal of Organizational Behavior” 2001, Vol. 22.
2. Anshfort B., Petty Tyranny in Organizations, “Human Relations” 1994, Vol. 47.
3. Berry Ch.M., Sackett P.R., Tobares V., A Meta-Analysis of Conditional Reasoning Tests of Aggression, “Personnel Psychology” 2010, Vol. 63.
4. Boddy C.R., Corporate Psychopaths, Bullying and Unfair Supervision in the Workplace, “Journal of Business Ethics” 2011, Vol. 100.
5. Bugdol M., Gry i nieetyczne zachowania w organizacji, Difin, Warszawa 2007.
6. Chappell D., Di Martino V., Violence at Work, International Labour Organisation, Geneva 2006.
7. Cortina L.M., Berdahl J.L., Sexual Harassment in Organizations: A Decade of Research in Review, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace.Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
8. Durniat K., Mobbing jako przejaw deficytów kompetencyjnych współczesnych organizacji, in: Kompetencje a sukces zarządzania organizacją, Eds. S.A. Witkowski, T. Listwan, Difin, Warszawa 2008.
9. Einarsen S., Skogstad A., Bullying at Work: Epidemiological Findings in Public and Private Organizations, “European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology” 1996, Vol. 5, No. 2.
10. Fandt P.M., Ferris G.R., The Management of Information and Impressions: When Employees Behave Opportunistically, “Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes” 1990, Vol. 45.
11. Fitzgerald L.F., Sexual Harassment: Violence Against Women in the Workplace, “American Psychologist” 1993, Vol. 48.
12. Furnham A., Personality Disorder and Derailment at Work: The Paradoxical Positive Influence of Pathology in the Workplace, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
13. Gender Index. Niemoralne propozycje. Molestowanie w miejscu pracy; http://www.feminoteka.pl/downloads/molestowanie_broszura_internet.pdf.
14. Goltz S.M., Considering Political Behavior in Organizations, “The Behavior Analyst Today” 2003, Vol. 4, Issue 3.
15. Hershcovis M.S., Barling J., Towards a Relational Model of Workplace Aggression, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
16. Hirigoyen M.F., Molestowanie w pracy, Wydawnictwo W drodze, Poznań 2003.
17. Hoel H., Sparks K., Cooper C.L., The Cost of Violence/stress at Work and the Benefits of a Violence/stress-Free Environment, Report Commissioned by the International Labour Organisation, (ILO) Geneva, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology 2001, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.135.244&rep=rep1&type=pdfHogan R., Hogan J., Assessing Leadership: A View from the Dark Side, “International Journal of Selection and Assessment” 2001, Vol. 9.
18. Hołyst B., Wiktymologia, Wyd. Prawnicze PWN, Warszawa 1997.
19. Jakubik A., Zaburzenia osobowości, in: Psychiatria, Ed. A. Bilikiewicz, Wyd. PZWL, Warszawa 1998.
20. Keashly L., Emotional Abuse in the Workplace, “Journal of Emotional Abuse” 1998, Vol. . 1.
21. Keashly L., Harley S., Emotional Abuse in the Workplace, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
22. Ketola T., From CR-Psychopaths to Responsible Corporations: Waking Up the Inner Sleeping Beauty of Companies, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management” 2006, Vol. 13.
23. Kisamore J.L., Jawahar I.M., Liguori E.W., Mharapara T.L., Stone T.H., Conflict and Abusive Workplace Behaviors, “Career Development International” 2010, Vol. 15, No. 6.
24. LeBlanck M.M., Barling J., Understanding the Many Faces of Workplace Violence, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
25. Legan-Fox J., Sankey M., Tyrants and Workplace Bullying, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
26. Lewicka D., Występowanie zjawisk dysfunkcjonalnych i patologicznych a efektywność organizacji, in: Efektywność zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, Ed. B. Urbaniak, UŁ, Łódź 2011.
27. Leymann H., The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work, “European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology” 1996, Vol. 5, No. 2.
28. Gender Index. Monitorowanie równości kobiet i mężczyzn w miejscu pracy, Ed. E. . Lisowska, EQUAL, UNDP, Warszawa 2007.
29. Marciniak J., Mobbing, dyskryminacja, molestowanie – zasady przeciwdziałania, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2011.
30. Mathisen G.E., Einarsen S., Mykletun R., The Relationship Between Supervisor Personality, Supervisors’ Perceived Stress and Workplace Bullying, “Journal of Business Ethics” 2011, Vol. 99.
31. Mintzberg H., The Organization as Political Arena, “Journal of Management Studies” 1985, Vol. 22, No. 2.
32. Neuman J.H., Baron R.A., Aggression in the Workplace: A Social-Psychological Perspective, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
33. Pate J., Beaumont P., Bullying and Harassment: A Case of Success?, “Employee Relations” 2010, Vol. 32, No. 2.
34. Pearson C.M., Porath C.L., On the Nature, Consequences and Remedies of Incivility: No Time for Nice? Think Again, “Academy of Management Executive” 2005, Vol. 19, No. 1.
35. Pech, R.J., Slade B.W., Organizational Sociopaths: Rarely Challenged, Often Promoted. Why?, “Society and Business Review” 2007, Vol. 2, No. 3.
36. Randall M.L., Cropanzano R., Bormann C.A., Birjulin A., Organizational Politics and Organizational Support as Predictors of Work Attitudes, Job Performance, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, “Journal of Organizational Behavior” 1999, Vol. 20.
37. Rayner Ch., Keashly L., Bullying at Work: A Perspective from Britain and Nord America, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
38. Sandvik P., Tracy S., Alberts J., Burned by Bullying in the American Workplace: Prevalence, Perception, Degree and Impact, “Journal of Management Studies” 2007, Vol. 44 No. 6.
39. Vardi Y., Weitz E., Misbehavior in Organizations, Lawrence Elbaum Associates, New Jersey 2004.
40. Warylewski J., Molestowanie seksualne miejscu pracy, LEX, Sopot 1999.
41. Workplace Violence and Harassment: a European Picture, 2010 http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/violence-harassment-TERO09010ENCWorld Report on Violence and Health, Eds. E. Krug, L. Dahlberg, J. Mercy, A. Zwi, R. Lozano, World Health Organization, Geneva 2002, http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/Wynne R., Clarkin N., Cox T., Griffiths A., Guidance on the Prevention of Violence at Work, Brussels, European Commission 1997, (DG-V, Ref. CE/VI-4/97).
42. Zapf D., Einarsen S., Mobbing At Work: Escalated Conflicts in Organizations, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
2. Anshfort B., Petty Tyranny in Organizations, “Human Relations” 1994, Vol. 47.
3. Berry Ch.M., Sackett P.R., Tobares V., A Meta-Analysis of Conditional Reasoning Tests of Aggression, “Personnel Psychology” 2010, Vol. 63.
4. Boddy C.R., Corporate Psychopaths, Bullying and Unfair Supervision in the Workplace, “Journal of Business Ethics” 2011, Vol. 100.
5. Bugdol M., Gry i nieetyczne zachowania w organizacji, Difin, Warszawa 2007.
6. Chappell D., Di Martino V., Violence at Work, International Labour Organisation, Geneva 2006.
7. Cortina L.M., Berdahl J.L., Sexual Harassment in Organizations: A Decade of Research in Review, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace.Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
8. Durniat K., Mobbing jako przejaw deficytów kompetencyjnych współczesnych organizacji, in: Kompetencje a sukces zarządzania organizacją, Eds. S.A. Witkowski, T. Listwan, Difin, Warszawa 2008.
9. Einarsen S., Skogstad A., Bullying at Work: Epidemiological Findings in Public and Private Organizations, “European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology” 1996, Vol. 5, No. 2.
10. Fandt P.M., Ferris G.R., The Management of Information and Impressions: When Employees Behave Opportunistically, “Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes” 1990, Vol. 45.
11. Fitzgerald L.F., Sexual Harassment: Violence Against Women in the Workplace, “American Psychologist” 1993, Vol. 48.
12. Furnham A., Personality Disorder and Derailment at Work: The Paradoxical Positive Influence of Pathology in the Workplace, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
13. Gender Index. Niemoralne propozycje. Molestowanie w miejscu pracy; http://www.feminoteka.pl/downloads/molestowanie_broszura_internet.pdf.
14. Goltz S.M., Considering Political Behavior in Organizations, “The Behavior Analyst Today” 2003, Vol. 4, Issue 3.
15. Hershcovis M.S., Barling J., Towards a Relational Model of Workplace Aggression, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
16. Hirigoyen M.F., Molestowanie w pracy, Wydawnictwo W drodze, Poznań 2003.
17. Hoel H., Sparks K., Cooper C.L., The Cost of Violence/stress at Work and the Benefits of a Violence/stress-Free Environment, Report Commissioned by the International Labour Organisation, (ILO) Geneva, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology 2001, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.135.244&rep=rep1&type=pdfHogan R., Hogan J., Assessing Leadership: A View from the Dark Side, “International Journal of Selection and Assessment” 2001, Vol. 9.
18. Hołyst B., Wiktymologia, Wyd. Prawnicze PWN, Warszawa 1997.
19. Jakubik A., Zaburzenia osobowości, in: Psychiatria, Ed. A. Bilikiewicz, Wyd. PZWL, Warszawa 1998.
20. Keashly L., Emotional Abuse in the Workplace, “Journal of Emotional Abuse” 1998, Vol. . 1.
21. Keashly L., Harley S., Emotional Abuse in the Workplace, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
22. Ketola T., From CR-Psychopaths to Responsible Corporations: Waking Up the Inner Sleeping Beauty of Companies, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management” 2006, Vol. 13.
23. Kisamore J.L., Jawahar I.M., Liguori E.W., Mharapara T.L., Stone T.H., Conflict and Abusive Workplace Behaviors, “Career Development International” 2010, Vol. 15, No. 6.
24. LeBlanck M.M., Barling J., Understanding the Many Faces of Workplace Violence, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
25. Legan-Fox J., Sankey M., Tyrants and Workplace Bullying, in: Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Management Challenges and Symptoms, Eds. J. Langan-Fox, C.L. Cooper, R.J. Klimoski, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK 2008.
26. Lewicka D., Występowanie zjawisk dysfunkcjonalnych i patologicznych a efektywność organizacji, in: Efektywność zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, Ed. B. Urbaniak, UŁ, Łódź 2011.
27. Leymann H., The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work, “European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology” 1996, Vol. 5, No. 2.
28. Gender Index. Monitorowanie równości kobiet i mężczyzn w miejscu pracy, Ed. E. . Lisowska, EQUAL, UNDP, Warszawa 2007.
29. Marciniak J., Mobbing, dyskryminacja, molestowanie – zasady przeciwdziałania, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2011.
30. Mathisen G.E., Einarsen S., Mykletun R., The Relationship Between Supervisor Personality, Supervisors’ Perceived Stress and Workplace Bullying, “Journal of Business Ethics” 2011, Vol. 99.
31. Mintzberg H., The Organization as Political Arena, “Journal of Management Studies” 1985, Vol. 22, No. 2.
32. Neuman J.H., Baron R.A., Aggression in the Workplace: A Social-Psychological Perspective, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
33. Pate J., Beaumont P., Bullying and Harassment: A Case of Success?, “Employee Relations” 2010, Vol. 32, No. 2.
34. Pearson C.M., Porath C.L., On the Nature, Consequences and Remedies of Incivility: No Time for Nice? Think Again, “Academy of Management Executive” 2005, Vol. 19, No. 1.
35. Pech, R.J., Slade B.W., Organizational Sociopaths: Rarely Challenged, Often Promoted. Why?, “Society and Business Review” 2007, Vol. 2, No. 3.
36. Randall M.L., Cropanzano R., Bormann C.A., Birjulin A., Organizational Politics and Organizational Support as Predictors of Work Attitudes, Job Performance, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, “Journal of Organizational Behavior” 1999, Vol. 20.
37. Rayner Ch., Keashly L., Bullying at Work: A Perspective from Britain and Nord America, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.
38. Sandvik P., Tracy S., Alberts J., Burned by Bullying in the American Workplace: Prevalence, Perception, Degree and Impact, “Journal of Management Studies” 2007, Vol. 44 No. 6.
39. Vardi Y., Weitz E., Misbehavior in Organizations, Lawrence Elbaum Associates, New Jersey 2004.
40. Warylewski J., Molestowanie seksualne miejscu pracy, LEX, Sopot 1999.
41. Workplace Violence and Harassment: a European Picture, 2010 http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/violence-harassment-TERO09010ENCWorld Report on Violence and Health, Eds. E. Krug, L. Dahlberg, J. Mercy, A. Zwi, R. Lozano, World Health Organization, Geneva 2002, http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/Wynne R., Clarkin N., Cox T., Griffiths A., Guidance on the Prevention of Violence at Work, Brussels, European Commission 1997, (DG-V, Ref. CE/VI-4/97).
42. Zapf D., Einarsen S., Mobbing At Work: Escalated Conflicts in Organizations, in: Counterproductive Work Behavior, Eds. S. Fox, P.E. Spector, American Psychological Association, Washington 2005.